Robert Full: Secrets of movement, from geckos and roaches

34,733 views ใƒป 2007-12-04

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Itai Hershenhoren ืžื‘ืงืจ: Yifat Adler
00:12
I want you to imagine that you're a student in my lab.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืืชื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™.
00:17
What I want you to do is to create a biologically inspired design.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืชื ืกื• ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
00:21
And so here's the challenge:
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืืชื’ืจ:
00:23
I want you to help me create a fully 3D, dynamic, parameterized contact model.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™, ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื•ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื’ืข.
00:29
The translation of that is, could you help me build a foot?
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ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื, ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ?
00:33
And it is a true challenge, and I do want you to help me.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืื›ืŸ ืืชื’ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™, ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื™.
00:35
Of course, in the challenge there is a prize.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœืืชื’ืจ ื™ืฉ ืคืจืก.
00:37
It's not quite the TED Prize, but it is an exclusive t-shirt from our lab.
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ื–ื”ื• ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืคืจืก ืฉืœ TED, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืืงืกืœื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:44
So please send me your ideas about how to design a foot.
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ืื– ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ.
00:50
Now if we want to design a foot, what do we have to do?
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ, ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
00:54
We have to first know what a foot is.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ื™ ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ.
00:57
If we go to the dictionary, it says, "It's the lower extremity of a leg
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ืื ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœืžื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ื™ื“, "ื–ื”ื• ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืœ
01:00
that is in direct contact with the ground in standing or walking"
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื’ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืื• ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื”".
01:02
That's the traditional definition.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช.
01:03
But if you wanted to really do research, what do you have to do?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืจืฆื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ, ืžื” ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
01:06
You have to go to the literature and look up what's known about feet.
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื›ืคื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.
01:09
So you go to the literature. (Laughter)
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ืื– ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช...
01:12
Maybe you're familiar with this literature.
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื›ื.
01:14
The problem is, there are many, many feet.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืคื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.
01:17
How do you do this?
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ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช?
01:18
You need to survey all feet and extract the principles of how they work.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืœืชืžืฆืช ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœืชืŸ.
01:23
And I want you to help me do that in this next clip.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืงืœื™ืค ื”ื‘ื.
01:25
As you see this clip, look for principles,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืชืฆืคื• ื‘ืงืœื™ืค, ื—ืคืฉื• ืื—ืจ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช,
01:28
and also think about experiments that you might design
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ื•ื’ื ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืชืชื›ื ื ื•
01:31
in order to understand how a foot works.
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ.
01:44
See any common themes? Principles?
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื—ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื?
01:46
What would you do?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
01:59
What experiments would you run?
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ืื™ื–ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื?
03:31
Wow. (Applause)
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ื•ื•ืื•. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
03:37
Our research on the biomechanics of animal locomotion
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:40
has allowed us to make a blueprint for a foot.
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ืขื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ.
03:42
It's a design inspired by nature, but it's not a copy of any specific foot you just looked at,
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ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืœื ื”ืขืชืง ืฉืœ ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉื›ืขืช ืจืื™ืชื,
03:48
but it's a synthesis of the secrets of many, many feet.
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ืืœื ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”ย ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืคื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.
03:52
Now it turns out that animals can go anywhere.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืœื›ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
03:55
They can locomote on substrates that vary as you saw --
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ื•ืข ืขืœ ืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”
03:57
in the probability of contact, the movement of that surface
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ื‘ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืข, ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—,
04:01
and the type of footholds that are present.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื™ื–ืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
04:04
If you want to study how a foot works,
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ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ,
04:06
we're going to have to simulate those surfaces, or simulate that debris.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:10
When we did that, here's a new experiment that we did:
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช -- ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืขืจื›ื ื•:
04:15
we put an animal and had it run -- this grass spider --
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ื”ื ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ื•ืืคืฉืจื ื• ืœื” ืœืจื•ืฅ -- ื–ื”ื• ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืขืฉื‘ --
04:17
on a surface with 99 percent of the contact area removed.
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืกืจื• 99 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื’ืข.
04:20
But it didn't even slow down the animal.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื”.
04:22
It's still running at the human equivalent of 300 miles per hour.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ 500 ืงืž"ืฉ.
04:25
Now how could it do that? Well, look more carefully.
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช? ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘.
04:28
When we slow it down 50 times we see how the leg is hitting that simulated debris.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืื™ื˜ื™ ืคื™ 50 ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื”.
