How we can teach computers to make sense of our emotions | Raphael Arar

64,666 views

2018-04-24 ・ TED


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How we can teach computers to make sense of our emotions | Raphael Arar

64,666 views ・ 2018-04-24

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

00:00
Translator: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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Prevoditelj: Ivana Varga Recezent: Sanda L
00:13
I consider myself one part artist and one part designer.
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Smatram se dijelom umjetnikom i dijelom dizajnerom.
00:18
And I work at an artificial intelligence research lab.
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Radim u istraživačkom laboratoriju za umjetnu inteligenciju.
00:22
We're trying to create technology
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Pokušavamo stvoriti tehnologiju
00:24
that you'll want to interact with in the far future.
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s kakvom ćete htjeti komunicirati u daljnjoj budućnosti.
00:27
Not just six months from now, but try years and decades from now.
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Ne samo šest mjeseci od sada, već godinama, desetljećima dalje.
00:33
And we're taking a moonshot
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Mi predlažemo ambiciozan projekt:
00:34
that we'll want to be interacting with computers
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da ćemo htjeti komunicirati s računalima
00:37
in deeply emotional ways.
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na duboko emocionalne načine.
00:40
So in order to do that,
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Pa, kako bismo to postigli,
00:41
the technology has to be just as much human as it is artificial.
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tehnologija mora biti u istoj mjeri ljudska koliko i umjetna.
00:46
It has to get you.
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Mora vas razumjeti.
00:49
You know, like that inside joke that'll have you and your best friend
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Znate, poput privatne šale zbog koje vi i vaš najbolji prijatelj
00:52
on the floor, cracking up.
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umirete od smijeha na podu.
00:54
Or that look of disappointment that you can just smell from miles away.
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Ili ono razočaranje na licu koje možete vidjeti još izdaleka.
01:00
I view art as the gateway to help us bridge this gap between human and machine:
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Za mene je umjetnost poveznica koja pomaže smanjiti jaz između ljudi i strojeva:
01:07
to figure out what it means to get each other
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shvatiti što to znači kad se razumijemo,
01:10
so that we can train AI to get us.
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tako da možemo obučiti umjetnu inteligenciju da nas razumije.
01:13
See, to me, art is a way to put tangible experiences
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Vidite, meni je umjetnost sredstvo spajanja opipljiva iskustva
01:17
to intangible ideas, feelings and emotions.
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s neopipljivim idejama, osjećajima i emocijama.
01:21
And I think it's one of the most human things about us.
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Mislim da je to jedna od najljudskijih stvari u vezi s nama.
01:25
See, we're a complicated and complex bunch.
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Znate, mi smo komplicirana i složena gomila.
01:28
We have what feels like an infinite range of emotions,
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Imamo ono što se čini kao beskonačan raspon osjećaja,
01:31
and to top it off, we're all different.
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a povrh toga, svi smo različiti.
01:34
We have different family backgrounds,
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Imamo različita obiteljska porijekla,
01:36
different experiences and different psychologies.
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različita iskustva i različitu psihologiju.
01:40
And this is what makes life really interesting.
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To je ono što život čini stvarno zanimljivim.
01:43
But this is also what makes working on intelligent technology
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No, to je ono što čini rad na inteligentnoj tehnologiji
01:46
extremely difficult.
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iznimno teškim.
01:49
And right now, AI research, well,
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I trenutno, istraživanje AI-a,
01:53
it's a bit lopsided on the tech side.
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naginje na stranu tehnologije.
01:55
And that makes a lot of sense.
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I to ima smisla.
01:57
See, for every qualitative thing about us --
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Vidite, svaku kvalitativnu stvar u vezi s nama,
01:59
you know, those parts of us that are emotional, dynamic and subjective --
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znate, te dijelove nas koji su emocionalni, dinamični i subjektivni,
02:04
we have to convert it to a quantitative metric:
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moramo pretvoriti u kvantitativnu mjeru:
02:07
something that can be represented with facts, figures and computer code.
