How and When to Use the Passive Voice ๐Ÿค” English Grammar

15,865 views ใƒป 2020-05-08

English with Jennifer


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hi. I'm Jennifer from English with Jennifer. Some students may think that
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใจ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
00:06
grammar was invented to make your lives miserable.
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎไบบ็”Ÿใ‚’ๆƒจใ‚ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ็™บๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ๅญฆ็”Ÿใ‚‚ใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
00:09
I'd like to convince you that grammar is a tool, and once you master it, you can
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ๆ–‡ๆณ• ใฏใƒ„ใƒผใƒซใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ไธ€ๅบฆใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€
00:14
communicate clearly and accurately. So let's take the time to study a bit of
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ๆ˜Ž็ขบใ‹ใคๆญฃ็ขบใซใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ดๅพ—ใ•ใ›ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™. ใใ‚Œใงใฏ ใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใฆๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:19
grammar. Let's study the passive.
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ใ€‚ ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:29
I don't know who invented grammar? Do you? Actually, it was probably many different
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่ชฐใŒๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’็™บๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ๏ผŸ ๅฎŸ้š›
00:34
people who identified the patterns, wrote the rules, and came up with the
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ใ€ใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ— ใ€ใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใ€็”จ่ชžใ‚’่€ƒใˆๅ‡บใ—ใŸใฎใฏใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ•ใพใ–ใพใชไบบใ€…ใงใ—ใŸ
00:38
terminology. Was it someone a few centuries ago? Was it someone in ancient
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ใ€‚ ๆ•ฐ ไธ–็ด€ๅ‰ใฎ่ชฐใ‹ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏๅคไปฃใƒญใƒผใƒžใฎ่ชฐใ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ‹
00:44
Rome? Honestly, the details aren't that
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๏ผŸ ๆญฃ็›ดใชใจใ“ใ‚ใ€่ฉณ็ดฐใฏใใ‚Œใปใฉ
00:46
important, so I chose to say grammar was invented rather than someone invented
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้‡่ฆใงใฏใชใ„ใฎใง ใ€่ชฐใ‹ใŒๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’็™บๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใฎใงใฏใชใใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใŒ็™บๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’้ธใณใพใ—ใŸ
00:52
grammar. "Was invented" is an example of the passive. We formed the passive with BE
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็™บๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใฏ ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ BE + ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
00:59
+ the past participle. That's the -ed form of a regular verb and the third
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏใ€่ฆๅ‰‡ๅ‹•่ฉž
01:05
form of an irregular verb, like heard, seen, built. We use the passive when we
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ใฎ -ed ๅฝขๅผใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ไธ่ฆๅ‰‡ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ 3 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๅฝขๅผใงใ™ ใ€‚
01:16
don't know or we don't want a name who the doer of the action is. Grammar wasn't
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจใใ‚„ ใ€่กŒๅ‹•ใฎๅฎŸ่กŒ่€…ใฎๅๅ‰ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใใชใ„ใจใใซๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฏ
01:24
invented to torture you. Invented by whom? Don't know. Not important. The doer is
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ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’่‹ฆใ—ใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ็™บๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ่ชฐใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็™บๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ๏ผŸ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚ ้‡่ฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฎŸ่กŒ่€…ใฏ
01:33
also called the agent or the performer. In some sentences, there's not just a
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ใ€ใ‚จใƒผใ‚ธใ‚งใƒณใƒˆใพใŸใฏใƒ‘ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒผใจใ‚‚ๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€
01:42
doer, but there's also a receiver.
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ๅฎŸ่กŒ่€…ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€ๅ—ไฟก่€…ใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:47
Transitive verbs, verbs that take an object, can change from active to passive
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ไป–ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏ
01:52
by shifting the focus from the doer to the receiver. The object of a verb can
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ใ€็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒ่€…ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ—ไฟก่€…ใซ็งปใ™ใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใฏ
01:59
become the subject of a passive sentence.
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎไธป่ชžใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:04
Why did someone invent grammar?
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ใชใœ่ชฐใ‹ใŒๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’็™บๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹?
02:09
Why was grammar invented? Why did someone create grammar rules? Why were grammar
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฏใชใœ็™บๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใชใœ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ ๆ–‡ๆณ•่ฆๅ‰‡ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹? ๆ–‡ๆณ•่ฆๅ‰‡ใฏใชใœ
02:22
rules created?
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ไฝœๆˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹?
02:27
I gave examples. Examples were given.