04:34
The leg is acting as a foot.
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ื”ืจื’ืœ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ.
04:36
And in fact, the animal contacts other parts of its leg
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื’ืข
04:39
more frequently than the traditionally defined foot.
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ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืขืฆืžื”.
04:42
The foot is distributed along the whole leg.
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ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœ.
04:46
You can do another experiment where you can take a cockroach with a foot,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื• ืชืงื—ื• ืชื™ืงืŸ ืขื ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ,
04:50
and you can remove its foot.
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ื•ืชืกื™ืจื• ืืช ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœื•.
04:52
I'm passing some cockroaches around. Take a look at their feet.
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ืื ื™ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื ื›ืžื” ืชื™ืงื ื™ื. ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื›ืคื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื.
04:56
Without a foot, here's what it does. It doesn't even slow down.
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ืœืœื ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ, ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”. ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžืื˜.
05:00
It can run the same speed without even that segment.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื”.
05:03
No problem for the cockroach -- they can grow them back, if you care.
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ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื• ืœืชื™ืงืŸ -- ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”, ืื ื–ื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืืชื›ื.
05:06
How do they do it?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช?
05:08
Look carefully: this is slowed down 100 times,
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘: ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืื™ื˜ื™ ืคื™ 100.
05:11
and watch what it's doing with the rest of its leg.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืœ.
05:14
It's acting, again, as a distributed foot --
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืจื’ืœ ืžืชื ื”ื’ืช ื›ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช.
05:17
very effective.
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ืžืื“ ื™ืขื™ืœ.
05:19
Now, the question we had is, how general is a distributed foot?
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื, ืžื” ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช?
05:24
And the next behavior I'll show you of this animal just stunned us the first time that we saw it.
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ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ื”ื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ืจืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื”.
05:33
Journalists, this is off the record; it's embargoed.
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ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื, ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืœืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืืžื‘ืจื’ื• --
05:38
Take a look at what that is!
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื–ื”!
05:40
That's a bipedal octopus that's disguised as a rolling coconut.
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ื–ื”ื• ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืกื•ื•ื” ื›ืงื•ืงื•ืก ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ.
05:47
It was discovered by Christina Huffard
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ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื” ื”ืืคืืจื“
05:51
and filmed by Sea Studios, right here from Monterey.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™.
05:56
We've also described another species of bipedal octopus.
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ืชืขื“ื ื• ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
06:01
This one disguises itself as floating algae.
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ื”ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื•ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืืฆื” ืฆืคื”.
06:04
It walks on two legs and it holds the other arms up in the air so that it can't be seen.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื ืจืื•ืช.
06:09
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:10
And look what it does with its foot to get over challenging terrain.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื.
06:18
It uses that beautiful distributed foot to make it as if those obstacles are not even there --
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื” ื•ืžืชืงื“ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
06:29
truly extraordinary.
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
06:33
In 1951, Escher made this drawing. He thought he created an animal fantasy.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1951, ืืฉืจ ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื. ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจ ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
06:38
But we know that art imitates life,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
06:40
and it turns out nature, three million years ago, evolved the next animal.
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ืœืคื ื™ 3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
06:43
It's a shrimp-like animal called the stomatopod,
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ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืžืค ื•ื ืงืจืืช ืกื˜ื•ืžืื˜ื•ืคื•ื“.
06:45
and here's how it moves on the beaches of Panama:
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืขื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืคื ืžื”:
06:49
it actually rolls, and it can even roll uphill.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”.
06:53
It's the ultimate distributed foot: its whole body in this case is acting like its foot.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ.
07:03
So, if we want to then, to our blueprint, add the first important feature,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
07:08
we want to add distributed foot contact.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื’ืข ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ.
07:10
Not just with the traditional foot, but also the leg,
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ืœื ืจืง ืขื ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ืืœื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœ,
07:13
and even of the body.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
07:14
Can this help us inspire the design of novel robots?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื?
07:18
We biologically inspired this robot, named RHex,
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ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. ืฉืžื• ื”ื•ื ืจื”ืงืก.
07:21
built by these extraordinary engineers over the last few years.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
07:25
RHex's foot started off to be quite simple,
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ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœื• ืฉืœ ืจื”ืงืก ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜,
07:28
then it got tuned over time, and ultimately resulted in this half circle.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื›ืœืœื”, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
07:33
Why is that? The video will show you.
