Discover the History of English

Hello. I'm Gill from engVid,

你好。我是engVid的Gill，

and today... As you know, I usually teach an aspect of the English language,

今天...如你所知，我通常會教 英語的一個方面，

but today, we're going to be looking at the English language from

但是今天，我們將要尋找 來自英語

a different perspective, a different angle, and looking at the history of the language

不同的角度，不同的角度 看一下語言的歷史

and how it has developed, because the English language hasn't always been the way it is today.

以及它的發展方式，因為英語 語言並不總是今天的樣子。

It's developed over hundreds and hundreds of years.

它已經開發了數百種 和數百年。

Now, today, hundreds of millions of people speak English all over the world, whether

現在，今天，數億人 講世界各地的英語

it's their first language or their second language, or just one of the foreign languages

這是他們的第一語言或第二語言 語言，或者只是其中一種外語

that they speak and learn at school, and so on. So, hundreds of millions of people speak

他們在學校說話和學習，等等 上。因此，數以億計的人說話

English and learn English. But hundreds of years ago, the English language that we know

英語，學習英語。但是數百 多年前，我們所知道的英語

today didn't really exist. It sort of got put together gradually by different historical

今天真的不存在。有點放 逐漸由不同的歷史

events. So we're going to go back in history now, and have a look at a timeline.

事件。所以我們要回溯歷史 現在，看看時間表。

I don't know if you've seen a timeline before, but it is literally the time, the years going

我不知道您之前是否看過時間表 但這實際上是時間，歲月

from left to right, like you get on a graph if you've done graphs, and the time goes across

從左到右，就像在圖表上 你已經完成了圖表，時間就過去了

along the line. So the different developments that happened can be shown on that line. So

沿線。所以不同的發展 發生的事情可以顯示在那條線上。所以

we're starting here in 55 BC, hundreds of years ago, and we're coming up to... Well, beyond.

我們從公元前55年開始在這裡 以前，我們要來...嗯，超越。

We have 1066, here, but because I ran out of space on the board, the time went

我們這裡有1066，但是因為我沒錢了 板上的空間，時間流逝了

on for such a long time, I couldn't get all the centuries in, but I will still tell you

這麼長的時間，我無法獲得全部 幾個世紀以來，但我仍然會告訴你

about them. Okay. But these are the very interesting parts, which are on the board.

關於他們。好的。但是這些是 有趣的部分，在板上。

So, 55 BC, the Roman invasion of Britain, of the U.K., where we are at the moment.

因此，公元前55年，羅馬入侵英國， 英國目前的位置。

So, you've heard of the Roman Empire with Julius Caesar and all the other Caesars, the Roman

所以，您聽說過朱利葉斯（Julius）和羅馬帝國 凱撒和所有其他凱撒，羅馬

Empire that spread in different directions, and Britain is one of the directions they

朝不同方向傳播的帝國， 英國是他們的方向之一

spread in. They came here, and stayed for a while, and built some nice buildings, and

散佈進來。他們來到這裡，住了一個 同時，建造了一些漂亮的建築，

they built a wall that goes across between Scotland and England, called Hadrian's Wall,

他們建起了一堵牆 蘇格蘭和英格蘭，稱為哈德良長城，

because the Emperor at the time was called Hadrian. So, anyway, when they came and stayed

因為當時的皇帝被稱為 哈德良。因此，無論如何，當他們來到並留下來時

for some time, they brought their language with them, the Latin language. Okay? And the

有一段時間，他們帶來了他們的語言 與他們，拉丁語言。好的？和

Latin language, it's called a dead language today, but it has influenced so many other

拉丁語，稱為死語 今天，但它影響了許多其他

languages, especially in Southern Europe,

語言，尤其是 在南歐，

so languages like Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, they all come from Latin.

像意大利語，法語，西班牙語， 葡萄牙語，都是拉丁語。

So, in this country, in the English language,

所以，在這個國家， 英語這門語言，

we have had the Latin influence at different times. So, the Romans brought their Latin

我們有不同的拉丁影響 次。因此，羅馬人帶來了他們的拉丁語

language with them. Okay? So that influenced the way people were speaking to each other

和他們一起說話。好的？所以影響了 人們彼此交談的方式

as time went on. And the natives of this country started learning Latin words, and it became

隨著時間的推移。還有這個國家的人 開始學習拉丁詞，它變成了

integrated into the language.