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ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไพ‹ใŒ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:37
So there are two voices in English: The active voice focuses on the doer of the
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใซใฏ 2 ใคใฎๅฃฐใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ƒฝๅ‹•็š„ใชๅฃฐใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅฎŸ่กŒ่€…ใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใฆใ„
02:42
action. The passive voice focuses on the receiver of the action. Transitive verbs
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ ใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅ—ไฟก่€…ใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไป–ๅ‹•่ฉž
02:52
give us the choice to use the active or the passive voice. Do I have to master
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ใฏใ€่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใพใŸใฏๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹้ธๆŠž่‚ขใ‚’ไธŽใˆใฆใใ‚Œ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’ใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
02:59
grammar? What if grammar isn't fully mastered?
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ใพใ™ใ‹? ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใŒๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็ฟ’ๅพ—ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใฉใ†ใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
03:08
The truth is that grammar is the way we all understand and agree how language
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็œŸๅฎŸใฏใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฏ ่จ€่ชžใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ€ๅŒๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•
03:14
works. There wasn't a single person who invented grammar. Right? Grammar evolved
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’็™บๆ˜Žใ—ใŸไบบใฏไธ€ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฏ
03:20
over time. Language is still evolving.
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ๆ™‚้–“ใจใจใ‚‚ใซ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ่จ€่ชžใฏใพใ ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:26
Take the verb "evolve." Grammar evolved over time. Language is still evolving. In
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ใ€Œ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฏ ๆ™‚้–“ใจใจใ‚‚ใซ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ่จ€่ชžใฏใพใ ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:33
my examples, does "evolve" have an object? No. So can I form the passive?
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็งใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ€ใซใฏใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹? ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใงใใพใ™ใ‹?
03:42
No. Only a transitive verb can shift back and forth between active and passive.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€‚่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใจๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’่กŒใๆฅใงใใ‚‹ใฎใฏไป–ๅ‹•่ฉžใ ใ‘ ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:51
Look. Which of these sentences can become passive?
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่ฆ‹ใฆใ€‚ ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฎใ†ใกใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซใงใใ‚‹ใฎใฏใฉใ‚Œ?
04:08
A, C, and D can all become passive because they have transitive verbs. Sentence B
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Aใ€Cใ€D ใซใฏไป–ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ™ในใฆๅ—่บซใซใชใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ B
04:17
uses "teaches" as an intransitive verb. Remember some verbs have transitive and
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ใฏใ€่‡ชๅ‹•่ฉžๅ‹•่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใ€Œๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธ€้ƒจใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใซใฏไป–ๅ‹•่ฉžใจ
04:24
intransitive meanings, so you need to be careful. If I use the passive and I want
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่‡ชๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงๆณจๆ„ใŒ ๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
04:32
to name the doer, I use a by-phrase. That textbook was written by Jennifer.
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ใ€ๅฎŸ่กŒ่€…ใซๅๅ‰ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅ‰ฏๅฅใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎ ๆ•™็ง‘ๆ›ธใฏใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:41
Sometimes my videos are recommended by other teachers.
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ๆ™‚ใ€…ใ€็งใฎๅ‹•็”ปใŒ ไป–ใฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใซๅ‹งใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:48
But a lot of the time with the passive, we don't need a by- phrase. For example, I
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎๅคšใใฎ ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐ
04:54
was invited to speak at a regional conference. By whom? Not important.
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ใ€ๅœฐๅŸŸใฎไผš่ญฐใง่ฌ›ๆผ”ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ่ชฐใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ๏ผŸ ้‡่ฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:00
Well, maybe it's important for me to know and remember, but it's not important for
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ใพใ‚ใ€็Ÿฅใฃใฆ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใใ“ใจใฏ็งใซใจใฃใฆ้‡่ฆใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒ
05:05
me to share a name with you. The exception to what I just told you about
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ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใจๅๅ‰ใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ็งใซใจใฃใฆ้‡่ฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“. ๅฎŸ่กŒ
05:11
naming the doer with a by-phrase is the stative passive.The stative passive
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่€…ใซๅ‰ฏๅฅใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆๅๅ‰ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ ๅ…ˆใปใฉใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใฎไพ‹ๅค–ใฏใ€็Šถๆ…‹ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹
05:17
doesn't describe an action; it describes a state or a condition. The stative
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ใงใ™ใ€‚็Šถๆ…‹ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฏใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่จ˜่ฟฐใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็Šถๆ…‹ใพใŸใฏ็Šถๆ…‹ใ‚’่กจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็Šถๆ…‹
05:23
passive is formed the same way BE + a past participle, but we can use other
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฏ BE + ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฝขๆˆใ•ใ‚Œ ใพใ™ใŒ
05:29
prepositional phrases after the verb.
