Formal and Informal Intonation: English Pronunciation with JenniferESL

36,224 views ใƒป 2017-03-03

English with Jennifer


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Think fast! I'll give you five seconds to name different ways to say hello.
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็ด ๆ—ฉใ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹๏ผ 5 ็ง’้–“ใงใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆŒจๆ‹ถใฎไป•ๆ–นใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:09
Go.
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่กŒใ‘ใ€‚
00:15
Okay. Stop.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ๆญขใพใ‚‹ใ€‚
00:18
Here's what I came up with in five seconds.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ5็ง’ใงๆ€ใ„ใคใ„ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
00:27
We can say "hello" and "good morning" to anyone.
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่ชฐใซใงใ‚‚ใ€Œใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใ€ŒใŠใฏใ‚ˆใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
00:30
But once we start using "hi" and "hey,"
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใจใ€Œใญใˆใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹
00:34
we're becoming less formal.
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ใจใ€ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใงใฏใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:36
So we should really only use those kinds of greetings
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ซใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใงๅ‹ๅฅฝ็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้ฉๅˆ‡ใชๅ ดๅˆใซใฎใฟใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็จฎ้กžใฎๆŒจๆ‹ถใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
00:39
when it's appropriate to be casual and friendly, right?
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ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
00:45
Of course, speaking informally goes beyond word choice.
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€้žๅ…ฌๅผใซ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใฏ่จ€่‘‰ใฎ้ธๆŠžใ‚’่ถ…ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:49
And that's what we'll focus on in this lesson
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ใใ‚ŒใŒใ€ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใŠใ‚ˆใณใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใชใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใง็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ
00:52
on formal and informal intonation.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:57
[title]
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ใ€ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒˆใƒซใ€‘
01:12
First, your word choice.
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ใพใšใฏ่จ€่‘‰้ธใณใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€‚
01:15
It's the difference between "hello" and "hi."
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใจใ€Œใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:19
Or "how are you" and "what's up."
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ŒใŠๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใจใ€ŒใŠๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใ€‚
01:26
Second, your grammar.
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็ฌฌไบŒใซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ€‚
01:28
In informal English, we can bend certain rules.
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้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎ่ฆๅ‰‡ใ‚’ๆ›ฒใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:32
For example, we say, "Coming?"
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œๆฅใ‚‹๏ผŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:36
Instead of "Are you coming?"
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ใ€Œๆฅใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€‚
01:38
Or "You comfortable?"
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฟซ้ฉใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
01:41
Instead of "Are you comfortable?"
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ใ€Œๅฟซ้ฉใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€‚
01:45
In everyday conversation, we use fewer words when we can get away with it.
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ๆ—ฅๅธธไผš่ฉฑใงใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ›ž้ฟใงใใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฐกๅ˜ใซใ€Œ็งใ‚‚ใ€ใจ
01:50
Why say "I feel the same way,"
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่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใซใ€ใชใœใ€Œ็งใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ„Ÿใ˜
01:54
when we can simply say "me too"?
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ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:59
And finally, there's our intonation.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
02:02
We use falling and rising intonation in both formal and informal English,
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็งใŸใกใฏๅ…ฌๅผ่‹ฑ่ชžใจ้žๅ…ฌๅผ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎไธกๆ–นใงไธ‹้™ใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใจไธŠๆ˜‡ใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™
02:07
but sometimes in slightly different ways.
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ใŒใ€ใ‚ใšใ‹ใซ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™.
02:11
Let me give you some examples.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:16
Informal greetings can have more emotion, usually excitement.
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้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๆŒจๆ‹ถใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ„Ÿๆƒ…็š„ใซใชใ‚Šใ€้€šๅธธใฏ่ˆˆๅฅฎใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:21
And that's why you may here a rise-fall in a very friendly greeting.
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ“ใง้žๅธธใซใƒ•ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใƒชใƒผใชๆŒจๆ‹ถใงๆตฎใๆฒˆใฟใŒ็”Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:26
Hi. How are you? It's so good to see you!
