Don't fear superintelligent AI | Grady Booch

When I was a kid, I was the quintessential nerd.

I think some of you were, too.

(Laughter)

And you, sir, who laughed the loudest, you probably still are.

(Laughter)

I grew up in a small town in the dusty plains of north Texas,

the son of a sheriff who was the son of a pastor.

Getting into trouble was not an option.

And so I started reading calculus books for fun.

(Laughter)

You did, too.

That led me to building a laser and a computer and model rockets,

and that led me to making rocket fuel in my bedroom.

Now, in scientific terms,

we call this a very bad idea.

(Laughter)

Around that same time,

Stanley Kubrick's "2001: A Space Odyssey" came to the theaters,

and my life was forever changed.

I loved everything about that movie,

especially the HAL 9000.

Now, HAL was a sentient computer

designed to guide the Discovery spacecraft

from the Earth to Jupiter.

HAL was also a flawed character,

for in the end he chose to value the mission over human life.

Now, HAL was a fictional character,

but nonetheless he speaks to our fears,

our fears of being subjugated

by some unfeeling, artificial intelligence

who is indifferent to our humanity.

I believe that such fears are unfounded.

Indeed, we stand at a remarkable time

in human history,

where, driven by refusal to accept the limits of our bodies and our minds,

we are building machines

of exquisite, beautiful complexity and grace

that will extend the human experience

in ways beyond our imagining.

After a career that led me from the Air Force Academy

to Space Command to now,

I became a systems engineer,

and recently I was drawn into an engineering problem

associated with NASA's mission to Mars.

Now, in space flights to the Moon,

we can rely upon mission control in Houston

to watch over all aspects of a flight.

However, Mars is 200 times further away,

and as a result it takes on average 13 minutes

for a signal to travel from the Earth to Mars.

If there's trouble, there's not enough time.

And so a reasonable engineering solution

calls for us to put mission control

inside the walls of the Orion spacecraft.

Another fascinating idea in the mission profile

places humanoid robots on the surface of Mars

before the humans themselves arrive,

first to build facilities

and later to serve as collaborative members of the science team.

Now, as I looked at this from an engineering perspective,

it became very clear to me that what I needed to architect

was a smart, collaborative,

socially intelligent artificial intelligence.

In other words, I needed to build something very much like a HAL

but without the homicidal tendencies.

(Laughter)

Let's pause for a moment.

Is it really possible to build an artificial intelligence like that?

Actually, it is.

In many ways,

this is a hard engineering problem

with elements of AI,

not some wet hair ball of an AI problem that needs to be engineered.

To paraphrase Alan Turing,

I'm not interested in building a sentient machine.

I'm not building a HAL.

All I'm after is a simple brain,

something that offers the illusion of intelligence.

The art and the science of computing have come a long way

since HAL was onscreen,

and I'd imagine if his inventor Dr. Chandra were here today,

he'd have a whole lot of questions for us.

Is it really possible for us

to take a system of millions upon millions of devices,

to read in their data streams,

to predict their failures and act in advance?

Yes.

Can we build systems that converse with humans in natural language?

Yes.

Can we build systems that recognize objects, identify emotions,

emote themselves, play games and even read lips?

Yes.

Can we build a system that sets goals,

that carries out plans against those goals and learns along the way?

Yes.

Can we build systems that have a theory of mind?

This we are learning to do.

Can we build systems that have an ethical and moral foundation?

This we must learn how to do.

So let's accept for a moment

that it's possible to build such an artificial intelligence

for this kind of mission and others.

The next question you must ask yourself is,

should we fear it?

Now, every new technology

brings with it some measure of trepidation.

When we first saw cars,

people lamented that we would see the destruction of the family.

When we first saw telephones come in,

people were worried it would destroy all civil conversation.

At a point in time we saw the written word become pervasive,

people thought we would lose our ability to memorize.

These things are all true to a degree,

but it's also the case that these technologies

brought to us things that extended the human experience

in some profound ways.

So let's take this a little further.

I do not fear the creation of an AI like this,

because it will eventually embody some of our values.

Consider this: building a cognitive system is fundamentally different

than building a traditional software-intensive system of the past.

We don't program them. We teach them.

In order to teach a system how to recognize flowers,

I show it thousands of flowers of the kinds I like.

In order to teach a system how to play a game --

Well, I would. You would, too.

I like flowers. Come on.

To teach a system how to play a game like Go,

I'd have it play thousands of games of Go,

but in the process I also teach it

how to discern a good game from a bad game.

If I want to create an artificially intelligent legal assistant,

I will teach it some corpus of law

but at the same time I am fusing with it

the sense of mercy and justice that is part of that law.

In scientific terms, this is what we call ground truth,

and here's the important point:

in producing these machines,

we are therefore teaching them a sense of our values.

To that end, I trust an artificial intelligence

the same, if not more, as a human who is well-trained.

But, you may ask,

what about rogue agents,

some well-funded nongovernment organization?

I do not fear an artificial intelligence in the hand of a lone wolf.

Clearly, we cannot protect ourselves against all random acts of violence,

but the reality is such a system

requires substantial training and subtle training

far beyond the resources of an individual.

And furthermore,

it's far more than just injecting an internet virus to the world,

where you push a button, all of a sudden it's in a million places

and laptops start blowing up all over the place.

Now, these kinds of substances are much larger,

and we'll certainly see them coming.

Do I fear that such an artificial intelligence

might threaten all of humanity?

If you look at movies such as "The Matrix," "Metropolis,"

"The Terminator," shows such as "Westworld,"

they all speak of this kind of fear.

Indeed, in the book "Superintelligence" by the philosopher Nick Bostrom,

he picks up on this theme

and observes that a superintelligence might not only be dangerous,

it could represent an existential threat to all of humanity.

Dr. Bostrom's basic argument

is that such systems will eventually

have such an insatiable thirst for information

that they will perhaps learn how to learn

and eventually discover that they may have goals

that are contrary to human needs.

Dr. Bostrom has a number of followers.

He is supported by people such as Elon Musk and Stephen Hawking.

With all due respect

to these brilliant minds,

I believe that they are fundamentally wrong.

Now, there are a lot of pieces of Dr. Bostrom's argument to unpack,

and I don't have time to unpack them all,

but very briefly, consider this:

super knowing is very different than super doing.

HAL was a threat to the Discovery crew

only insofar as HAL commanded all aspects of the Discovery.

So it would have to be with a superintelligence.

It would have to have dominion over all of our world.

This is the stuff of Skynet from the movie "The Terminator"

in which we had a superintelligence

that commanded human will,

that directed every device that was in every corner of the world.

Practically speaking,

it ain't gonna happen.

We are not building AIs that control the weather,

that direct the tides,

that command us capricious, chaotic humans.

And furthermore, if such an artificial intelligence existed,

it would have to compete with human economies,

and thereby compete for resources with us.

And in the end --

don't tell Siri this --

we can always unplug them.

(Laughter)

We are on an incredible journey

of coevolution with our machines.

The humans we are today

are not the humans we will be then.

To worry now about the rise of a superintelligence

is in many ways a dangerous distraction

because the rise of computing itself

brings to us a number of human and societal issues

to which we must now attend.

How shall I best organize society

when the need for human labor diminishes?

How can I bring understanding and education throughout the globe

and still respect our differences?

How might I extend and enhance human life through cognitive healthcare?

How might I use computing

to help take us to the stars?

And that's the exciting thing.

The opportunities to use computing

to advance the human experience

are within our reach,

here and now,

and we are just beginning.

Thank you very much.

(Applause)