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ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซไป–ใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:34
Grammar is composed of rules. English is classified as a Germanic language.
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฏใƒซใƒผใƒซใงๆง‹ๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่‹ฑ่ชžใฏ ใ‚ฒใƒซใƒžใƒณ่ชžใซๅˆ†้กžใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
05:45
Jennifer is married to a Russian. All these passive verbs describe states.
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ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใฏใƒญใ‚ทใ‚ขไบบใจ็ตๅฉšใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ™ในใฆ็Šถๆ…‹ใ‚’่กจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:53
There's no doer of an action because there is no action. For more practice
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ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅฎŸ่กŒ่€… ใฏใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:01
with the stative passive, check out my video on this topic. I'll put the link in
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ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ฟใ‚น ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็งใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๅ‹•็”ปใฎ่ชฌๆ˜Žใซใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’่ฒผใฃใฆใŠใใพใ™
06:06
the video description. Right now, we'll turn our attention back to the dynamic
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใง ใ€ๅ‹•็š„ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใซๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๆˆปใ—ใพใ™
06:13
passive. These are transitive verbs that can be written in the passive or the
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ ใฏๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใพใŸใฏ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใงๆ›ธใใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ไป–ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™
06:18
active voice.
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ใ€‚
06:21
First, let's make sure you can easily form the passive. Change all my sentences
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ใพใšใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’็ฐกๅ˜ใซๅฝขๆˆใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ็งใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ใ™ในใฆๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซๅค‰ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
06:27
to the passive voice. Remember that the form of BE changes to show time and to
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ใ€‚ BE ใฎ ๅฝขๅผใฏใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’็คบใ—ใ€ไธป้กŒใซไธ€่‡ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ
06:34
agree with the subject. The main verb is the past participle. Use a by-phrase if
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ๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ไธปๅ‹•่ฉž ใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฟ…่ฆใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆๅ‰ฏๅฅใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
06:41
you think it's necessary. One. The rules are followed by many. Two.
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ใ€‚ 1ใ€‚ ใƒซใƒผใƒซ ใฏๅคšใใฎไบบใŒๅฎˆใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไบŒใ€‚
07:03
New lessons are being created by our teachers. Three. A new video was published by
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ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏ็งใŸใกใฎๆ•™ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆไฝœๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธ‰ใ€‚ ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใŒๅ…ฌ้–‹ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
07:20
Jennifer. Four.
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ใ€‚ ๅ››ใ€‚ ใƒใƒผใƒ 
07:31
Different options were being evaluated by the team. Five.
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ใฏใ•ใพใ–ใพใชใ‚ชใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่ฉ•ไพก ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไบ”ใ€‚
07:46
UFO sightings have been documented by investigators. Six.
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UFO ใฎ็›ฎๆ’ƒๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฏ่ชฟๆŸปๅฎ˜ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ่จ˜้Œฒใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๅ…ญใ€‚
08:01
Sharks had been seen in the area. Seven.
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ใ“ใฎๅœฐๅŸŸใงใฏใ‚ตใƒกใŒ็›ฎๆ’ƒใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ปใƒ–ใƒณใ€‚
08:14
New apps will be created by educators.
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ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใ‚ขใƒ—ใƒชใฏๆ•™่‚ฒ่€…ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆไฝœๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
08:19
Eight.
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8ใ€‚
08:29
Our actions are going to be judged by future generations. Nine.
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็งใŸใกใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใฏใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎไธ–ไปฃใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅˆคๆ–ญใ•ใ‚Œ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไนใ€‚
08:48
A vaccine will have been found by then.
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ใใฎ้ ƒใซใฏใƒฏใ‚ฏใƒใƒณใŒ็™บ่ฆ‹ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€‚
08:54
Let's see how you do with some modal verbs. Okay? Ten.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ‰ฑใ†ใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅใ€‚
09:04
The video can be paused at any time. Eleven.
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ๅ‹•็”ปใฏใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅไธ€ใ€‚
09:17
Our parents should be respected. Twelve.
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็งใŸใกใฎไธก่ฆชใฏๅฐŠ้‡ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ในใใงใ™ใ€‚ 12ใ€‚
09:33
Grammar must have been studied back then.
