Present Perfect or Past Simple? - English Grammar lesson

159,882 views ใƒป 2022-12-04

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ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
What's the difference between present perfect and past simple?
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็พๅœจ ๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใจ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฎ้•ใ„ใฏ๏ผŸ
00:03
This is the most common grammar question I get
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใŒๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:07
So I want to make it very, very easy so you understand and never forget.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็†่งฃใ—ใฆๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€้žๅธธใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใซใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:19
The easiest way to understand this is in terms of time and experience.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๆœ€ใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใชๆ–นๆณ• ใฏใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใจ็ตŒ้จ“ใฎ่ฆณ็‚นใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:24
What do I mean by that?
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ใใ‚Œใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:25
For example, something happened in the past, like:
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ใŸใจใˆใฐ ใ€้ŽๅŽปใซไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
00:32
he's telling his friends about his date last night.
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ๅฝผใฏๆ˜จๅคœใฎใƒ‡ใƒผใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆๅ‹้”ใซ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:36
I went out with Maria last night.
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็งใฏๆ˜จๅคœใƒžใƒชใ‚ขใจๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:40
When we use specific times, specific details, we'll use past simple
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็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใ€ ็‰นๅฎšใฎ่ฉณ็ดฐใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎๅ˜็ด”ใช
00:45
"I WENT out last night"
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ใ€ŒI WENT out last nightใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
00:48
but what else happened on this date?
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ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎๆ—ฅใซไป–ใซไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
00:53
"We kissed"
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"We kissed"
00:55
Again, he's using past simple because we know we're talking about last night.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅฝผใฏๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ๆ˜จๅคœใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:59
We don't need to say it again.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:01
But we do know the specific time, right?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใŸใกใฏ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
01:04
So past simple
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้ŽๅŽปใฏใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใงใ™
01:06
but then
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ใŒ
01:11
and his friends want to say, "Yeah, we have that experience too. You're not special!"
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ใ€ๅฝผใฎๅ‹ไบบใŸใกใฏใ€ ใ€Œใˆใˆใ€็งใŸใกใซใ‚‚ใใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็‰นๅˆฅใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“!ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
01:17
When you say "I have this experience" you use Present Perfect.
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ใ€ŒI have this experienceใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใใฏ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ™‚้–“ใชใฉใฎ
01:22
You're not mentioning details like time or anything.
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่ฉณ็ดฐใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ่จ€ๅŠใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ› ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:26
You're just saying, "I have this experience."
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใŸใ  ใ€Œ็งใซใฏใ“ใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:30
That's it.
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ใใ‚ŒใงใŠใ—ใพใ„ใ€‚
01:31
Use Present Perfect.
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:33
Yeah. I've kissed Maria, too.
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ใ†ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใ‚‚ใƒžใƒชใ‚ขใซใ‚ญใ‚นใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:35
Okay, just checking.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:36
We all know the form, right?
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็งใŸใกใฏ็š†ใ€ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
01:38
With present perfect, you use "HAVE" with I/you/we/they
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใงใฏใ€I/you/we/they ใจไธ€็ท’ใซ "HAVE" ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹
01:45
or "HAS" with he/she/it and then verb3, past participle.
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ใ‹ใ€he/she/it ใจไธ€็ท’ใซ "HAS" ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ— ใ€ๆฌกใซๅ‹•่ฉž 3ใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:49
In this case, this is a regular verb.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ฆๅ‰‡ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
01:51
So "ED" - Kissed.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ŒEDใ€ - ใ‚ญใ‚นใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:54
I have kissed Maria too.
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็งใ‚‚ใƒžใƒชใ‚ขใซใ‚ญใ‚นใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:55
I mean, just remember that contractions
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ใจใใฏๅธธใซๅŽ็ธฎใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‡ช็„ถใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
01:59
are always more natural when speaking English.
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.
02:04
Yeah, I've kissed Maria too.
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ใˆใˆใ€็งใ‚‚ใƒžใƒชใ‚ขใซใ‚ญใ‚นใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:06
She also wants to say, Yeah,
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใพใŸ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€ใˆใˆใ€
02:08
I have this experience, but she won't use Present Perfect. Why?
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็งใฏใ“ใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“. ใชใ‚“ใง๏ผŸ
02:13
Because remember, with a specific time past simple.
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ๅ˜็ด”ใช้ŽๅŽปใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใงใ€่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:18
Yeah, I kissed her this morning. You're not special.
