What sticky sea creatures can teach us about making glue | Jonathan Wilker

53,414 views ใƒป 2019-01-24

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Hiroko Kawano Reviewer: Tanya Cushman
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: SANGA LEE
00:13
So I'd like you to join me on a field trip,
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์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜„์žฅ ํ•™์Šต์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ฃ .
00:15
and I want to go to the beach and take you all to the beach
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์„œ
00:18
and so enjoy the sea air and the salt spray.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์™€ ์†Œ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ณด๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”.
00:20
And let's go down to the water's edge,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€ ์ชฝ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
00:23
and you'll notice we're getting knocked around by the waves,
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ํŒŒ๋„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๊ณ„์† ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
00:25
and it's really difficult to stay in place, right?
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์ •๋ง ํž˜๋“  ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
00:28
But now, look down,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ ๋ฐ‘์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
00:30
and what you're going to see
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๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—
00:32
is that the rocks are covered by all sorts of sea creatures
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๊ณ„์† ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ•ด์–‘ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฎ์ธ
00:35
that are just staying there in place, no problem.
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๋ฐ”์œ„๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
It turns out that if you want to survive in this really demanding environment,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ํž˜๋“  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„ ๋‚จ์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š”
00:41
your very existence is dependent upon your ability to make glue, actually.
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๋ถ€์ฐฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:46
So let me introduce you to some of the heroes of our story,
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜์›…๋“ค ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”,
00:50
just a few of them.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋งŒ์š”.
00:51
So these are mussels,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ํ™ํ•ฉ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
00:52
and you'll notice they're covering the rocks,
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๋ฐ”์œ„ ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฎ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ .
00:54
and what they've done is made adhesives,
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ํ™ํ•ฉ๋“ค์€ ์ ‘์ฐฉ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
00:56
and they're sticking down on the rocks,
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๋ฐ”์œ„์— ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:58
and they're sticking to each other, actually.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ถ™์–ด์žˆ์–ด์š”.
01:01
So they're hunkered down together as a group.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ™ํ•ฉ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
This is a close-up photograph of an oyster reef,
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๊ตด ์•”์ดˆ์™€ ๊ตด๋“ค์˜ ๊ทผ์ ‘ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ธ๋ฐ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
and oysters, they're amazing.
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01:08
What they do is they cement to each other,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ถ™์–ด
ํฌ๊ณ  ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์•”์ดˆ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
01:11
and they build these huge, extensive reef systems.
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01:14
They can be kilometers long, they can be meters deep,
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์ˆ˜ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋งŒํผ ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊นŠ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
and arguably, they are the most dominant influence
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๋˜, ํ•ด์–‘ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณด์ „์—
01:20
on how healthy any coastal marine ecosystem is going to be
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๋‹จ์–ธ์ปจ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
01:23
because what they do is they're filtering the water constantly,
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์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฌผ์„ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ •ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋ž˜์™€ ์ง„ํ™์„ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—
01:26
they're holding sand and dirt in place.
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๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
Actually, other species live inside of these reefs.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด ์•”์ดˆ๋“ค์—” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋“ค๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•ด์š”.
01:31
And then, if you think about what happens when a storm comes in,
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๋˜, ํ˜น์‹œ ํƒœํ’์ด ์˜ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด
01:34
if the storm surge first has to hit miles of these reefs,
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ํƒœํ’์ด ๋จผ์ € ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋งˆ์ผ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์•”์ดˆ๋“ค์„ ๋จผ์ € ์ณ์•ผํ•ด์„œ
์ด ์•”์ดˆ๋“ค ๋’ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ด์•ˆ์€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
01:38
the coast behind it is going to be protected.
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01:40
So they're really quite influential.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฝค ํฐ ์กด์žฌ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
01:43
If you've been to any rocky beach pretty much anywhere in the world,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์•”์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์•„๋ฌด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋ณด์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
01:46
you're probably familiar with what barnacles look like.
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๋”ฐ๊ฐœ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธด์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
01:49
And so what these animals do -
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์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์„ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”.