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฏๅฝ“ๆ™‚ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใซ้•ใ„ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒ
09:39
You may be wondering about other verb forms that we didn't practice, like the
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ๅฝขใชใฉใ€็งใŸใกใŒ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸไป–ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžๅฝขใซใคใ„ใฆ็–‘ๅ•ใซๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
09:44
past perfect progressive. The truth is we don't really use the passive in those
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ใ€‚ ็œŸๅฎŸใฏใ€็ง ใŸใกใฏไป–ใฎๅฝขใงใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ๅฎŸ้š›ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ
09:49
other forms. The bigger challenge, I think, is deciding which voice to use. If both
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ใงใ™. ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคงใใช่ชฒ้กŒใฏใ€ ใฉใฎๅฃฐใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆฑบใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:00
active and passive verb forms are possible, why is one sometimes better
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่ƒฝๅ‹•ๅ‹•่ฉžใจๅ—ๅ‹•ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎไธกๆ–นใฎๅฝขใŒ ๅฏ่ƒฝใชๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธ€ๆ–นใŒไป–ๆ–นใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅ„ชใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใชใœ
10:05
than the other? Here's our last quiz. Choose the sentence that fits the
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ใงใ™ใ‹? ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใงใ™ใ€‚ ็Šถๆณใซ ้ฉใ—ใŸๆ–‡ใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
10:12
situation: active or passive. One.
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: ่ƒฝๅ‹•็š„ใพใŸใฏๅ—ๅ‹•็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚ 1ใ€‚
10:42
I'd go with the active voice. This is a job interview. The focus should be on the
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็งใฏ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใง่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๆŽก็”จ ้ขๆŽฅใงใ™ใ€‚ ่กŒๅ‹•ใฎๅฎŸ่กŒ่€…ใ€ๆฑ‚่ท่€…ใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
10:47
doer of the action, the job candidate. What can you do? What value can you add?
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชไพกๅ€คใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใงใใพใ™ใ‹?
10:53
Also, in conversation, the passive isn't used as frequently. Two.
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ใพใŸใ€ไผš่ฉฑใงใฏๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฏ ใ‚ใพใ‚Šไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ไบŒใ€‚
11:15
I'd go with the passive voice. The focus isn't on the doer. It's on the receiver
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็งใฏๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใง่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็„ฆ็‚น ใฏๅฎŸ่กŒ่€…ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œ
11:21
of the action: the invoice, the status of the invoice. I might also be trying to
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ใฏใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅ—ไฟก่€…ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™: ่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ๆ›ธใ€่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ๆ›ธใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ฟใ‚น ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ๆ›ธใ‚’ๆœŸ้™ใพใงใซๆๅ‡บใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸไบบใ‚’ไฟ่ญทใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
11:28
protect the person who failed to submit the invoice on time. Three.
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ใ€‚ ไธ‰ใ€‚
11:52
This is a trick question. Either one could work, but I'm going to go with the
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใฒใฃใ‹ใ‘ๅ•้กŒใงใ™ใ€‚ ใฉใกใ‚‰ ใงใ‚‚ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€
11:57
passive. Do you know why? Because artistic works are an exception. We can use the
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ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใชใœใชใฎใ‹ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ่Šธ่ก“ ไฝœๅ“ใฏไพ‹ๅค–ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€‚ ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
12:03
passive to give credit to someone for an artistic work: directed by, produced by,
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ใฆใ€่Šธ่ก“ไฝœๅ“ใฎๅŠŸ็ธพใ‚’่ชฐใ‹ใซ็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ : ็›ฃ็ฃใ€ๅˆถไฝœใ€
12:09
composed by, written by. We're actually highlighting the person who should
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ไฝœๆ›ฒใ€ๅŸท็ญ†ใ€‚ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ ใฏใ€ใ‚ฏใƒฌใ‚ธใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใ‚‹ในใไบบใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
12:15
receive credit.
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ใ€‚
12:27
Four.