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ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš? ืชืจืื• ื–ืืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
07:35
Watch where the robot, now, contacts its leg in order to deal with this very difficult terrain.
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื’ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
07:42
What you'll see, in fact, is that it's using that half circle leg as a distributed foot.
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ืชืจืื• ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืœ ื”ืžืขื•ื’ืœืช ื›ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช.
07:48
Watch it go over this.
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืขืœ.
07:50
You can see it here well on this debris.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
07:53
Extraordinary. No sensing, all the control is built right into the tuned legs.
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ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ. ืœืœื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื—ื™ืฉื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืืžื•ืช.
07:59
Really simple, but beautiful.
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืืš ื™ืคื”ืคื”.
08:01
Now, you might have noticed something else about the animals
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ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ
08:04
when they were running over the rough terrain.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
08:06
And my assistant's going to help me here.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ.
08:08
When you touched the cockroach leg -- can you get the microphone for him?
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื’ืขืช ื‘ืจื’ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืงืŸ -- ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ืขื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ?
08:12
When you touched the cockroach leg, what did it feel like?
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื’ืขืช ื‘ืจื’ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืงืŸ, ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื”?
08:15
Did you notice something?
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ื”ืื ืฉืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืžืฉื”ื•?
08:17
Boy: Spiny.
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ื™ืœื“: ืงื•ืฆื ื™.
08:18
Robert Full: It's spiny, right? It's really spiny, isn't it? It sort of hurts.
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ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืคื•ืœ: ื–ื” ืงื•ืฆื ื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืžืžืฉ ืงื•ืฆื ื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืื‘.
08:22
Maybe we could give it to our curator and see if he'd be brave enough to touch the cockroach.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืืžื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื’'ื•ืง.
08:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:29
Chris Anderson: Did you touch it?
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ื›ื: ื ื’ืขืช ื‘ื–ื”?
08:30
RF: So if you look carefully at this, what you see is that they have spines
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ืจืค: ืื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘, ืชืจืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืงื•ืฆื™ื.
08:33
and until a few weeks ago, no one knew what they did.
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ื•ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื.
08:36
They assumed that they were for protection and for sensory structures.
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ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืื• ื—ื™ืฉื”.
08:39
We found that they're for something else -- here's a segment of that spine.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื ืฉื•ื ื” -- ื”ื ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื•ืฅ.
08:43
They're tuned such that they easily collapse in one direction
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ื”ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“
08:46
to pull the leg out from debris,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—,
08:48
but they're stiff in the other direction so they capture disparities in the surface.
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ืืš ื”ื ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื—ื– ื‘ื—ืกืคื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื˜ื—.
08:54
Now crabs don't miss footholds, because they normally move on sand --
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ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืื—ื™ื–ืชื ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“"ื› ื›ืœืœ ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœ --
08:57
until they come to our lab.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
08:59
And where they have a problem with this kind of mesh,
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ืฉื ื”ื ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื–ื•,
09:02
because they don't have spines.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืงื•ืฆื™ื.
09:05
The crabs are missing spines, so they have a problem in this kind of rough terrain.
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ืœืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืฆื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
09:08
But of course, we can deal with that
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื”,
09:11
because we can produce artificial spines.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืงื•ืฆื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
09:15
We can make spines that catch on simulated debris
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืงื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื ืชืคืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆืข ื‘ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื”
09:18
and collapse on removal to easily pull them out.
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ื•ืžืชื›ื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ.
09:21
We did that by putting these artificial spines on crabs,
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœืกืจื˜ื ื™ื,
09:24
as you see here, and then we tested them.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื.
09:26
Do we really understand that principle of tuning? The answer is, yes!
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืืžื”? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ืŸ!
09:30
This is slowed down 20-fold, and the crab just zooms across that simulated debris.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืื™ื˜ื™ ืคื™ 20, ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื‘ื™ืขืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
09:35
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:37
A little better than nature.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
09:40
So to our blueprint, we need to add tuned spines.
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ืื– ืœืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืงื•ืฆื™ื ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื.
09:43
Now will this help us think about the design of more effective climbing robots?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ?
09:48
Well, here's RHex: RHex has trouble on rails -- on smooth rails, as you see here.
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ื”ื ื” ืจื”ืงืก -- ืœืจื”ืงืก ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืœืงื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
09:53
So why not add a spine? My colleagues did this at U. Penn.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืงื•ืฆื™ื? ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช.