融入語言。

Okay, so let's have a look at some of the words that we use today that were influenced

好吧，讓我們來看一些 我們今天使用的受到影響的詞

or that came from Latin words. Right? And we have this pie chart, here, which you may

或來自拉丁詞。對？和 我們在這裡有此餅圖，您可以

know if you've been studying things for IELTS and the writing task. A pie chart... So, the

知道你是否一直在為雅思考試 和寫作任務。餅圖...所以

whole circle represents 100%. So if you're thinking of all the words in the English language

整個圓圈代表100％。所以如果你是 考慮英語中的所有單詞

at the moment, Latin, the Latin words that came from... Partly from the Roman invasion,

此刻，拉丁文，拉丁詞 來自...部分是由於羅馬入侵，

we have 29% of the words in the English language have come from a Latin origin, from a source,

我們有29％的英語單詞 來自拉丁裔，起源

Latin source. Okay. So here are just a few of very words that we use every day, really.

拉丁文來源。好的。所以這只是一些 真的，我們每天都會用到很多話。

Words like: "human", "animal", "dental" to do with the teeth, "decimal" which is to do

像這樣的詞：“人類”，“動物”，“牙齒” 用牙齒做“十進制”是要做的

with the fingers because we have 10 fingers, "decimal", and "digital", also fingers, "factory"

用手指，因為我們有10根手指， “十進制”和“數字”，也指“工廠”

where things are made, manufacture, "library" where you read books, "libre" meaning book,

製造，製造“圖書館”的地方 在這裡閱讀書籍，“自由”是指書籍，

"library", the building where the books are kept, "manual" to do with if you do things

“圖書館”，書籍所在的建築物 保持“手動”與您做事有關

with your hand it comes from the Latin word for "hand", "manual". "Lunar" to do with the

用你的手來自拉丁詞 表示“手”，“手動”。 “農曆”與

moon, because the Latin word for the moon was "luna", "luna".

月亮，因為拉丁詞意為 月亮是“ luna”，“ luna”。

And "solar" to do with the sun, again, because the Latin word was like that, "solar".

再說“太陽”與太陽有關，因為 拉丁詞就是“太陽能”。

"Military", anything to do with soldiers because the Latin

“軍事”，與 士兵因為拉丁

Roman Empire soldiers were... That was the word that was

羅馬帝國士兵是... 那是那個詞

used for "soldiers". "Melees" I think. And we also get our "mile", the distance, the

用於“士兵”。我認為是“大都會”。和 我們還得到了“英里”，距離，

mile from that, because that was the distance that they would march, I think, before they

離那一英里，因為那是距離 我認為他們會在他們進軍之前

had a rest or something like that. So "military" is to do with soldiers. "Science" to do with

休息一下之類的。如此“軍事” 與士兵有關。與“科學”有關

knowledge. "Science", and "station", the railway station, the bus station is a place where

知識。 “科學”和“車站”，鐵路 車站，汽車站是一個地方

you stand still before you move off, and that also comes from a Latin word to be static

在你離開之前你靜止不動，那 也來自拉丁語，是靜態的

in one place. Okay. Okay, so that's the Latin. You'll notice also that later on in history,

在一個地方。好的。好吧，那是拉丁文。 您還會注意到，在歷史的後期，

Latin kept coming back, so there and there, but that's the Latin from these three points

拉丁人不斷回來，所以在那裡， 但這三點就是拉丁語

in history when we had visitors of one sort or another.

歷史上我們有訪客 一種或另一種。

Okay, so let's move on then, the next major event. I've put 450 AD, but I'm going to start

好吧，讓我們繼續下一個專業 事件。我已經輸入了450 AD，但是我要開始

putting century numbers now, because it's simpler. So, 5th... The 5th century, okay,

現在輸入世紀數字，因為 更簡單。所以，第五...第五世紀，好吧，

Germanic migration. That's people from roughly where Germany is today in the mainland Europe

日耳曼移民。那是大概的人 今天德國在歐洲大陸的位置

moved across. Okay? From the Saxon, Saxon area of Germany. Saxony. So, the language

穿越。好的？從撒克遜人，撒克遜人 德國地區。薩克森所以，語言

they brought with them was a kind of... Well, it became Anglo-Saxon, because it got merged

他們帶來的是…… 它成為盎格魯撒克遜人，因為它被合併了

with the English we already had, the Anglo part, with the Saxon part added. It... And

用我們已經擁有的英語，盎格魯 部分，並添加了Saxon部分。它...然後

that's another name for that is Old English, Old English, which looks totally different

那是古英語的另一個名字， 古英語，看起來完全不同

from the English we have today. So they brought a different language with them, and that got

從今天的英語開始所以他們帶來了 與他們使用另一種語言，

all mixed in. If you think of a big cooking pot and different ingredients being put in,

都混在一起。如果您想到大廚 鍋裡放了各種原料

and it just keeps cooking and cooking over time, that's how it was developing. Okay.