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ใˆใˆใ€็งใฏไปŠๆœๅฝผๅฅณใซใ‚ญใ‚นใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็‰นๅˆฅใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:23
Or if you want to
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ใพใŸใฏใ€
02:24
say I don't have that experience,
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ใใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใŒใชใ„ใจ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
02:27
I've never kissed Maria or I haven't kissed Maria.
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ใƒžใƒชใ‚ขใซใ‚ญใ‚นใ—ใŸ ใ“ใจใŒใชใ„ใ‹ใ€ใƒžใƒชใ‚ขใซใ‚ญใ‚นใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“.
02:31
That's fine, too.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:32
When you say never, it just means in my life.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆฑบใ—ใฆ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใจใใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎไบบ็”Ÿใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™.
02:36
So it's really easy.
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ใจใฆใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:37
You want to say, I have that experience or I don't have that experience Present Perfect.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€็งใซใฏใใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏใใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใŒใชใ„ใ€ใจ ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝข.
02:44
I have done this. I haven't done this.
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็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:47
If you want to say,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใฎใชใ‚‰ใ€
02:48
Yeah, I have this experience and this is exactly when you've passed.
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ใˆใˆใ€็งใฏใ“ใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใพใ•ใซใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅˆๆ ผใ—ใŸใจใใงใ™.
02:53
Simple.
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ๅ˜็ด”ใ€‚
02:55
It's really easy.
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ใจใฆใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:56
It's that easy.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใจใฆใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:59
Okay, I'm lying.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€็งใฏๅ˜˜ใ‚’ใคใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:00
There's more you want to say how many times you did something until now?
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ไปŠใพใงไฝ•ๅ›žใ‚„ใฃใŸใ‹ใ€ใ‚‚ใฃใจ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใ‚ใ‚‹๏ผŸ
03:06
Like maybe you want to do it again in the future.
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ๅฐ†ๆฅใพใŸใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
03:11
I've kissed Maria five times again.
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็งใฏใƒžใƒชใ‚ขใซ5ๅ›žใ‚‚ใ‚ญใ‚นใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:14
Maybe he wants to do it again in the future.
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๅฝผใฏๅฐ†ๆฅใพใŸใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
03:17
So he'll use Present Perfect.
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ใใ“ใงใ€ๅฝผใฏ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:20
"I've kissed..." (Number of times)
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ใ€Œใ‚ญใ‚นใ—ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸโ€ฆใ€๏ผˆๅ›žๆ•ฐ๏ผ‰
03:23
until now, maybe again in the future.
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ไปŠใพใงใ‚‚ใ€ใพใŸใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚‚ใ€‚
03:27
However,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€
03:29
she's also saying the number of times.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅ›žๆ•ฐใ‚‚่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:32
Once until now.
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ไปŠใพใงไธ€ๅบฆใ€‚
03:34
Yeah. I only kissed Maria once.
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ใ†ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใฏใƒžใƒชใ‚ขใซไธ€ๅบฆใ ใ‘ใ‚ญใ‚นใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:37
Never again. Yeah, it's not her cup of tea.
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ไบŒๅบฆใจใ€‚ ใˆใˆใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฝผๅฅณใฎใŠ่Œถใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:40
So she counts how many times
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ใใ‚Œใงๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝ•ๅ›žใ‹ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹
03:43
Once. And that's until now.
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ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏไปŠใพใงใงใ™ใ€‚
03:46
However, what's the difference?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:51
Probably won't happen again.
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใไบŒๅบฆใจ่ตทใ“ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:52
So for her, this action and the amount of times is completely in the past.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใซใจใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใจ ๅ›žๆ•ฐใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใซ้ŽๅŽปใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
03:59
That's a finished, finished period.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ€็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸๆœŸ้–“ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:01
Yes, she could use present.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็พๅœจใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:03
Perfect, because she's still alive.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใพใ ็”Ÿใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงๅฎŒ็’งใงใ™ใ€‚
04:07
It could happen again.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅ†ใณ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:09
But again, like everything in English, we use grammar
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใ™ในใฆใจๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€ ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
04:13
to show how we feel about the situation.
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ใฆใ€็Šถๆณใซใคใ„ใฆใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:17
For her, it's not going to happen again.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใซใจใฃใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏไบŒๅบฆใจ่ตทใ“ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:19
So it's past simple.
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใง้ŽๅŽปใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
04:20
Also, before we continue, can you just press like on this video?
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ใพใŸใ€ๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใ‚€ๅ‰ใซใ€ ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใ€Œใ„ใ„ใญใ€ใ‚’ๆŠผใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ™ใ‹?