09:57
Dan Koditschek put some steel nails -- very simple version -- on the robot,
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ื“ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื™ืฆ'ืง ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืžื” ืžืกืžืจื™ ื‘ืจื–ืœ -- ื’ืจืกื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžืื“ -- ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ --
10:01
and here's RHex, now, going over those steel -- those rails. No problem!
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืจื”ืงืก, ื›ืขืช, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
10:07
How does it do it?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช?
10:08
Let's slow it down and you can see the spines in action.
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ื ืจื™ืฅ ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”.
10:10
Watch the leg come around, and you'll see it grab on right there.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื ืื—ื–ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื.
10:13
It couldn't do that before; it would just slip and get stuck and tip over.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืง, ื ืชืงืข ื•ื”ืชื”ืคืš.
10:16
And watch again, right there -- successful.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื -- ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
10:20
Now just because we have a distributed foot and spines
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ืจื’ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช ืขื ืงื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœื ื•
10:23
doesn't mean you can climb vertical surfaces.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืื ื›ื™ื™ื.
10:26
This is really, really difficult.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช, ื‘ืืžืช ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
10:28
But look at this animal do it!
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช!
10:30
One of the ones I'm passing around is climbing up this vertical surface that's a smooth metal plate.
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื, ืžื˜ืคืกืช ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืžืฉื˜ื— ืื ื›ื™. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคืœื˜ืช ืžืชื›ืช ื—ืœืงื”.
10:36
It's extraordinary how fast it can do it --
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ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
10:38
but if you slow it down, you see something that's quite extraordinary.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืื˜ ืžืขื˜, ืชืจืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
10:42
It's a secret. The animal effectively climbs by slipping and look --
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื“. ื”ื—ื™ื” ืžื˜ืคืกืช ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• --
10:46
and doing, actually, terribly, with respect to grabbing on the surface.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื”ืื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉื˜ื— ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:50
It looks, in fact, like it's swimming up the surface.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—.
10:53
We can actually model that behavior better as a fluid, if you look at it.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื ื•ื–ืœ.
10:57
The distributed foot, actually, is working more like a paddle.
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ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช ืžืชื ื”ื’ืช, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื•ื˜.
11:01
The same is true when we looked at this lizard running on fluidized sand.
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ืชื•ืคืขื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื˜ืื” ื”ื–ื• ืจืฆื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ืขื ื™.
11:05
Watch its feet.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื”.
11:07
It's actually functioning as a paddle
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ื”ืŸ ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
11:09
even though it's interacting with a surface that we normally think of as a solid.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉื‘ื“"ื› ืื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื›ืืœ ืžื•ืฆืง.
11:15
This is not different from what my former undergraduate discovered
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœืชื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ
11:20
when she figured out how lizards can run on water itself.
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืื™ืš ืœื˜ืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืจื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื.
11:25
Can you use this to make a better robot?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืžืฉื•ืคืจ?
11:30
Martin Buehler did -- who's now at Boston Dynamics --
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ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืš -- ื”ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘"ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงืก" --
11:33
he took this idea and made RHex to be Aqua RHex.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ืคืš ืืช ืจื”ืงืก ืœ"ืจื”ืงืก ืžื™ื".
11:38
So here's RHex with paddles,
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืจื”ืงืก ืขื ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื,
11:40
now converted into an incredibly maneuverable swimming robot.
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ืฉื›ืขืช ื”ื•ืกื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
11:46
For rough surfaces, though, animals add claws.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืกืคืกื™ื, ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ืกืคื™ื ื˜ืคืจื™ื.
11:49
And you probably feel them if you grabbed it.
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ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื ืื•ืชื ืื ืื—ื–ืชื ื‘ื”ื.
11:50
Did you touch it?
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ื ื’ืขืช ื‘ื–ื”?
11:51
CA: I did.
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ื›ื: ื›ืŸ.
11:52
RF: And they do really well at grabbing onto surfaces with these claws.
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ืจืค: ื”ื˜ืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืชืคื™ืกืช ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื.