01:50
and there's many others, these are just three of them -
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๋งŽ์€ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:53
is they make adhesives,
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๋จผ์ € ์ ‘์ฐฉ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์œ„์— ๋ถ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
01:54
they stick to each other and to the rocks and they build communities,
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01:57
and by doing this, there's a lot of survival advantages they get.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
์ด๋“ค์ด ์–ป๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
02:01
So one of them is that just any individual is subjected to less of the turbulence
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์™€
02:07
and all the damaging features that can happen from that environment.
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๋ชจ๋“  ํ”ผํ•ด ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋œ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
So they're all hunkered down there.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:12
Then, also, there's a safety in numbers thing
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์•ˆ์ „ ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
ํฌ์‹์ž๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:16
because it also helps you keep away the predators,
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02:19
because if, say, a seagull wants to pick you up and eat you,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฐˆ๋งค๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋”ฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋จน์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:22
it's more difficult for the seagull if they're stuck together.
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๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋” ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
And then another thing is it also helps with reproductive efficiency.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์ ์€ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํšจ์œจ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
So you can imagine that when Mr. and Mrs. Barnacle decide,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋”ฐ๊ฐœ๋น„์”จ๋‚˜ ๋”ฐ๊ฐœ๋น„์–‘์ด
โ€œ์ข‹์•„, ์•„๊ธฐ ๋”ฐ๊ฐœ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด์•ผโ€
02:32
"OK, it's time to have little baby barnacles" -
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02:34
I won't tell you how they do that just yet -
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”์ง„ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฒŒ์š”.
02:36
but when they decide it's time to do that,
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์•„๋ฌดํŠผ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•  ๋•Œ,
02:39
it's a lot easier,
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์ด๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:40
and their reproductive efficiency's higher if they're all living close together.
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๋ฒˆ์‹์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
So we want to understand how they do this:
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
How do they stick?
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02:49
And I can't really tell you all the details,
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์ €ํฌ๋„ ์•„์ง ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์ด๋ผ ์ž์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋งํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
02:51
because we're still trying to figure it out,
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02:53
but let me give you a little flavor
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
02:56
of some of the things that we're trying to do.
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02:58
This is a picture of one of the aquarium systems we have in our lab,
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์ €ํฌ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์˜ ์•„์ฟ ์•„๋ฆฌ์›€ ์žฅ์น˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
and everything in the image is part of the system,
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์‚ฌ์ง„์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ด๋ฉฐ,
03:05
and so what we do is we keep -
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:07
and you can see in the glass tank there, at the bottom, a bunch of mussels.
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์œ ๋ฆฌ ํƒฑํฌ ๋ฐ‘์ชฝ์— ํ™ํ•ฉ ๋ญ‰์น˜๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ ,
03:10
We have the water chilled, we have the lights cycled,
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์ด ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ๋ƒ‰์ˆ˜, ์ˆœํ™˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น›๊ณผ
03:13
we actually have turbulence in the system
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๋‚œ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:15
because the animals make more adhesives for us
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๋ฌผ์ด ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์ผ ๋•Œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ ‘์ฐฉ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
when the water is turbulent.
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03:19
So we induce them to make the adhesive,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
we collect it, we study it.
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์ด ์•„์ฟ ์•„๋ฆฌ์›€์€ ์ธ๋””์• ๋‚˜์— ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
03:23
They're here in Indiana;
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03:24
as far as they know, they're in Maine in February,
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋ก  2์›”์˜ ํ•ด์–‘์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
03:27
and they seem to be pretty happy, as far as we can tell.
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๊ฝค ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—”์š”.
03:30
And then we also work with oysters,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ตด๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
03:32
and up top, it's a photo of a small reef in South Carolina,
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์œ„ ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค ์บ๋กค๋ผ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์•”์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
03:37
and what we're most interested in is how they attach to each other,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋ถ™์–ด
03:41
how they connect.
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์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
03:42
So what you can see in the bottom image is two oysters cementing to each other.
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์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตด๋“ค์ด ๋ถ™์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ .
03:46
We want to know what's in between,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•œ ๊ฑด ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
03:48
and so a lot of times, we'll cut them and look down,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ์ž˜๋ผ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ดค์–ด์š”.