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nešto što se može predstaviti činjenicama, brojevima i računalnim kodom.
02:13
The issue is, there are many qualitative things
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Problem je što postoje mnoge kvalitativne stvari
02:16
that we just can't put our finger on.
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koje ne možemo skroz razumjeti.
02:20
So, think about hearing your favorite song for the first time.
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Zamislite da prvi put slušate svoju najdražu pjesmu.
02:25
What were you doing?
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Što ste radili tada?
02:28
How did you feel?
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Kako ste se osjećali?
02:30
Did you get goosebumps?
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Jeste li se naježili?
02:33
Or did you get fired up?
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Jeste li se uzbudili?
02:36
Hard to describe, right?
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Teško je opisati, zar ne?
02:38
See, parts of us feel so simple,
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Znate, neki se dijelovi nas čine jednostavni,
02:40
but under the surface, there's really a ton of complexity.
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no, ispod površine ima hrpa složenosti.
02:44
And translating that complexity to machines
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I prevesti tu kompleksnost strojevima
02:47
is what makes them modern-day moonshots.
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ono je što je čini suvremenim lansiranjem na Mjesec.
02:50
And I'm not convinced that we can answer these deeper questions
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Nisam uvjeren da možemo odgovoriti na ova dublja pitanja
02:54
with just ones and zeros alone.
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samo pomoću jedinica i nula.
Stoga sam u laboratoriju stvarao umjetnost
02:57
So, in the lab, I've been creating art
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02:59
as a way to help me design better experiences
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na način na koji će mi pomoći dizajnirati bolja iskustva
03:01
for bleeding-edge technology.
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za najnoviju tehnologiju.
03:03
And it's been serving as a catalyst
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I ono služi kao pokretač
03:05
to beef up the more human ways that computers can relate to us.
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za jačanje ljudskijih načina putem kojih se računala mogu poistovjetiti s nama.
03:10
Through art, we're tacking some of the hardest questions,
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Putem umjetnosti, bavimo se nekim od najtežih pitanja,
03:12
like what does it really mean to feel?
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recimo, što to točno znači "osjećati"?
03:16
Or how do we engage and know how to be present with each other?
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Ili kako da se uključimo i znamo kako biti prisutni jedni s drugima?
03:20
And how does intuition affect the way that we interact?
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I kako intuicija utječe na način na koji komuniciramo?
03:26
So, take for example human emotion.
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Uzmimo za primjer ljudske osjećaje.
03:28
Right now, computers can make sense of our most basic ones,
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Trenutno, računala mogu razumjeti ona najosnovnija,
03:31
like joy, sadness, anger, fear and disgust,
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poput sreće, tuge, ljutnje, straha i gnušanja,
03:35
by converting those characteristics to math.
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tako što pretvaraju te karakteristike u matematiku.
03:39
But what about the more complex emotions?
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No, što je sa složenijim osjećajima?
03:41
You know, those emotions
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Znate, onim osjećajima
03:43
that we have a hard time describing to each other?
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koje nam je teško opisati jedni drugima?
03:45
Like nostalgia.
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Poput nostalgije.
03:47
So, to explore this, I created a piece of art, an experience,
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Dakle, kako bih to istražio, stvorio sam umjetninu, iskustvo,
03:51
that asked people to share a memory,
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koje je tražilo od ljudi da podijele sjećanje
03:53
and I teamed up with some data scientists
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i udružio sam se s podatkovnim znanstvenicima
03:55
to figure out how to take an emotion that's so highly subjective
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da bih odgonetnuo kako uzeti emociju koja je toliko subjektivna
03:59
and convert it into something mathematically precise.
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i pretvoriti je u nešto matematički precizno.
04:03
So, we created what we call a nostalgia score
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Dakle, stvorili smo ono što zovemo rezultatom nostalgije
04:06
and it's the heart of this installation.