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ๅ››ใ€‚
12:43
You can use either here, active or passive, but I'd go with the passive
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใพใŸใฏใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใ
12:49
because it shifts the focus to the receiver of the action: the victims of
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ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅ—ไฟก่€…ใง
12:54
the tornado. That's the real tragedy here. And if this is a news article, the
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ใ‚ใ‚‹็ซœๅทปใฎ็Š ็‰ฒ่€…ใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’็งปใ™ใŸใ‚ใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใฎๆ‚ฒๅŠ‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น่จ˜ไบ‹ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€
12:59
headlines would likely be "23 Killed in Tornado." We see abbreviated grammar in
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่ฆ‹ๅ‡บใ—ใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€Œ็ซœๅทปใง 23 ไบบใŒๆญปไบกใ€ใจใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใฎ่ฆ‹ๅ‡บใ—ใซใฏ็œ็•ฅใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆ–‡ๆณ•ใŒ่ฆ‹
13:05
news headlines, and you need to be able to recognize what the full structure is.
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ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใŒ ใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆง‹้€ ใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ใงใใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:10
"23 Killed" means "23 were killed" or "23 have been killed." Five, last one.
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ใ€Œ23 Killedใ€ใฏใ€ใ€Œ23 ไบบใŒๆฎบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ23 ไบบใŒๆฎบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณ ใงใ™ใ€‚ 5 ใคใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ 1 ใคใ€‚
13:37
Here I'd go with the passive because I think the focus should be on the
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ ใฎๅ—ใ‘ๆ‰‹ใงใ‚ใ‚‹้ซ˜้ฝข่€…ใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™
13:42
receiver of the action: the elderly. It's obvious that some kind of authority is
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ใ€‚ ใชใ‚“ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎๆจฉๅจใŒ
13:48
advising them to stay at home. Is it really important to name the authority?
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซๅฎถใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฟ ๅ‘Šใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝ“ๅฑ€ใซๅๅ‰ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
13:52
No.
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13:56
So remember some common reasons why we don't name the doer and why we leave out
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ใงใฏ ใ€ๅฎŸ่กŒ่€…ใฎๅๅ‰ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใชใ„ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช็†็”ฑใจใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ‚’็œ็•ฅใ™ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใ‚’ใ„ใใค
14:01
a by-phrase: Because the doer is obvious, Because we don't know who the doer is.
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ใ‹่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
14:06
Because it's not important. And the exception is when we speak about
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ใใ‚Œใฏ้‡่ฆใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไพ‹ๅค–ใฏใ€
14:10
artistic works and we're giving credit to someone. Then we use the by-phrase.
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่Šธ่ก“ไฝœๅ“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ— ใ€่ชฐใ‹ใฎๅŠŸ็ธพใ‚’่ชใ‚ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกใซใ€by-phrase ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:18
So when is the active voice preferred? Well, anytime we want to focus on the
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ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใƒœใ‚คใ‚นใŒๅฅฝใพใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ„ใคใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅฎŸ่กŒ่€…ใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใŸใ„ใจใใฏใ„ใคใงใ‚‚
14:25
doer of the action. For example, the active voice is
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ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐ
14:29
preferred in resume writing. This is when we want dynamic language. I led a team of
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ใ€ๅฑฅๆญดๆ›ธใฎๆ›ธใๆ–นใงใฏ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใŒๅฅฝใพใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ ๅ‹•็š„่จ€่ชžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชๅ ดๅˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏ 10 ไบบใฎใƒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’็Ž‡ใ„ใฆใ€
14:35
ten and consistently met our quarterly goals. The active voice allows me to
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ๅ››ๅŠๆœŸใ”ใจใฎ็›ฎๆจ™ใ‚’ไธ€่ฒซใ—ใฆ ้”ๆˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ่ƒฝๅ‹•็š„ใชๅฃฐใฎ
14:41
focus on what I achieved. The passive voice is more common in formal English.
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ใŠใ‹ใ’ใงใ€้”ๆˆใ—ใŸใ“ใจใซ้›†ไธญใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฏใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใช่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ‚ˆใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
14:50
Military medals, such as the Air Force Cross, are awarded to members of the
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็ฉบ่ปๅๅญ—็ซ ใชใฉใฎ่ปไบ‹ๅ‹ฒ็ซ ใฏใ€
14:55
Armed Forces for their distinguished service and valor. The grammar and the
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ใใฎๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸ ๅŠŸ็ธพใจๅ‹‡ๆฐ—ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ่ป้šŠใฎใƒกใƒณใƒใƒผใซๆŽˆไธŽใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใจ
15:00
vocabulary make this statement formal.