03:50
and in the next series of images we have here,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ‘์˜ ๋‚˜์—ด๋œ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
03:53
you can see, on the bottom, we'll have two shells,
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ป์งˆ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
03:56
the shell of one animal and the shell of another animal,
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๊ตด ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์™€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตด์˜ ๊ป์งˆ,
03:58
and the cement's in between.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
If you look at the image on the right,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
04:01
what you can maybe see
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์•„๋งˆ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด
04:03
is that there's structure in the shell of each animal,
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๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ป์งˆ ์•ˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
but then, the cement actually looks different.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ฌผ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
04:09
And so we're using all sorts of fancy biology and chemistry tools
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ป์งˆ ์•ˆ ์†์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜
04:13
to understand what's going on in there,
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์ผ๋ฅ˜ ํ™”ํ•™๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
04:14
and what we're finding is the structures are different
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์™€
04:17
and the chemistry is actually different, and it's quite interesting.
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ํ™”ํ•™ ์„ฑ์งˆ์˜ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด์ธ๋ฐ ์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์›Œ์š”.
04:22
And in this picture -
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด์š”.
04:24
I guess, let me step back before I tell you what this is.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ญ”์ง€ ๋งํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ „์—
04:27
So do you know the cartoon "The Magic School Bus"?
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โ€œ๋งค์ง ์Šค์ฟจ ๋ฒ„์Šคโ€๋ž€ ๋งŒํ™”๋ฅผ ์•„์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
04:32
Or if you're a little bit older, "Fantastic Voyage," right?
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ํ˜น์€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋” ์žˆ์œผ์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, "๋ฐ”๋”” ์บก์Аโ€์„ ์•„์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
04:35
And you remember, they had characters
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋“ฑ์žฅ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด
04:37
that they would shrink down to these microscopic levels,
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์ดˆ์†Œํ˜• ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์•„์ง„ ๋‹ค์Œ
04:39
and then they would sort of swirl in
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์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด ์น˜๋ฉฐ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„
04:41
and swim around and fly around all these biological structures?
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์ˆ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚ ๋˜ ๊ฑธ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”?
04:45
I think of this as like that, except for it's real in this case.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ผ์š”, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ํ˜„์‹ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
04:49
And so what we did is we have two oysters that are stuck together,
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๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตด์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋ณดํ†ต์€ ์ ‘์ฐฉ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๊ฝ‰ ์ฐจ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
04:54
and this area used to be completely filled in with the cement,
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04:57
and what we're finding is that the cement has lots of different components in there,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ฌผ์ด ์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
05:01
but broadly speaking, there are hard, non-sticky parts
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๋Œ€๋žต ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ˆ์  ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
05:04
and there are soft, sticky parts,
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๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ๋ˆ์ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
05:06
and what we did is we removed the non-sticky parts selectively
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ฌผ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
05:09
to see what's left -
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๋ˆ์ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
for what's actually attaching the animals -
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05:12
and what we got is this,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ˆ์ ํ•œ ์ ‘์ฐฉ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:13
and we can see there's a sticky adhesive that's holding them together.
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05:17
And I just think it's a really cool image
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์˜ˆ์š”,
05:19
because you can imagine yourself flying in and going back there.
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์ € ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ž–์•„์š”.
05:22
Anyways, those are some of the things we're doing to understand
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์–‘ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”์ง€
05:25
how marine biology is making these materials.
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
And from a fundamental perspective, it's really exciting to learn.
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์›Œ์š”.
05:32
But what do we want to do with this information?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
05:34
Well, there's a lot of technological applications
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๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
05:36
if we can harness what the animals are doing.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์‘์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
So let me give you one example.
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์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
05:41
So imagine you're at home
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์ง‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฐ์ƒ์ด๋‚˜
05:43
and you break your favorite figurine or a mug or something like that.
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์ปต ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:46
You want to put it back together.
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์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ™์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:48
So where do you go?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ ?
05:49
You go to my favorite place in town,
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๋™๋„ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ธ
05:52
which is the glue aisle of the hardware store.
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์ฒ ๋ฌผ์ ์˜ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ ํ†ต๋กœ๋กœ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
I know where you spend your nights
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐค์— ์–ด๋””์„œ ๋…ธ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„์š”.
05:56
because you're all hip, cool people, because you're here,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํž™ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฉ‹์žˆ๊ณ , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์ž–์•„์š”.