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i on je sama srž ove instalacije.
04:08
To do that, the installation asks you to share a story,
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Kako bismo to postigli, ova instalacija traži da joj kažete priču,
04:11
the computer then analyzes it for its simpler emotions,
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računalo to zatim analizira u jednostavnije osjećaje,
04:14
it checks for your tendency to use past-tense wording
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provjerava vašu sklonost k uporabi prošlog vremena,
04:17
and also looks for words that we tend to associate with nostalgia,
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a traži i riječi koje povezujemo s nostalgijom,
04:20
like "home," "childhood" and "the past."
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poput "dom", "djetinjstvo" i "prošlost".
04:24
It then creates a nostalgia score
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Ono zatim definira rezultat nostalgije,
04:26
to indicate how nostalgic your story is.
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kako bi odredilo koliko je vaša priča nostalgična.
04:29
And that score is the driving force behind these light-based sculptures
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I taj je rezultat pokretačka sila iza ovih svjetlosnih skulptura,
04:33
that serve as physical embodiments of your contribution.
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koje služe kao fizička utjelovljenja vašeg doprinosa.
04:37
And the higher the score, the rosier the hue.
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Što je rezultat viši, ružičastija je boja.
04:40
You know, like looking at the world through rose-colored glasses.
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Znate, kao da gledate na svijet ružičastim naočalama.
04:44
So, when you see your score
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Dakle, kad vidite svoj rezultat
04:47
and the physical representation of it,
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i njegov fizički prikaz,
04:50
sometimes you'd agree and sometimes you wouldn't.
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ponekad ćete se složiti s njim, a ponekad ne.
04:53
It's as if it really understood how that experience made you feel.
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To je kao da shvatite kako ste se osjećali zbog tog iskustva.
04:57
But other times it gets tripped up
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No, koji put dođe do nekog zapleta
04:59
and has you thinking it doesn't understand you at all.
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i onda mislite kako vas ne razumije uopće.
05:02
But the piece really serves to show
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Međutim, skulptura stvarno dokazuje
05:04
that if we have a hard time explaining the emotions that we have to each other,
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da ako nam je teško objasniti osjećaje jedni drugima,
05:08
how can we teach a computer to make sense of them?
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kako onda možemo naučiti računalo da ih razumije?
05:12
So, even the more objective parts about being human are hard to describe.
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Dakle, čak je i objektivnije aspekte čovjeka teško opisati.
05:15
Like, conversation.
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Poput razgovora.
05:17
Have you ever really tried to break down the steps?
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Jeste li ikad pokušali razložiti korake?
05:20
So think about sitting with your friend at a coffee shop
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Zamislite da sjedite s prijateljem u kafiću
05:23
and just having small talk.
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i samo čavrljate.
05:25
How do you know when to take a turn?
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Kako znate kad je vaš red da pričate?
05:27
How do you know when to shift topics?
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Kako znate kada promijeniti temu?
05:29
And how do you even know what topics to discuss?
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I kako uopće znate o kojim temama raspravljati?
05:33
See, most of us don't really think about it,
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Većina nas zapravo ne razmišlja puno o tome,
05:35
because it's almost second nature.
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jer nam to dolazi prirodno.
05:37
And when we get to know someone, we learn more about what makes them tick,
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Pa kad se pobliže upoznamo s nekim, naučimo o tome što ih određuje
05:40
and then we learn what topics we can discuss.
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i onda naučimo o kojim temama možemo raspravljati.
05:43
But when it comes to teaching AI systems how to interact with people,
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No, kad se radi o učenju AI sustava kako komunicirati s ljudima,
05:46
we have to teach them step by step what to do.
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moramo ih naučiti korak po korak što treba činiti.
05:49
And right now, it feels clunky.
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Trenutno, ono se čini nezgrapnim.