11:54
Mark Cutkosky at Stanford University, one of my collaborators, is an extraordinary engineer
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ืžืืจืง ืงืื˜ืงื•ืกืงื™ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื˜ืื ืคื•ืจื“, ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™, ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
12:00
who developed this technique called Shape Deposition Manufacturing,
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ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืข ืฆื•ืจื•ืช,
12:03
where he can imbed claws right into an artificial foot.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื‘ืฅ ื˜ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
12:06
And here's the simple version of a foot for a new robot that I'll show you in a bit.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ.
12:11
So to our blueprint, let's attach claws.
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ืื– ืœืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•, ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื˜ืคืจื™ื.
12:14
Now if we look at animals, though, to be really maneuverable in all surfaces,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื ื•ืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื,
12:17
the animals use hybrid mechanisms
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ื”ืŸ ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืœืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื
12:19
that include claws, and spines, and hairs, and pads, and glue, and capillary adhesion
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ื˜ืคืจื™ื ื•ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืง ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืงืคื™ืœืืจื™ืช
12:23
and a whole bunch of other things.
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
12:24
These are all from different insects.
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ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืจืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
12:26
There's an ant crawling up a vertical surface.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืžืœื” ื”ืžื˜ืคืกืช ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืžืฉื˜ื— ืื ื›ื™.
12:28
Let's look at that ant.
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ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื”.
12:30
This is the foot of an ant. You see the hairs and the claws and this thing here.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื”. ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื˜ืคืจื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ.
12:35
This is when its foot's in the air.
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ื›ืืŸ ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืžื•ืจืžืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
12:37
Watch what happens when the foot goes onto your sandwich.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ืš ืฉืœื›ื.
12:41
You see what happens?
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ?
12:43
That pad comes out. And that's where the glue is.
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ื”ื›ืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ื“ื‘ืง.
12:48
Here from underneath is an ant foot,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืขืœ ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื”,
12:51
and when the claws don't dig in, that pad automatically comes out without the ant doing anything.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ืคืจื™ื ืœื ื ืชืคืกื™ื, ื”ื›ืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœืœื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืœื”.
12:57
It just extrudes.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืฆื.
12:58
And this was a hard shot to get -- I think this is the shot of the ant foot on the superstrings.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ืœืฆื™ืœื•ื -- ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื” ืขืœ ืขืœ-ืžื™ืชืจ.
13:03
So it's pretty tough to do.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš...
13:04
This is what it looks like close up --
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ --
13:07
here's the ant foot, and there's the glue.
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืœื”, ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืง.
13:09
And we discovered this glue may be an interesting two-phase mixture.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืง ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืชื™-ืคืื–ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
13:13
It certainly helps it to hold on.
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ืžืœื” ืœื”ืื—ื–.
13:15
So to our blueprint, we stick on some sticky pads.
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ืื– ืœืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•, ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืžื” ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช.
13:19
Now you might think for smooth surfaces we get inspiration here.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื›ืืŸ.
13:23
Now we have something better here.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:26
The gecko's a really great example of nanotechnology in nature.
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ื”ืฉืžืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื ื ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
13:29
These are its feet.
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
13:31
They're -- almost look alien. And the secret, which they stick on with,
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ื”ืŸ ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื•ืช. ื•ื”ืกื•ื“, ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ืœืงื™ืจ,
13:35
involves their hairy toes.
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ืžืกืชืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืขื™ืจื™ื.
13:37
They can run up a surface at a meter per second,
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืžืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”,
13:41
take 30 steps in that one second -- you can hardly see them.
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ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื” ืื—ืช -- ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.
13:44
If we slow it down, they attach their feet at eight milliseconds,
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ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืื™ื˜ื™, ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืช ื›ืคื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘-8 ืืœืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
13:47
and detach them in 16 milliseconds.
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘-16 ืืœืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
13:50
And when you watch how they detach it, it is bizarre.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืŸ ืžื ืชืงื•ืช ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ.
13:57
They peel away from the surface like you'd peel away a piece of tape.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืงืœืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืงืœืคื™ื ื ื™ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืง.
14:02
Very strange. How do they stick?
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ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžืื“. ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ื ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช?
14:05
If you look at their feet, they have leaf-like structures called linalae
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ื‘ื›ืคื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขืœื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืœื™ื ืœืื”,
14:08
with millions of hairs.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืขืจื•ืช.
14:09
And each hair has the worst case of split ends possible.
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ื›ืœ ืฉืขืจื” ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืžืงืจื” ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืฆืœื™ื.
14:12
It has a hundred to a thousand split ends,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 100 ืœ-1000 ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืฆืœื™ื.