05:59
and you're going to bars and concerts -
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ ์ง‘์ด๋‚˜ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
06:01
this is where I hang out every night.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์ผ ๋ฐค ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋†€์•„์š”.
06:03
So anyways,
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์–ด์จŒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฑด
06:04
so what I want you to do is get one of every adhesive that's on the shelf,
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์„ ๋ฐ˜ ์œ„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๋ฅผ
06:08
bring it home,
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์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
06:09
but before you try to put things back together,
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๊ทผ๋ฐ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ™์ด๊ธฐ ์ „์—์š”.
06:12
I want you to try to do it in a bucket of water.
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋ฌผ ์–‘๋™์ด ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ถ™์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:15
It's won't work, right? We all know this.
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๋ถ™์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”, ๋งž์ฃ ? ๋‹ค ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:17
So obviously, marine biology has solved this,
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๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด์–‘ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:19
so what we need to do is figure out ways to be able to copy this ourselves.
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์ด์ œ ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
06:24
And one of the issues here
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
06:26
is you can't just go and get the materials from the beach,
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์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ž€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:29
because if you get some mussels and try to milk them for their adhesive,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ํ™ํ•ฉ๋“ค์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ
๊ทธ ์ ‘์ฐฉ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
06:32
you'll get a little bit of material,
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์—„์ฒญ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
06:34
but you're never going to have enough to do anything with, just enough to see.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—” ์ถฉ๋ถ„์น˜ ์•Š์•„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:38
We need to scale this up, ideally maybe train-car scale.
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๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
06:41
So on the top is an image of one of the types of molecules
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์œ„ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—๋Š” ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
06:45
that the animals use to make their glue,
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์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
and what they are is very long molecules called proteins,
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๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธด ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
06:50
and these proteins happen to have some fairly unique parts in them
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์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์ ‘์ฐฉ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
06:54
that bring about the adhesive properties.
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
What we want to do is take those little parts of that chemistry,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฑด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
07:00
and we want to put it into other long molecules that we can get,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
07:04
but that we can make on a really large scale,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธด ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์— ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”.
07:06
so you might know them as plastics or polymers,
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ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์•„์‹œ์ฃ .
07:08
and so we're sort of simplifying what they do
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™” ์‹œ์ผœ
07:11
but then putting that adhesion chemistry into these large molecules.
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ํฐ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค ์•ˆ์— ์ ‘์ฐฉ ํ™”ํ•™ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
07:14
And we've developed many different adhesive systems in doing this.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ ‘์ฐฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
07:17
When you make a new adhesive that looks pretty good, what do you do?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฝค ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
07:20
You start running around the lab, just sticking stuff together.
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์ด์ œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ™์˜€์–ด์š”.
07:23
In this case, we took a bit of a glue and glued together two pieces of metal.
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์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๋กœ ์ฒ  ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์˜€์–ด์š”.
07:27
We hung something from it to see what it looked like,
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๊ทธ๋žฌ๋”๋‹ˆ ์ฒ ์— ๋ญ˜ ๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”,
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฐ ํ™ํ•ฉ์ด ๋“  ๋ƒ„๋น„๋ฅผ ๋งค๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:30
so we used a pot of live mussels, and we thought we were very clever.
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07:33
(Laughs)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:34
We're obviously much more quantitative about this most often,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์–‘์ ์ด์—์š”.
07:37
and so we benchmark against commercial adhesives,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ƒ์—…์  ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋ฒค์น˜๋งˆํ‚นํ•˜์—ฌ
07:39
and we actually have some materials now that are stronger than superglue.
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์ด์   ๊ฐ•๋ ฅ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค๋„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:44
So to me, that's really cool.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—” ์ •๋ง ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•ด์š”.
07:45
That's a good day in the lab: it's stronger than superglue.
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์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์˜ ์ข‹์€ ๋‚ ์ด์ฃ . ๊ฐ•๋ ฅ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์š”.
07:48
And here's something else that we can do.
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๋˜ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
So this is a tank of seawater,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ ํƒฑํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:53
and then in that syringe is one of our adhesive formulations.