05:53
If you've ever tried to talk with Alexa, Siri or Google Assistant,
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Ako ste ikad pokušali razgovarati s Alexom, Siri ili Googleovim pomoćnikom,
05:57
you can tell that it or they can still sound cold.
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možete uvidjeti da ona još uvijek zvuče hladno.
06:02
And have you ever gotten annoyed
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I jeste li se ikad uzrujali
06:04
when they didn't understand what you were saying
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kad ona nisu razumjela što ste im govorili
06:06
and you had to rephrase what you wanted 20 times just to play a song?
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pa ste morali 20 puta mijenjati upit, samo da biste čuli željenu pjesmu?
06:11
Alright, to the credit of the designers, realistic communication is really hard.
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Dobro, u obranu dizajnera, realistična komunikacija stvarno je teška.
06:16
And there's a whole branch of sociology,
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I postoji cijela grana sociologije,
06:18
called conversation analysis,
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zvana konverzacijska analiza,
06:20
that tries to make blueprints for different types of conversation.
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koja pokušava napraviti nacrte za različite vrste razgovora.
06:23
Types like customer service or counseling, teaching and others.
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Vrste poput korisničke podrške ili savjetovanja, poučavanja i ostalo.
06:28
I've been collaborating with a conversation analyst at the lab
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Surađivao sam s konverzacijskim analitičarem u laboratoriju,
06:31
to try to help our AI systems hold more human-sounding conversations.
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kako bih pokušao pomoći našim AI sustavima da zvuče više kao ljudi u razgovoru.
06:36
This way, when you have an interaction with a chatbot on your phone
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Na taj način, kad komunicirate s chatbotom na mobitelu
06:39
or a voice-based system in the car,
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ili s glasovnim sustavom u autu,
06:41
it sounds a little more human and less cold and disjointed.
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ono zvuči više kao osoba, a manje hladna i udaljena.
06:46
So I created a piece of art
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Zato sam stvorio umjetninu
06:47
that tries to highlight the robotic, clunky interaction
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koja pokušava naglasiti robotsku, nezgrapnu interakciju,
06:50
to help us understand, as designers,
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kako bi nama dizajnerima pomogla razumjeti
06:52
why it doesn't sound human yet and, well, what we can do about it.
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zašto još uvijek ne zvuči ljudski i što mi tu možemo napraviti.
06:57
The piece is called Bot to Bot
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Ovaj komad zove se Bot to bot
06:58
and it puts one conversational system against another
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i stavlja jedan konverzacijski sustav nasuprot drugom,
07:01
and then exposes it to the general public.
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a onda to izlaže javnosti.
07:04
And what ends up happening is that you get something
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I onda se dogodi da dobijete nešto
07:06
that tries to mimic human conversation,
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što pokušava preslikati ljudski razgovor,
07:08
but falls short.
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ali ne uspijeva.
07:10
Sometimes it works and sometimes it gets into these, well,
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Ponekad ono radi, a ponekad zapadne u neke
07:13
loops of misunderstanding.
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oblike nesporazuma.
07:14
So even though the machine-to-machine conversation can make sense,
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Zato, iako razgovor stroja sa strojem može imati smisla,
07:17
grammatically and colloquially,
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gramatički i kolokvijalno,
07:20
it can still end up feeling cold and robotic.
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ono i dalje može zvučati hladno i robotski.
07:23
And despite checking all the boxes, the dialogue lacks soul
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I unatoč tome što ispunjava sve zahtjeve, nema duše u dijalogu
07:27
and those one-off quirks that make each of us who we are.
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i one jedinstvene posebnosti koje svatko od nas ima.
07:30
So while it might be grammatically correct
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Pa iako jest gramatički točno
07:32
and uses all the right hashtags and emojis,
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i koristi se svim pravim hashtagovima i emotikonima,
07:35
it can end up sounding mechanical and, well, a little creepy.