14:15
and that's the secret, because it allows intimate contact.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื•ื“, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืŸ ืžื’ืข ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™.
14:18
The gecko has a billion of these 200-nanometer-sized split ends.
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ืœืฉืžืžื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื“ืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 200 ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ.
14:22
And they don't stick by glue, or they don't work like Velcro, or they don't work with suction.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื“ื‘ืง, ืื• ืกืงื•ืฅ', ืื• ื™ื ื™ืงื”.
14:27
We discovered they work by intermolecular forces alone.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
14:31
So to our blueprint, we split some hairs.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื ื• ื ืคืฆืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขืจื•ืช.
14:35
This has inspired the design of the first self-cleaning dry adhesive --
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ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื“ื‘ืง ื™ื‘ืฉ ื”ืžืชื ืงื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช,
14:38
the patent issued, we're happy to say.
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ื•ืื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืจืฉื•ื.
14:40
And here's the simplest version in nature,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
14:43
and here's my collaborator Ron Fearing's attempt
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ ืจื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื™ื ื’ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
14:46
at an artificial version of this dry adhesive made from polyurethane.
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ื’ืจืกื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืง ื™ื‘ืฉ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืจื™ืชืŸ.
14:51
And here's the first attempt to have it work on some load.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขืžื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื˜ืขืŸ.
14:54
There's enormous interest in this in a variety of different fields.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
14:57
You could think of a thousand possible uses, I'm sure.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื.
15:00
Lots of people have, and we're excited about realizing this as a product.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื ืœืžืžืฉ ื–ืืช ื›ืžื•ืฆืจ ืกื•ืคื™.
15:05
We have imagined products; for example, this one:
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื–ื• ืœืžืฉืœ:
15:08
we imagined a bio-inspired Band-Aid, where we took the glue off the Band-Aid.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ืคืœืกื˜ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืง.
15:13
We took some hairs from a molting gecko;
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืžื ืฉืœ ืฉืžืžื™ืช,
15:15
put three rolls of them on here, and then made this Band-Aid.
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ืฉืžื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื›ืืŸ, ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
15:19
This is an undergraduate volunteer --
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืžืชื ื“ื‘ --
15:21
we have 30,000 undergraduates so we can choose among them --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 30,000 ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื --
15:24
that's actually just a red pen mark.
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ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจืง ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื“ื•ื.
15:26
But it makes an incredible Band-Aid.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืคืœืกื˜ืจ ื ืคืœื.
15:28
It's aerated, it can be peeled off easily, it doesn't cause any irritation, it works underwater.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
15:36
I think this is an extraordinary example of how curiosity-based research --
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืกืงืจื ื™ --
15:41
we just wondered how they climbed up something --
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ื‘ืกื”"ื› ืชื”ื™ื ื• ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืžื˜ืคืกื•ืช --
15:43
can lead to things that you could never imagine.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
15:46
It's just an example of why we need to support curiosity-based research.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืกืงืจื ื™.
15:50
Here you are, pulling off the Band-Aid.
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ื•ื”ื ื”, ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ืจ.
15:53
So we've redefined, now, what a foot is.
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ืื– ื”ื’ื“ืจื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื”ื™ ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ.
15:57
The question is, can we use these secrets, then,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
15:59
to inspire the design of a better foot, better than one that we see in nature?
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ื›ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
16:02
Here's the new project:
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ื–ื”ื• ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ:
16:04
we're trying to create the first climbing search-and-rescue robot -- no suction or magnets --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ืžื˜ืคืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืฆืœื” - ืœืœื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื ื™ืงื” ืื• ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื -
16:10
that can only move on limited kinds of surfaces.
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ.
16:13
I call the new robot RiSE, for "Robot in Scansorial Environment" -- that's a climbing environment --
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ืงืจืื ื• ืœืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืก (RiSE), ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก.
16:18
and we have an extraordinary team of biologists and engineers creating this robot.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
16:22
And here is RiSE.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืจื™ื™ืก.
16:26
It's six-legged and has a tail. Here it is on a fence and a tree.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉืฉ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื–ื ื‘. ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื’ื“ืจ ื•ืขืœ ืขืฅ.
16:29
And here are RiSE's first steps on an incline.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืฆืขื“ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืข.
16:33
You have the audio? You can hear it go up.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืข? ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืœื”.