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์ด ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ์•ˆ์—” ์ ‘์ฐฉ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:56
What we're doing is we're dispensing it completely underwater
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ฌผ์†์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ž ๊ฒจ ์žˆ๋Š”
08:00
on a piece of metal.
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์ฒ  ์กฐ๊ฐ ์œ„์— ์งฐ์–ด์š”.
08:01
And then we want to make an adhesive bond, or joint.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒ  ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋ถ™๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋˜๋„๋ก
08:04
So we take another piece of metal,
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08:06
and we put it on there and just position it.
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๊ทธ ์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†จ์–ด์š”.
08:09
And you want to let it set up for a while, give it a chance,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ™๋„๋ก ๋†”๋‘๊ณ , ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋’€์–ด์š”.
08:13
so we'll just put a weight on it, nothing fancy.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ๊ฑธ ๊ทธ ์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์–ด์š”, ๋ณ„๊ฑฐ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
08:15
This is a tube with lead shot in it, nothing fancy.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋‚ฉ๋ฉ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“  ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†จ์–ด์š”.
08:18
And then you let it sit for a while.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ๋ถ™๋„๋ก ๊ฝค ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ์ฃ .
08:20
So this has never seen air; it's completely underwater.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ ์—†์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฌผ์†์—์„œ๋งŒ์š”.
08:23
And you pick it up.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด์š”.
08:24
I never know what's going to happen; I'm always very anxious here.
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๋ฌด์Šจ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”.
์ „ ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ธด์žฅํ•ด์š”.
08:28
You pick it up ...
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๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๋ฉดโ€ฆ
08:29
and it stuck.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ถ™์–ด์žˆ์ฃ .
08:31
To me, this is really cool.
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์ €ํ•œํ… ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ผ์ด์—์š”.
08:32
So we can actually get very strong underwater adhesion.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:36
Possibly, it's the strongest or one of the strongest underwater adhesives
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์•„๋งˆ, ์ œ์ผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
์ œ์ผ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:40
that's ever been seen.
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08:41
It's even stronger than the materials that the animals produce,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋™๋ฌผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ’ˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ด์š”.
08:44
so for us, it's pretty exciting, it's pretty cool.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”. ์ •๋ง ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•ด์š”.
08:47
So what do we want to do with these things?
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์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
08:49
Well, here are some products that you're probably really familiar with.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด์š”.
08:53
So think about your cell phone, your laptop, plywood in most structures,
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ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ, ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ฉํŒ,
08:58
the interior of your car, shoes, phone books - things like this.
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์ฐจ ๋‚ด๋ถ€, ์‹ ๋ฐœ, ์ „ํ™”๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ถ€ ๋“ฑ์ด์š”.
09:01
They're all held together with adhesives,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
์ด ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๋“ค์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
and there's two main problems
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09:05
with the adhesives used in these materials.
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09:07
The first one is that they're toxic.
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์ฒซ์งธ๋Š” ๋…์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
So the worst offender here is plywood.
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์ด ์ค‘ ๋…์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฑด ํ•ฉํŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
Plywood or a lot of furniture or wood laminate in floors -
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ํ•ฉํŒ, ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋“ค, ํ˜น์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์ฝ”ํŒ…์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ ‘์ฐฉ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์€ ํฌ๋ฆ„์•Œ๋ฐํžˆ๋“œ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
09:17
a main component of the adhesives here is formaldehyde,
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09:20
and it's maybe a compound you've heard of.
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์•„๋งˆ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์‹  ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:22
It's a gas, and it's also a carcinogen,
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๊ฐ€์Šค์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ์•” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
09:25
and so we're constructing a lot of structures from these adhesives,
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๋ณดํ†ต์€ ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ฉด์„œ
09:29
and we're also breathing a lot of this carcinogen.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐœ์•” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
So not good, obviously, right?
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ, ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
09:33
The other issue is that these adhesives are all permanent.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ด์—์š”.
09:36
And so what do you do with your shoes or your car or even your laptop
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์‹ ๋ฐœ, ์ž๋™์ฐจ, ํ˜น์€ ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ์กฐ์ฐจ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๋‹คํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
09:39
at the end of life, when you're done using it?
