American English Pronunciation: Intonation

395,305 views ใƒป 2011-04-06

Rachel's English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:07
Today I'm going to talk about intonation. I've touched on this subject in various other
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏไป–ใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใชใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใ“ใฎใƒ†ใƒผใƒžใซ่งฆใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€
00:13
videos without ever explicitly defining it. And today, that's what we're going to do.
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ๆ˜Ž็คบ็š„ใซๅฎš็พฉใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆไปŠๆ—ฅใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŸใกใŒใ‚„ใ‚ใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
00:18
But I'm also going to reference these other videos, and I really encourage you to go watch
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไป–ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚‚ๅ‚็…งใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ ใ€ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚‚่ฆ‹ใซ่กŒใใ“ใจใ‚’ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใŠๅ‹งใ‚
00:22
those as well. If you've seen my videos on word stress, then you've already heard me
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ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ˜่ชžใฎใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็งใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€็งใŒใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‘ใ— ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ใ™ใงใซ่žใ„ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:28
talk a little about pitch. Stressed syllables will be higher in pitch, and often a little
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ใ€‚ ๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ ใฏใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒ้ซ˜ใใ€ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€
00:34
longer and a little louder than unstressed syllables. And there are certain words that
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ๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅฐ‘ใ—้•ทใใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅคงใใใชใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ
00:40
will have a stress within a sentence, content words. And certain words that will generally
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ใ€ๆ–‡ใฎไธญใงใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ˜่ชžใ€ๅ†…ๅฎน ่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„
00:45
be unstressed, and those are function words. For information on that, I invite you to watch
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ใซใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฎใชใ„็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ˜่ชžใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๆฉŸ่ƒฝ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎ่ฉณ็ดฐใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€
00:52
those videos. Intonation is the idea that these different pitches across a phrase form
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใจใฏใ€ ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บๅ…จไฝ“ใฎใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒ
00:59
a pattern, and that those patterns characterize speech. In American English, statements tend
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ใŒใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใŒ ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒใ‚’็‰นๅพดไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใฏ
01:06
to start higher in pitch and end lower in pitch. You know this if you've seen my video
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ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒ้ซ˜ใๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใ€ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒไฝŽใใชใ‚‹ๅ‚พๅ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎ่ณชๅ•ใจใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:12
questions vs. statements. In that video, we learned that statements, me, go down in pitch.
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ใ€‚ ใใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใง ใ€็งใฏใ€ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใŒใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒไธ‹ใŒใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:19
And questions, me?, go up in pitch at the end. So these pitch patterns across a phrase
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ใใ—ใฆใ€่ณชๅ•ใ€็ง๏ผŸใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒไธŠใŒใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่จ€่ชžใ‚’็‰นๅพดไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บๅ…จไฝ“ใฎใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณ
01:26
that characterize a language are little melodies. And the melodies of American English will
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ใฏๅฐใ•ใชใƒกใƒญใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒกใƒญใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒผ
01:32
be very different than, for example, the melodies of Chinese. If you haven't already seen the
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ใฏใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐไธญๅ›ฝ่ชžใฎใƒกใƒญใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒผใจใฏๅคงใใ็•ฐใชใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŒใƒใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚ญใƒฃใ‚นใƒˆMusicalLanguageใง่กŒใฃใŸใƒ–ใƒญใ‚ฐใ‚’ใพใ ใ”่ฆงใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
01:38
blog I did on the podcast Musical Language, I encourage you to take a look at that. It
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ใ€ ใœใฒใ”่ฆงใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œ
01:43
talks about the melody of speech. Understanding and using correct intonation is a very important
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ใฏใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒใฎใƒกใƒญใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒผใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€่‡ช็„ถใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ไธŠใง้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใช
01:51
part to sounding natural. Even if you're making the correct sounds of American English, but
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้ƒจๅˆ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆญฃใ—ใ„้Ÿณใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—
01:57
you're speaking in the speech patterns, or intonation of another language, it will still
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ใฆใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใ‚„ ไป–ใฎ่จ€่ชžใฎใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใง่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใงใ‚‚ใ€
02:02
sound very foreign. Intonation can also convey meaning or an opinion, an attitude. Let's
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้žๅธธใซ็•ฐ่ณชใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏใ€ ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚„ๆ„่ฆ‹ใ€ๆ…‹ๅบฆใ‚’ไผใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:10
take for example the statement 'I'm dropping out of school' and the response 'Are you serious?'