16:36
And here it is coming up at you, in its first steps up a wall.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื›ื, ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืงื™ืจ.
16:42
Now it's only using its simplest feet here, so this is very new.
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:47
But we think we got the dynamics right of the robot.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜.
16:51
Mark Cutkosky, though, is taking it a step further.
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ืžืืจืง ืงืื˜ืงื•ืกืงื™ ืžืชืงื“ื ืฆืขื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงื“ื™ืžื”
16:53
He's the one able to build this shape-deposition manufactured feet and toes.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ืงื•ืข ืฆื•ืจื”.
16:58
The next step is to make compliant toes,
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืชื•ืืžื™ื,
17:02
and try to add spines and claws and set it for dry adhesives.
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ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื˜ืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื.
17:04
So the idea is to first get the toes and a foot right,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื•ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช,
17:07
attempt to make that climb, and ultimately put it on the robot.
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื˜ืคืก, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜.
17:10
And that's exactly what he's done.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื”.
17:12
He's built, in fact, a climbing foot-bot inspired by nature.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื’ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืžื˜ืคืกืช ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
17:17
And here's Cutkosky's and his amazing students' design.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืงืื˜ืงื•ืกืงื™ ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•.
17:21
So these are tuned toes -- there are six of them,
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื - ื™ืฉ 6 ื›ืืœื”,
17:27
and they use the principles that I just talked about collectively for the blueprint.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื“ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜.
17:36
So this is not using any suction, any glue,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ืงื” ืื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืง,
17:38
and it will ultimately, when it's attached to the robot --
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ --
17:41
it's as biologically inspired as the animal --
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื --
17:44
hopefully be able to climb any kind of a surface.
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ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—.
17:49
Here you see it, next, going up the side of a building at Stanford.
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ื›ืืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื˜ืื ืคื•ืจื“.
17:54
It's sped up -- again, it's a foot climbing.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืžื”ื™ืจ -- ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจื’ืœ ืžื˜ืคืกืช,
17:57
It's not the whole robot yet, we're working on it --
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื›ื•ืœื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš.
17:59
now you can see how it's attaching.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื ืฆืžื“ืช.
18:00
These tuned structures allow the spines, friction pads and ultimately the adhesive hairs
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืงื•ืฆื™ื, ืœื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฉืขืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”
18:06
to grab onto very challenging, difficult surfaces.
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ืœื”ืื—ื– ื‘ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
18:09
And so they were able to get this thing -- this is now sped up 20 times --
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ื–ื” ื›ืขืช ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืžื”ื™ืจ ืคื™ 20.
18:13
can you imagine it trying to go up and rescue somebody at that upper floor? OK?
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”?
18:17
You can visualize this now; it's not impossible.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื›ืขืช, ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
18:19
It's a very challenging task. But more to come later.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืืชื’ืจืช ืžืื“. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ื’ื™ืข.
18:23
To finish: we've gotten design secrets from nature by looking at how feet are built.
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ืœืกื™ื•ื: ืœืžื“ื ื• ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืื™ืš ื›ืคื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
18:27
We've learned we should distribute control to smart parts.
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื‘ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
18:30
Don't put it all in the brain,
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ืœื ืœืฉื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื—,
18:31
but put some of the control in tuned feet, legs and even body.
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ืืœื ืœืฉื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื›ืคื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืžื•ืช, ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
18:35
That nature uses hybrid solutions, not a single solution, to these problems,
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“,
18:38
and they're integrated and beautifully robust.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช.
18:41
And third, we believe strongly that we do not want to mimic nature but instead be inspired by biology,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืืœื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
18:49
and use these novel principles with the best engineering solutions that are out there
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
18:53
to make -- potentially -- something better than nature.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
18:57
So there's a clear message:
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืžืกืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ:
18:59
whether you care about a fundamental, basic research
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™,
19:02
of really interesting, bizarre, wonderful animals,
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ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช, ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช,
19:05
or you want to build a search-and-rescue robot
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ืื• ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืฆืœื”
19:06
that can help you in an earthquake, or to save someone in a fire,
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”, ืื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืจื™ืคื”,
19:09
or you care about medicine, we must preserve nature's designs.
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ืื• ืฉืืชื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” - ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
19:14
Otherwise these secrets will be lost forever.
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ืื—ืจืช, ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืื‘ื“ื• ืœื ืฆื—.
19:17
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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