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ํ˜น์€ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ, ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
09:41
For the most part, they end up in landfills.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๋งค๋ฆฝ์ง€๋กœ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
There's precious materials in there
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—” ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊บผ๋‚ด์„œ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€
09:45
we'd love to be able to get out and recycle them,
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ์ž์žฌ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:47
but we can't do it so easily,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
09:49
because they're all stuck together permanently, right?
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์˜๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ™์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์š”.
09:51
So here's one approach we're taking to try and solve some of these problems,
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์ด๊ฑธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
and what we've done here is we've taken another long molecule
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
10:00
that we can actually get from corn,
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๊ธด ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ์–ป์–ด
10:02
and then into that molecule,
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„์ž์— ํ™ํ•ฉ์—์„œ ์–ป์€
10:03
we've put some of the adhesion chemistry from the mussels.
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ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ถ€์ฐฉ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:06
So because we've got the corn and we've got the mussels,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์™€ ํ™ํ•ฉ์„ ํ•ฉ์ณค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
10:09
we call this our surf-and-turf polymer.
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์„œํ”„์•ค ํ„ฐํ”„ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์š”.
10:11
And it sticks. It sticks really well.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ถ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„์งœ ์ž˜ ๋ถ™์–ด์š”.
10:13
It's very strong.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
It's also bio-based. That's nice.
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์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์ฃ .
10:16
But maybe more importantly, here, it's also degradable;
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๋” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ๊ฑด ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•„์ฃผ ์‰ฌ์šด ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์š”.
10:20
we can degrade it under very mild conditions,
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10:22
just with water.
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10:23
And so what we can do is we can set things up
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
10:25
and we can bond them strongly when we want,
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์›ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ™์ด๊ณ 
10:27
but we can also take them apart when we want.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋—„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:29
It's something we're thinking about.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์ธ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:31
And here is a place where a lot of us want to be.
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์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:35
Actually, in this specific case, this is a place we do not want to be,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณณ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ ,
10:38
but we'd like to replace this.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:40
So sutures, staples, screws:
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๋ด‰ํ•ฉ, ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ, ๋‚˜์‚ฌ.
10:42
this is how we put you back together if you've had some surgery or an injury.
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๋ถ€์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ฃ .
10:46
It's just awful. It hurts.
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๋”์ฐํ•ด์š”, ์•„ํ”„์ฃ .
10:48
In the case of the sutures,
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๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์žก์•„์„œ ๋ชจ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ
10:50
look at how much you're making concentrated, mechanical stresses
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์••๋ ฅ๋„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜์š”.
10:55
as you pull things together;
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10:56
you're making sites for infection;
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์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋  ํ™•๋ฅ ๋„ ๋†’์ฃ .
10:58
poke holes in healthy tissue - it's not so good.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
11:01
Or if you need a plate to hold together your bones,
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๋˜ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์น˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ผˆํŒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:04
look at how much healthy bone you have to drill out
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ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋šซ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
11:06
just to hold the plate in place - so this is awful.
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๋”์ฐํ•ด์š”.
11:09
To me, it looks like these were devised in a medieval torture chamber,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—” ์ค‘์„ธ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ
11:12
but it's our modern surgical joinery.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ €ํฌ์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด์ฃ .
11:14
So I'd love it if we'd get to a place where we can replace systems like this
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์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑธ ์ด ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
11:18
with adhesives, right?
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11:20
It's not easy.
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์ €ํฌ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •๋ง ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
We're working on this, but this is not easy.
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11:23
So think about what you would need for adhesives in these cases.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ• ๊นŒ์š”.
11:26
So first of all,
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๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์ถ•์ถ•ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋„
11:28
you would need an adhesive that will set in a wet environment.
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๊ณ ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:31
And if you look at the silly little picture there,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ณด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
11:33
it's just to illustrate that our bodies are about 60 percent water,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์€ 60% ์ •๋„ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ฐจ์žˆ์–ด์š”,
11:38
so it's a wet environment.
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์ถ•์ถ•ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด์ฃ .
11:39
It's also to illustrate that this is why I am a scientist and not an artist.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ํ™”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ธ์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…๋„ ํ•ด์ฃผ์ฃ .
11:43
I did not miss my calling at all.
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์ €๋Š” ์ €์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
11:46
So then, the other requirements you need for a good biomedical adhesive:
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์ข‹์€ ์˜ํ•™ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ๋˜ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š” :
11:50
it needs to bond strongly, of course,
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๋จผ์ € ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ ฅ, ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด์ฃ .