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่ชžๅฝ™ใŒใ“ใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ๆญฃๅผใชใ‚‚ใฎใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:05
For this reason, the passive voice is also more common in scholarly texts. The
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ใ“ใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฏ ๅญฆ่ก“่ซ–ๆ–‡ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
15:11
Battle of Gettysburg was fought in the summer of 1863. It was considered a
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ใ‚ฒใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚นใƒใƒผใ‚ฐใฎๆˆฆใ„ใฏ 1863 ๅนดใฎๅคใซ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ—ๅŒ—ๆˆฆไบ‰ใฎใ‚ฟใƒผใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐ ใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„
15:16
turning point in the American Civil War.
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ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
15:24
Before we end, I'd like to share two common sayings with the passive.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ 2 ใคใฎ ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ“ใจใ‚ใ–ใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:30
When something is easy to talk about, but hard to do, we have the expression: easier
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใ ใŒ ใ€่กŒใ†ใฎใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œ่จ€ใ†ใฏๆ˜“ใ่กŒใ†ใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่กจ็พใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
15:36
said than done. Something can be said. Something can be done. Which one is
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ใ€‚ ใชใ‚“ใจใชใ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒ
15:41
easier? The full idea is that a goal is easier said aloud than actually done.
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็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๅฎŒๅ…จใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฏใ€็›ฎๆจ™ใฏ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ่กŒใ†ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅฃฐใซๅ‡บใ—ใฆ่จ€ใ†ๆ–นใŒ็ฐกๅ˜ใ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™.
15:47
We're focusing on what we want to achieve. The focus is on the receiver, not
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็งใŸใกใฏ้”ๆˆใ—ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ็„ฆ็‚นใฏๅฎŸ่กŒ่€…ใงใฏใชใๅ—ไฟก
15:53
the doer: easier said than done. And the last one: nothing ventured, nothing gained.
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่€…ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚่จ€ใ†ใฏๆ˜“ใ่กŒใ†ใฏ้›ฃใ—ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‚ๅ†’้™บใ›ใšใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‚ๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
16:04
The full idea is that if nothing is ventured, then nothing is gained. You have
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ๅฎŒๅ…จใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‚ ๅ†’้™บใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐไฝ•ใ‚‚ๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
16:11
to risk something in order to get something. The focus is on what we want
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅฑ้™บใซใ•ใ‚‰ใ•ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ็งใŸใก
16:16
to get, on what we want to achieve: nothing ventured nothing gained.
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ใŒๅพ—ใŸใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ€้”ๆˆใ—ใŸใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซ็„ฆ็‚นใŒๅฝ“ใฆ ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:23
Tell me if you agree with that saying: nothing ventured, nothing gained.
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ใใฎๆ ผ่จ€ใซๅŒๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‚‚ๅ†’้™บใ›ใšใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‚ๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
16:27
And also tell me an example of something easier said than done. That's all for now.
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ใพใŸใ€่จ€ใ†ใฏๆ˜“ใ่กŒใ†ใฏ้›ฃใ—ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใฏไปŠใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใ™ในใฆใงใ™ใ€‚
16:33
Was the lesson useful? Please remember to like the video. I hope you're feeling
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ๆŽˆๆฅญใฏๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใกใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅฅฝใใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
16:38
more confident now about the passive and you can use the passive more confidently
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ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใซ่‡ชไฟกใŒๆŒใฆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใ€ไปŠๅพŒใ‚‚่‡ชไฟกใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
16:43
going forward. As always. thanks for watching and happy studies!
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ใ€‚ ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€‚ ่ฆ‹ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ† ใ€ๅนธใ›ใช็ ”็ฉถ๏ผ
16:50
Thank you to all the members of my channel. And you Super and Truly
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็งใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใฎใ™ในใฆใฎใƒกใƒณใƒใƒผใซๆ„Ÿ่ฌใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ Super and Truly
16:55
Marvelous Members, look out for the next bonus video. Follow me on Facebook,
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Marvelous ใƒกใƒณใƒใƒผใฎ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€ๆฌกใฎ ใƒœใƒผใƒŠใ‚น ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใซใ”ๆœŸๅพ…ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ Facebookใ€Twitterใ€Instagram ใงใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒญใƒผใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
17:02
Twitter, and Instagram. And try something new!
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ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใซๆŒ‘ๆˆฆใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ๏ผ
17:06
Download the apps Kiki Time and Hallo. These are more ways I can help you learn
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ใ‚ขใƒ—ใƒช Kiki Time ใจ Hallo ใ‚’ใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณใƒญใƒผใƒ‰ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€ๆฏŽ้€ฑ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใถใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใใฎไป–ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™
17:11
English each and every week. And hey! Don't forget to subscribe to my
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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