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ipak može zvučati mehanički i malo jezivo.
07:39
And we call this the uncanny valley.
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To nazivamo jezovitom dolinom.
07:41
You know, that creepiness factor of tech
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Znate, čimbenik jeze za tehnologiju
07:43
where it's close to human but just slightly off.
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koja je gotovo ljudska, ali ipak malo nedostaje da to bude.
07:46
And the piece will start being
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Umjetnina će biti određena
07:48
one way that we test for the humanness of a conversation
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kad budemo ispitivali ljudskost razgovora
07:51
and the parts that get lost in translation.
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i dijelove koji su se izgubili u prijevodu.
07:54
So there are other things that get lost in translation, too,
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Postoje i druge stvari koje se izgube u prijevodu,
07:57
like human intuition.
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poput ljudske intuicije.
07:59
Right now, computers are gaining more autonomy.
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Trenutno, računala stječu sve veću samostalnost.
08:01
They can take care of things for us,
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Mogu preuzeti neke naše brige,
08:03
like change the temperature of our houses based on our preferences
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poput promjene temperature u našim domovima u skladu s našim željama,
08:06
and even help us drive on the freeway.
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čak nam pomoći i u vožnji autocestom.
08:09
But there are things that you and I do in person
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No, postoje stvari koje vi i ja radimo uživo,
08:12
that are really difficult to translate to AI.
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koje je vrlo teško prevesti za AI.
08:15
So think about the last time that you saw an old classmate or coworker.
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Pomislite na zadnji put kad ste vidjeli starog školskog prijatelja ili kolegu.
08:21
Did you give them a hug or go in for a handshake?
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Jeste li ih zagrlili ili se samo rukovali s njima?
08:24
You probably didn't think twice
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Vjerojatno niste o tome puno dvojili,
08:26
because you've had so many built up experiences
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jer ste imali toliko pohranjenih iskustava
08:28
that had you do one or the other.
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da ste morali učiniti ili jedno ili drugo.
08:31
And as an artist, I feel that access to one's intuition,
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Kao umjetnik, smatram da je pristup nečijoj intuiciji,
08:34
your unconscious knowing,
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vašem nesvjesnom znanju,
08:36
is what helps us create amazing things.
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ono što nam pomaže stvoriti nevjerojatne stvari.
08:39
Big ideas, from that abstract, nonlinear place in our consciousness
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Velike ideje iz tog apstraktnog, nelinearnog mjesta u našoj svjesti,
08:43
that is the culmination of all of our experiences.
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koje je vrhunac svog našeg iskustva.
08:47
And if we want computers to relate to us and help amplify our creative abilities,
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I ako želimo da nas računala razumiju i povećaju naše kreativne sposobnosti,
08:52
I feel that we'll need to start thinking about how to make computers be intuitive.
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onda smatram da ćemo morati razmišljati o tome kako učiniti računala intuitivnima.
08:56
So I wanted to explore how something like human intuition
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Zato sam htio istražiti kako se nešto poput ljudske intuicije,
08:59
could be directly translated to artificial intelligence.
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može izravno prevesti za umjetnu inteligenciju.
09:03
And I created a piece that explores computer-based intuition
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Stvorio sam umjetninu koja istražuje računalnu intuiciju
09:06
in a physical space.
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u fizičkom prostoru.
09:08
The piece is called Wayfinding,
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Zove se Wayfinding
09:10
and it's set up as a symbolic compass that has four kinetic sculptures.
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i oblikovana je kao simbolički kompas koji ima četiri kinetičke skulpture.
09:14
Each one represents a direction,
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Svaka od njih predstavlja smjer;
09:16
north, east, south and west.
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sjever, istok, jug i zapad.
09:19
And there are sensors set up on the top of each sculpture
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Na vrhu svake skulpture su senzori
09:21
that capture how far away you are from them.
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koji snimaju koliko ste udaljeni od njih.