它只是不斷地做飯 時間，這就是它的發展過程。好的。

So, Germanic. Let's have a look at how much Germanic language there is in English today.

所以，日耳曼語。讓我們看看多少 日耳曼語今天有英語。

So, looking at our pie chart again, we've got Germanic 26%, so just over a quarter of

因此，再次查看餅圖，我們已經 獲得了日耳曼語的26％，所以

the words in the English language today come from a Germanic source. And I've put some

今天的英語單詞來了 來自日耳曼語系。我放了一些

little abbreviations here; Old English, Middle English, Old Norse, and Dutch.

這裡的縮寫古英語， 中古英語，古北歐語和荷蘭語。

These are all roughly sort of from the Germanic area,

這些都是大概的 來自日耳曼地區的

and the Dutch words as well are all mixed in there, too,

還有荷蘭語 也都混在那裡

because Holland isn't that far away either.

因為荷蘭不是 要么那麼遠。

Okay. So, let's just see a few examples of

好的。所以，讓我們 看幾個例子

the Germanic words. They're often quite short words and words we use every day, like "above",

日耳曼語。他們通常很短 我們每天使用的單詞和單詞，例如“之上”，

"again", "and", "apple", "bad" and "good",

“再次”，“和”，“蘋果”， “壞”和“好”，

"cake", "eat" and "drink",

“蛋糕”，“吃”和“飲料”，

parts of the body especially, "eye" and "feet" and "arm", "boy" and "girl",

身體的某些部分，尤其是“眼睛”和 “腳”和“手臂”，“男孩”和“女孩”，

these are all the Germanic type of words.

這些都是 日耳曼語類型的單詞。

"House", "hand", "bread", so parts of the body. "Food", all of that kind of thing.

“房子”，“手”，“麵包”等部分 身體。 “食物”，諸如此類的東西。

Okay, so that's that one.

好的，就是這樣。

So moving on, in the 6th century, before this, we had been what you call a Pagan country,

因此，在六世紀之前， 我們曾經是您所說的異教徒國家，

sort of pre-Christianity. In the 6th century, Saint Augustine came and started converting

前基督教時代。在六世紀， 聖奧古斯丁來了，開始轉變

people to Christianity. Okay. And that meant bringing languages with him, like the Bible

人們信奉基督教。好的。那意味著 帶上語言，例如聖經

that was written in these different languages, other books, books of learning. So, again,

用不同的語言寫的 其他書籍，學習書籍。所以，再次

Latin came in. And Greek as well came in, and Hebrew all came with the Christianity,

拉丁語進來了，希臘語也進來了， 希伯來人都是隨基督教而來的，

which spread around the whole country. So we've covered Latin already. Let's just have

遍布全國所以 我們已經介紹了拉丁文。讓我們來

a look at Greek in our pie chart to see how much influence that has had on the language

看看我們餅圖中的希臘文，看看 對語言的影響很大

today. So looking at Greek, it's actually quite small, just 6%.

今天。所以看希臘文 實際上很小，只有6％。

But they're very sort of... They're kind of words that are used in a sort of academic life,

但是他們有點...他們有點... 在學術生活中使用的單詞

and the word "academic" itself is one of them; "academic" is a Greek word.

而“學術”一詞本身就是一個 其中； “學術”是希臘詞。

And "Android", if you have an Android

還有“ Android”（如果 你有一個Android

mobile phone, you wouldn't believe that it had come from an old Greek word, but it has.

手機，你不會相信 源自古希臘詞，但確實如此。

"Android". Okay? A word like "basic", "cinema" even, "climate", "democracy", "economy", "geography",

“ Android”。好的？像“基本”，“電影”之類的詞， “氣候”，“民主”，“經濟”，“地理”，

"history", "idea" because philosophy, thinking, ideas is very important

“歷史”，“思想”，因為哲學， 思考，想法很重要

and had a big... Greece had a big influence on that.

並有一個大...希臘有 對此影響很大。

"Politics" and "technology" all come from Greek.

“政治”與“技術” 全部來自希臘語。

Okay, Hebrew, we don't have unless it's included under other one of the other influences which

好吧，希伯來語，除非包含在內，否則我們沒有 在其他影響之一

is another 6%.