04:26
Thanks. You're a legend.
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ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไผ่ชฌใงใ™ใ€‚
04:27
I knew I could trust you.
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็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ไฟก้ ผใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:29
You just have a trustworthy face! :)
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้ ผใ‚‚ใ—ใ„ใŠ้ก”ใงใ™ใญ๏ผ :)
04:33
and finally, length of time.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใฎ้•ทใ•ใ€‚
04:35
This is where you understand everything about the difference.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ€้•ใ„ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใ™ในใฆใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:39
Because it's the same rule.
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ๅŒใ˜ใƒซใƒผใƒซใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€‚
04:41
Again, with this.
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ใพใŸใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€‚
04:42
If you want to talk about how long something happens
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ใŸใจใˆใฐ
04:45
from a time in the past until now, for example.
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ใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ™‚็‚น ใ‹ใ‚‰็พๅœจใพใงใซไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸๆœŸ้–“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€‚
04:50
"But we've been together for a month!"
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ใ€Œใงใ‚‚ไป˜ใๅˆใฃใฆไธ€ใƒถๆœˆ๏ผใ€
04:53
Present Perfect. Why?
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ใ€‚ ใชใ‚“ใง๏ผŸ
04:55
Because it's a length of time from the past.
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ใใ‚Œ ใฏ้ŽๅŽปใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎ้•ทใ„ๆ™‚้–“ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:59
Until now.
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ไปŠใพใงใ€‚
05:00
A month ago, until now.
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1ใƒถๆœˆๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ไปŠใพใงใ€‚
05:03
But if the time period is in the past,
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๆœŸ้–“ใŒ้ŽๅŽปใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€้ŽๅŽป
05:06
it started in the past and finished in the past.
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ใซ้–‹ๅง‹ใ•ใ‚Œใ€ ้ŽๅŽปใซ็ต‚ไบ†ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:10
You want to talk about how long,
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ใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎ้•ทใ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€
05:12
Which grammar form should you use? Exactly! Past Simple!
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ใฉใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ๅฝขๅผ ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹? ไธๅบฆ๏ผ ้ŽๅŽปใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซ๏ผ
05:16
You're really good at this.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใซไธŠๆ‰‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:20
"I dated her for a week, but that was last year."
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅฝผๅฅณใจไธ€้€ฑ้–“ใƒ‡ใƒผใƒˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใŒใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏๅŽปๅนดใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
05:23
Past Simple - length of time. Why?
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้ŽๅŽปๅ˜็ด” - ๆ™‚้–“ใฎ้•ทใ•ใ€‚ ใชใ‚“ใง๏ผŸ
05:27
Because this all happened a year ago.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ™ในใฆ1ๅนดๅ‰ใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:29
It started a year ago in the past and finished in the past.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ้ŽๅŽป1ๅนดๅ‰ใซๅง‹ใพใ‚Š ใ€้ŽๅŽปใซ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:34
That's why we use past simple
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใŒ
05:38
and in fact, we don't need to use this part.
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ใ€ๅฎŸ้š› ใซใฏใ€ใ“ใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปใฎใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
05:42
You don't even need the time reference if you use past simple.
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ใฏใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅ‚็…งใ‚‚ๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
05:47
You're saying this is a past experience and it's completely finished.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:52
But if you use present perfect,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹
05:55
you're suggesting at least that it still continues now
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ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ใใ‚ŒใŒ็พๅœจใ‚‚็ถšใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ
06:02
"We've been dating."
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ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:04
Probably you're still together
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ใŸใถใ‚“ใพใ ไธ€็ท’ใซ
06:06
"Yeah, we dated."
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ใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆ ใ€Œใ†ใ‚“ใ€ไป˜ใๅˆใฃใฆใŸใ€
06:08
Probably It's finished. Again, though.
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใๅฎŒๆˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€‚
06:11
Grammar is not an objective truth.
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฏๅฎข่ฆณ็š„ใช็œŸๅฎŸใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:14
It's how we understand and view the world.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŸใกใŒไธ–็•Œใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ€่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:18
God, that sounds deep. It's not meant to be.
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็ฅžๆง˜ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆทฑใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๆ„ๅ›ณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:20
All right, so to understand everything, let's put this in the question form.
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ใงใฏใ€ใ™ในใฆใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ๅฝขๅผใซใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:26
Okay, this final example, I showed this to my class once,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไพ‹ใงใ™ใŒใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใงไธ€ๅบฆ่ฆ‹ใ›
06:30
and it made everyone sad.