11:52
and it needs to not be toxic.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…์„ฑ์ด ์—†์–ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
11:54
You don't want to hurt the patients.
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ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์•„ํ”„๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง„ ์•Š์ž–์•„์š”.
11:56
And getting any two of those requirements in a material is pretty easy.
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์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์™€์„œ ๊ฝค ์‰ฌ์›Œ์š”.
12:00
It's been done many times.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
But getting all three hasn't been done; it's very hard.
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์ •๋ง ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์š”.
12:04
And then if you talk to surgeons, they get really picky:
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์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๋“ค๊ณผ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ฝค ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์›Œ์š”.
12:06
"Oh, actually I want the adhesive to set on the same time frame as the surgery."
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"์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ๊ณ ์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„์š”."
12:10
Oh, okay.
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12:11
Or, "Oh, I want the adhesive to degrade
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ํ˜น์€, โ€œ์กฐ์ง์ด ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•  ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
12:13
so the patient's tissues can remodel the site."
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12:16
So this is really hard. We're working on it.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ง ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์ด์—์š”.
12:20
This is just one image we have.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
12:21
So we're getting all sorts of bones and skin and soft tissue and hard tissue,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ผˆ, ํ”ผ๋ถ€,
๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ๋ง์น˜๋กœ ์น˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
12:26
and sometimes we'll whack it with a hammer.
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12:28
Usually, we're cutting it in very precise shapes;
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๋ณดํ†ต์€ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ผ์„œ
12:30
then we glue them back together.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์š”.
12:32
We've got some exciting results, some strong materials,
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์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ
12:34
some things that look like they're not toxic.
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๋…์„ฑ์ด ์—†๊ณ , ์ –์€ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋„
12:36
They set wet, looks pretty good,
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๊ตณ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
12:38
but I won't tell you we've solved the wet-adhesion problem,
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์ –์€ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
12:41
because we haven't,
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์•„์ง ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
12:42
but it's certainly in our sights for the future.
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๊ณ„ํš์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
So that's one place that we'd like to see things go farther down the road.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
12:49
There's lots of other places, too, you can imagine,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ข‹์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋“ค๋„ ๋งŽ์•„์š”.
12:52
we might be better off if we could get more adhesives in there.
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๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์„์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
12:55
So one thing is cosmetics.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ๋„์š”.
12:56
So if you think about people putting on fake nails or eyelash extensions here -
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์งœ ์†ํ†ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์†๋ˆˆ์น ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
13:00
like this -
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
13:02
what do they use?
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13:03
They use very toxic adhesives right now.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋…์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ผ์š”.
13:05
So it's just ripe for replacement.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ฃ .
13:07
That's something we'd like to do.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒŒ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
And there are other places too.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
13:10
So think about cars and planes.
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์ž๋™์ฐจ๋‚˜ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด์š”.
13:12
The lighter you can make them,
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๋” ๊ฐ€๋ณ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ˆ˜๋ก,
13:13
the more fuel efficient they're going to be.
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์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋” ์•„๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:15
And so if we can get away from rivets and from welding
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒณ๊ณผ ์šฉ์ ‘์ด ํ•„์š” ์—†๊ณ 
13:18
to put more adhesives in there,
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์ด ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:20
then we might be better off
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์šด์†ก ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๋„ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๊ฒ ์ฃ .
13:21
with our future generation of transportation.
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13:24
So for us, this all comes back to the beach.
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
So we look around and we wonder, "How do these sea creatures stick?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, โ€œ์ด ํ•ด์–‘ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ถ™์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ?
13:32
And what can we do with the technology?"
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์ด๊ฑธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?โ€
13:34
And I would argue that we have really a lot of things we can still learn
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
13:38
from biology and from nature.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ฒœ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฑด
13:40
So what I'd like to encourage you all to do in the future
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13:42
is put down your nonrecyclable laptops and cell phones
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์žฌํ™œ์šฉ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ๊ณผ ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋†“๊ณ 
13:48
and go out and explore the natural world
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์ž์—ฐ์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๊ณ  ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
13:50
and then start asking some of your own questions.
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์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
Thanks very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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