09:24
And the data that gets collected
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Svi ti prikupljeni podaci
09:25
ends up changing the way that sculptures move
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na kraju mijenjaju pokret skulpture
09:28
and the direction of the compass.
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i smjer kompasa.
09:31
The thing is, the piece doesn't work like the automatic door sensor
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Stvar je u tome da umjetnina ne reagira poput senzora na automatskim vratima,
09:35
that just opens when you walk in front of it.
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koja se jednostavno otvore kad im priđete.
09:37
See, your contribution is only a part of its collection of lived experiences.
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Znate, vaš doprinos samo je dio njezine zbirke proživljenih iskustava.
09:42
And all of those experiences affect the way that it moves.
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I sva ta iskustva utječu na način na koji se kreće.
09:46
So when you walk in front of it,
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Tako da kad hodate pred njom,
09:48
it starts to use all of the data
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ona počinje koristiti sve svoje podatke
09:50
that it's captured throughout its exhibition history --
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koje je prikupila tijekom svoje izložbene povijesti,
09:53
or its intuition --
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ili svoju intuiciju,
09:55
to mechanically respond to you based on what it's learned from others.
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kako bi mehanički reagirala na vas temeljeno na prikupljenom od drugih.
09:59
And what ends up happening is that as participants
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Na kraju se dogodi da kao sudionici
10:02
we start to learn the level of detail that we need
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počinjemo učiti količinu detalja koji su nam potrebni
10:04
in order to manage expectations
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kako bismo upravljali očekivanjima
10:06
from both humans and machines.
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i ljudi i strojeva.
10:09
We can almost see our intuition being played out on the computer,
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Gotovo da možemo vidjeti kako se naša intuicija odvija na računalu,
10:13
picturing all of that data being processed in our mind's eye.
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zamisliti kako se svi ti podaci procesuiraju u našim mislima.
10:17
My hope is that this type of art
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Moja želja je da će ova vrsta umjetnosti
10:19
will help us think differently about intuition
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pomoći nam da drukčije razmišljamo o intuiciji
10:21
and how to apply that to AI in the future.
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i kako to primijeniti na AI u budućnosti.
10:24
So these are just a few examples of how I'm using art to feed into my work
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Ovo su samo neki od primjera kako koristim umjetnost za svoj posao,
10:28
as a designer and researcher of artificial intelligence.
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kao dizajnera i istraživača umjetne inteligencije.
10:31
And I see it as a crucial way to move innovation forward.
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Vidim to kao ključan način da unaprijedimo inovaciju.
10:35
Because right now, there are a lot of extremes when it comes to AI.
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Jer trenutno, postoji mnogo ekstrema kad govorimo o AI-ju.
10:39
Popular movies show it as this destructive force
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Popularni filmovi prikazuju ga kao silu koja uništava,
10:42
while commercials are showing it as a savior
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dok ga reklame prikazuju kao spasitelja
10:45
to solve some of the world's most complex problems.
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koji će rješiti sve najsloženije probleme svijeta.
10:48
But regardless of where you stand,
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No, bez obzira na kojoj ste strani,
10:50
it's hard to deny that we're living in a world
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teško je poreći da živimo u svijetu
10:53
that's becoming more and more digital by the second.
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koji svakom sekundom postaje sve više digitalan.
10:55
Our lives revolve around our devices, smart appliances and more.
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Životi nam se vrte oko spravica, pametnih uređaja i ostalog.
11:01
And I don't think this will let up any time soon.
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I ne mislim da će se tu nešto skoro promijeniti.
11:04
So, I'm trying to embed more humanness from the start.
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Stoga želim u to unijeti što više ljudskosti od samog početka.
11:08
And I have a hunch that bringing art into an AI research process
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I slutim da je dovođenje umjetnosti u istraživanje AI-ja
11:13
is a way to do just that.
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upravo način kako to učiniti.
11:15
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
11:16
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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