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ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ใฟใ‚“ใชใŒๆ‚ฒใ—ใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:32
So sorry in advance.
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็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:35
But you know what?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:36
They remembered it and now you will too. So...
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€ใใ—ใฆไปŠใ‚ใชใŸใ‚‚ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใง...
06:42
Imagine you see a guy playing with his dog
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็Šฌใจ้Šใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹็”ทๆ€งใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€
06:45
and you want to know "How long have you had a dog?"
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ใ€Œ็Šฌใ‚’้ฃผใฃใฆใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใจ็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใจๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:49
And he tells you, "I've had the dog for eight years."
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ใใ—ใฆๅฝผใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใ“ใ†่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€Œ็งใฏใใฎ็Šฌใ‚’8ๅนด้–“้ฃผใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€
06:53
"He's so cute. I love him. He's everything to me!"
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚็งใฏๅฝผใ‚’ๆ„›ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅฝผ ใฏ็งใฎใ™ในใฆใงใ™!ใ€
06:55
So you start playing with the dog.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็Šฌใจ้Šใณๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:57
This is so cute.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:59
How long have you had the dog?
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็Šฌใ‚’้ฃผใฃใฆใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
07:01
From a past time until now.
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ๆ˜”ใ‹ใ‚‰ไปŠใพใงใ€‚
07:04
Present Perfect.
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ใ€‚
07:10
The exact same question that we asked here.
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ใ“ใ“ใงๅฐ‹ใญใŸใฎใจใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:13
But now in Past Simple.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไปŠใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
07:15
"How long did you have a dog?"
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ใ€Œ็Šฌใ‚’้ฃผใฃใฆใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
07:18
Remember asking "How long...?"
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ใ€Œใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„...?ใ€ใจๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
07:20
With a Past Simple means the time is finished.
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With a Past Simple ใฏ ใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:25
"How long...?" with Present Perfect = The dog is alive.
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"ใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎ้–“...๏ผŸ" ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝข = ็Šฌใฏ็”Ÿใใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:29
"How long...?" with Past Simple = The dog is dead.
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"ใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎ้–“...๏ผŸ" ้ŽๅŽปใฎใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซ = ็Šฌใฏๆญปใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:32
Yes, it's sad but now you won't forget.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ๆ‚ฒใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใŒใ€ไปŠใฏๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:35
So to use everything that we've learned today, for example,
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ไปŠๆ—ฅๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ™ในใฆไฝฟใ†ใจใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
07:38
I have never had a dog, but I've had a cat before.
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็งใฏ็Šฌใ‚’้ฃผใฃ ใŸใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€็Œซใ‚’้ฃผใฃใŸใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:44
I had my cat for like 20 years before it died.
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็งใฏ็ŒซใŒไบกใใชใ‚‹ใพใง20ๅนดใปใฉ้ฃผใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
07:47
And again.
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ใใ—ใฆใพใŸใ€‚
07:48
I know it's sad, but your turn to practice in the comments.
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ๆ‚ฒใ—ใ„ใ“ใจ ใ ใจใฏๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใง็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹็•ชใงใ™ใ€‚
07:52
Let me know.
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ใŠ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ไธ‹ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
07:53
Have you ever been to London?
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ใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
07:55
Have you ever had a dog or a cat?
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็Šฌใ‚„็Œซใ‚’้ฃผใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
07:57
How long have you worked at your company?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎไผš็คพใงใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:00
and have you ever kissed anyone called Maria?
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ใƒžใƒชใ‚ขใจใ„ใ†ๅๅ‰ใฎไบบใจใ‚ญใ‚นใ—ใŸใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹? ใƒžใƒชใ‚ขใจใ„ใ†ไบบใจ
08:04
How many times have you kissed someone called Maria?
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ไฝ•ๅ›žใ‚ญใ‚นใ—ใŸ๏ผŸ
08:07
Practice this in the comments or you can practice this in my e-book.
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ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใง ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€็งใฎ้›ปๅญๆ›ธ็ฑใงใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:10
There's a lesson on this.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใฏๆ•™่จ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:11
You can get it right now on my Patreon Patreon.com/papateachme
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ไปŠใ™ใ็งใฎ Patreon ใง
08:17
It's also available on my website papateachme.com
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ๅ…ฅๆ‰‹ใงใใพใ™ Patreon.com/papateachme ็งใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ papateachme.com ใงใ‚‚ๅ…ฅๆ‰‹ใงใใพใ™
08:21
and I'll see you in the next class! Bye!
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ใ€‚ๆฌกใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†! ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰๏ผ
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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