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏๅญฆๆ กใ‚’ไธญ้€€ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใจใ€Œ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆœฌๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅฟœ็ญ”ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:16
Are you serious? A question going up in pitch conveys, perhaps, an open attitude, concern
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็œŸๅ‰ฃใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒไธŠใŒใ‚‹่ณชๅ•ใฏ ใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€ใใฎไบบใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ชใƒผใƒ—ใƒณใชๆ…‹ๅบฆใ€ๆ‡ธๅฟต
02:21
for the person. Are you serious? But, are you serious? Down in pitch, more what you
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ใ‚’ไผใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ็œŸๅ‰ฃใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆœฌๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใ‚’ไธ‹ใ’ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸ
02:29
would expect of a statement, are you serious? The same words, but when it is intoned this
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ใŒๅฃฐๆ˜ŽใซๆœŸๅพ…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฃใจใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็œŸๅ‰ฃใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๅŒใ˜่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ชฟๅญใ‚’ๆ•ดใˆใ‚‹ใจ
02:35
way, it is conveying a judgement. Are you serious, a negative one. I don't agree that
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ใ€ๅˆคๆ–ญใŒไผใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ๆœฌๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใƒใ‚ฌใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใชไบบใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ ็งใฏ
02:41
you should be dropping out of school. I'm dropping out of school. Are you serious? I'm
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅญฆๆ กใ‚’ไธญ้€€ใ™ใ‚‹ในใใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๅŒๆ„ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็ง ใฏๅญฆๆ กใ‚’ไธญ้€€ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็œŸๅ‰ฃใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ็ง
02:47
dropping out of school. Are you serious? With the same words, very different meanings can
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ใฏๅญฆๆ กใ‚’ไธญ้€€ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็œŸๅ‰ฃใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๅŒใ˜่จ€่‘‰ใงใ€้žๅธธใซ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’
02:53
be conveyed. So intonation is the stress pattern, the pitch pattern, of speech. The melody of
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ไผใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏใ€ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒใฎๅผทๅ‹ขใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณ ใ€ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒใฎใƒกใƒญใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒผ
03:02
speech. If you've read my bio on my website, you know melody is something I'm especially
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ใ€‚ ็งใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใง็งใฎ็ตŒๆญดใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ ็งใŒไฟฎๅฃซใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใง้Ÿณๆฅฝใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใƒกใƒญใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒผใฏ็งใŒ็‰นใซ็†ฑๅฟƒใซๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„
03:09
keen on, as I studied music through the master's level.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:29
Yes, that was yours truly, thinking a lot about melody. Now, you know that in American
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ€ใƒกใƒญใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒผใซใคใ„ใฆใŸใใ•ใ‚“่€ƒใˆใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ
03:34
English, statements will tend to go down in pitch. Let's look at some examples. Here we
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใฎใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒไธ‹ใŒใ‚‹ๅ‚พๅ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“
03:40
see two short sentences. Today it's sunny. I wish I'd been there. And you can see for
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ใซ2ใคใฎ็Ÿญใ„ๆ–‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๆ™ดใ‚Œใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ“ใซใ„ใŸใ‚‰ใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใซใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸ
03:49
both of them, that the pitch goes down throughout the sentence. Here we have two longer sentences,
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ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไธกๆ–นใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒๆ–‡ๅ…จไฝ“ใงไธ‹ใŒใฃใฆ ใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€2ใคใฎ้•ทใ„ๆ–‡
03:57
and though there is some up and down throughout the sentences, for both sentences, the lowest
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆ–‡ๅ…จไฝ“ใซไธŠไธ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ ใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใงใ‚‚ใ€ๆœ€ไฝŽ
04:02
point is at the end. I'm going to France next month to visit a friend who's studying there.
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็‚นใฏๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆฅๆœˆใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใซ ็•™ๅญฆไธญใฎๅ‹้”ใ‚’่จชใญใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚
04:11
It's finally starting to feel like spring in New York. The software I used to look at
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚„ใใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒจใƒผใ‚ฏใฎๆ˜ฅใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ„Ÿใ˜ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใฎใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใ‚’่ชฟในใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ‚ฝใƒ•ใƒˆใ‚ฆใ‚งใ‚ข
04:16
the pitch of those sentences is called Praat, and there's a link in the footer of my website.
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ใฏPraatใจๅ‘ผใฐ ใ‚Œใ€็งใฎWebใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใฎใƒ•ใƒƒใ‚ฟใƒผใซใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:21
So it's at the very bottom of every page. I hope you're getting a feel for how important
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ™ในใฆใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใฎไธ€็•ชไธ‹ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใง่‡ช็„ถใงใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ ใ„ใ‹ใซ้‡่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™
04:26
intonation is to sounding natural and native in American English. I hope you'll listen
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ใ€‚
04:32
for this as you listen to native speakers, and that if you haven't already done so, that
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ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’่žใใจใใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่žใ„ ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใพใ ่žใ„ใฆใ„ใชใ„
04:37
you'll go to my website and do some of those imitation exercises which loop patterns of
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ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€็งใฎWebใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆ ใ€ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒใฎใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใ‚’ใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ™ใ‚‹ๆจกๅ€ฃๆผ”็ฟ’ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹่กŒใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
04:43
speech. So you hear them several times to get the melody in your ear before you're asked
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ใ€‚ ใใฎ ใŸใ‚ใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฑ‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€่€ณใซใƒกใƒญใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒผใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆ•ฐๅ›ž่žใใพใ™
04:48
to repeat. That's it, and thanks so much for using Rachel's English.
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใƒฌใ‚คใƒใ‚งใƒซใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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