是另外6％。

Okay, so moving on to a period when we had some more invasions and it wasn't

好吧，讓我們進入一個時期 有更多的入侵，這不是

the Romans this time, it was people called the Vikings who came from Scandinavian countries,

羅馬人這一次，有人叫 來自斯堪的納​​維亞國家的維京人，

so that's Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and they came across the sea and invaded. And it wasn't

那就是挪威，瑞典，丹麥，他們 越過大海入侵。那不是

just one invasion; it happened over three centuries, from the 8th to the 11th century.

只是一次入侵；發生了三場 從8世紀到11世紀。

So the Viking invasions, and they brought their Scandinavian languages with them.

於是維京人入侵，他們帶來了 他們的斯堪的納維亞語言。

And Old Norse is one of them. And as I said earlier, from this Germanic migration, this was another

老北歐人就是其中之一。正如我之前所說， 從日耳曼移民中，這是另一個

sort of input into the Germanic types of languages that we have. That's why we've got 26% because

日耳曼語種的輸入 我們有。這就是為什麼我們有26％的原因，因為

there was such a lot coming in, a lot of words, there. Okay. Right.

有很多東西進來 很多話，在那裡。好的。對。

So, moving on again to the... This is 11th century as well, 1066, which is a big date

因此，再次移至...這是11號 世紀也是1066，這是一個重要的日子

in English history. The Norman invasion. And if you know the area called Normandy in Northern France,

在英國歷史上。諾曼入侵。如果你 知道法國北部的諾曼底地區

there's a connection, there. So, the Normans were French, and they invaded... They

有聯繫，有聯繫。所以，諾曼人 是法國人，他們入侵了...

came across the channel, they had a big battle near the south coast of Britain, and they

穿過頻道，他們進行了一場激烈的戰鬥 在英國南海岸附近，他們

won so they took over. So the Norman invasion, that brought French for the first time and

贏了，所以他們接手了。因此，諾曼入侵， 第一次帶來了法語

some more Latin again, because anyway, French developed from Latin, so it was a mixture

再來一些拉丁語，因為反正是法語 來自拉丁語，所以是混合的

of that. But French for the first time, their French that had developed from Latin,

其中。但是第一次是法語 他們從拉丁語發展而來的法語，

as well as Latin itself.

以及拉丁文本身

So, let's have a look at some of the words we use in English today that came from French sources.

因此，讓我們看一下我們使用的一些單詞 今天來自法國的英語版本。

Okay. So, food, French people love food and a lot of words for food came in.

好的。所以，食物，法國人喜歡食物 許多關於食物的話都進來了。

So: "beef", "pork" and "veal" all come from French words. Okay?

因此：“牛肉”，“豬肉”和“牛肉”全部 來自法語單詞。好的？

But then some other interesting words that maybe were Latin originally,

但是接下來還有一些有趣的話 最初可能是拉丁文，

but they became French, and then these French

但他們成為法國人 然後這些法語

words came into English and they're still with us today,

單詞進入英語， 他們今天仍然和我們在一起，

words like: "continue", "liberty",

像“繼續”這樣的詞， “自由”，

"justice", so a lot of legal language, words to do with the law come from French.

“正義”，所以很多法律用語， 與法律有關的詞語來自法語。

So "liberty", "justice". "Journey", if you go on a trip, a journey comes from a French word.

因此，“自由”，“正義”。 “旅程”，如果你去 在旅途中，旅途來自法語。

"People" comes from a French word for people. And even the little word "very".

“人”來自法語，意思是 人。甚至是“非常”這個小詞。

When you say: "Oh, that's very nice", "very" just is the French word for true,

當您說：“哦，太好了”， “ very”只是法語中的“ true”一詞，

so it means "truly", "truly nice". That is truly nice, that is very nice.

所以它的意思是“真正”，“非常好”。 那真是太好了，那太好了。

So, a little word like "very" comes from the French word for "true". Okay.

所以，像“非常”這樣的小詞來了 源自法語單詞“ true”。好的。

Right, so we've covered Latin, French, Germanic, and Greek. And we've come up to 1066, but

是的，所以我們涵蓋了拉丁語，法語，日耳曼語， 和希臘文。我們已經達到了1066，但是

of course, the English language didn't stop developing then. As I said, I ran out of space.

當然，英語並沒有停止 然後發展。正如我所說，我空間不足。

But other things happened, for example, in the 15th century, 16th century, people started

但是其他事情發生了，例如 15世紀，16世紀，人們開始了

exploring the world, going off in ships and finding other countries, finding places like

探索世界，乘船航行， 尋找其他國家，尋找諸如

America that they didn't know was there before; Christopher Columbus. Also going the other

他們以前不知道的美國。 克里斯托弗·哥倫布。也去其他

way, and at the Portuguese, for example, found India and China. So, people explored. So,

方式，例如在葡萄牙語中， 印度和中國。因此，人們進行了​​探索。所以，

from the English point of view, we had explorers who went off and found things, and came back,

從英語的角度來看，我們有探險家 誰去發現東西，然後回來，

and that also influenced the language because, for example, we got tobacco and potatoes from

這也影響了語言，因為， 例如，我們從

America, so the words for those things were new. Okay.

美國，所以 那些東西是新的。好的。

And then 18th, 19th century, colonialism, British Empire, Britain became involved politically

然後是18、19世紀，殖民主義，英國 帝國，英國開始參政

in other countries, then eventually the British Empire ended and we now have the Commonwealth

在其他國家，然後最終是英國人 帝國結束了，我們現在有了英聯邦

instead. And now in the 20th, 21st century, the language is still developing. We've got

代替。現在在20、21世紀， 語言仍在發展。我們有

the internet, the speed of travel. It's very easy to get on a plane and travel thousands

互聯網，旅行的速度。這是很 輕鬆登上飛機，成千上萬的旅行

of miles and go to another country, so words keep coming back from other countries, for example.

英里然後去另一個國家 例如從其他國家回來。

So looking at from the British Empire onwards, a lot of Asian words, words from

所以從大英帝國看 以後，很多亞洲字

the Middle East and the far east, like "balcony" and "bangle", a bangle that you wear around your

中東和遠東地區，例如“陽台” 和“手鐲”，即您在手腕上佩戴的手鐲

wrist, "bangle". A "bungalow", that's a house which is only one storey,

手腕，“手鐲”。一個“平房” 一幢只有一層的房子

a bungalow. We have quite a lot of those in this country.

平房。我們有一個 這個國家的很多人。

A "guru" from India, someone who you go to for advice

來自印度的“大師”，有人 你去找誰諮詢

and help, "guru". A "kiosk", "pajamas" that you wear in bed at night to sleep in, "pajamas"

和幫助，“大師”。一個“ kiosk”，“睡衣”你 晚上躺在床上睡覺，睡衣

are from an empire country. "Sandals" that you wear on your feet, sandals with spaces

來自一個帝國國家。 “涼鞋”說 你穿上你的腳，涼鞋有空格

in between for hot weather. And even "shampoo" that you wash your hair with, "shampoo" is

在炎熱的天氣之間。甚至是“洗髮水” 用“洗髮水”洗頭是

a foreign word from one of the empire countries.

一個人的外來詞 帝國國家。

And finally... So, we were talking about the internet and technology. If you're doing the

最後...所以，我們正在談論 互聯網和技術。如果您正在

housework and hoovering the carpet, we also say vacuuming the carpet because you use a

做家務和在地毯上徘徊，我們也 說用吸塵器吸地毯，因為您使用

vacuum cleaner, but one of the major brands of vacuum cleaner is the Hoover, and that

吸塵器，但主要品牌之一 胡佛的吸塵器

was the name of the maker, the Hoover. So, but that word has now become a verb "to hoover",

是製造商胡佛的名字。所以，但是 這個詞現在變成了動詞“胡佛”

and "hoovering". Okay? So, names count for about 4% in the English language, so Hoover,

和“徘徊”。好的？因此，名字很重要 英語大約佔4％，所以胡佛

and more recently, Google; we all use Google, and now there is a verb "to Google",

最近是Google；我們都使用Google 現在有一個動詞“ to Google”，

so I am googling something. So... No, sorry, not like that, that's hoovering.

所以我在搜索一些東西。所以不行， 抱歉，不是那樣，那徘徊。

I'm googling something. So those are just two examples of names that are now part of the English

我在搜索一些東西。所以那隻是兩個 現在已成為英語一部分的名稱示例

language, and it's changing all the time still. So... But it's a fascinating language to study,

語言，並且一直在不斷變化。 所以...但這是一門令人著迷的語言，

as I hope you agree.

我希望你同意。

So, I hope that's been interesting for you, a bit of history.

所以，我希望這很有趣 對你來說，有點歷史。

And there is a quiz on the website, www.engvid.com,

並且有一個測驗 網站www.engvid.com，

so I hope you'll go and give that a try.

所以我希望你會去 並嘗試一下。

And so that's all for today.

因此，今天就這些。

But come back soon, and we'll have another lesson for you. Okay?

但是很快回來，我們會 給您的另一課。好的？

Thank you. Bye.

謝謝。再見