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ ๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใŠไผšใ„ใงใใฆใจใฆใ‚‚ใ†ใ‚Œใ—ใ„ใงใ™๏ผ
02:32
A slightly more formal greeting will have greater control and more restraint.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใชๆŒจๆ‹ถใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒˆใƒญใƒผใƒซใŒๅผทๅŒ–ใ•ใ‚Œใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๆŠ‘ๅˆถใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
02:38
You'll usually hear simple falling intonation.
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้€šๅธธใ€ๅ˜็ด”ใชไธ‹้™ใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
02:43
Hello. Nice to meet you.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ ใŠไผšใ„ใงใใฆๅฌ‰ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:48
Very polite greetings may use a fall-rise.
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้žๅธธใซไธๅฏงใชๆŒจๆ‹ถใฏใ€ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒซใƒฉใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™.
02:52
So you might hear a receptionist or a hostess at a fancy restaurant speak like this.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€้ซ˜็ดšใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใฎๅ—ไป˜ไฟ‚ใ‚„ใƒ›ใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚นใŒใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใ‚’่žใใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:59
Hello. Good evening.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚“ใฐใ‚“ใฏใ€‚
03:06
Just as there's some variation in our greetings,
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ใ‚ใ„ใ•ใคใซ
03:09
there can be some variation in how we ask questions.
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้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€่ณชๅ•ใฎไป•ๆ–นใซใ‚‚้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:13
Normally we use falling intonation on information questions.
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้€šๅธธใ€็งใŸใกใฏๆƒ…ๅ ฑใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹่ณชๅ•ใงใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:18
Questions with wh- words.
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ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅซใ‚€่ณชๅ•ใ€‚
03:20
And we use rising intonation on yes-no questions.
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ใพใŸใ€ใฏใ„/ใ„ใ„ใˆใฎ่ณชๅ•ใงใฏไธŠๆ˜‡ใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:25
But here are two things to note.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงๆณจๆ„ใ™ในใ็‚นใŒ 2 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:36
So compare these two questions.
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎ 2 ใคใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ๆฏ”่ผƒใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:47
As mentioned in a previous lesson...
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ๅ‰ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใง่ฟฐในใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซ...
03:57
For example
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ใŸใจใˆใฐ
04:04
Finally, how we get someone's attention or how we address someone by name
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€็งใŸใกใŒ่ชฐใ‹ใฎๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๅผ•ใๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚„ๅๅ‰ใง่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’ๅ‘ผใถๆ–นๆณ•
04:09
is influenced by our relationship.
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ใฏใ€็งใŸใกใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™.
04:26
I used rising intonation.
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ไธŠๆ˜‡ใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:28
I sound uncertain, maybe hesitant.
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็งใฏไธ็ขบใ‹ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€ๅคšๅˆ†ใŸใ‚ใ‚‰ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:32
I don't want to impose on my professor.
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ๆ•™ๆŽˆใซๆŠผใ—ไป˜ใ‘ใŸใใชใ„ใ€‚
04:35
Perhaps I have a question or a request of some sort.
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ไฝ•ใ‹่ณชๅ•ใ‚„ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:50
Again, I'm using rising intonation,
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ไธŠๆ˜‡ใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ
04:53
but it's not at a very high pitch.
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ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใปใฉ้ซ˜ใ„ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:55
I use rising intonation like a question.
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็งใฏ่ณชๅ•ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไธŠๆ˜‡ใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:59
I expect a response, or I hope for a response.
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่ฟ”ไบ‹ใ‚’ๆœŸๅพ…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€่ฟ”ไบ‹ใ‚’ๆœŸๅพ…ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:02
It's a first-name basis, so it's not formal.
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ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒใƒผใƒ ใƒ™ใƒผใ‚นใชใฎใงใ€ๆญฃๅผใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:06
It's rather neutral.
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใจใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒˆใƒฉใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
05:08
I ask a question. I want a response.
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่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ่ฟ”ไบ‹ใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใ€‚
05:19
Again, it's a first-name basis, but this sounds more commanding.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅๅ‰ใƒ™ใƒผใ‚นใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅจๅœง็š„ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
05:23
It's mostly falling intonation like a statement.
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ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๆŠ‘ๆšใงใ™ใ€‚
05:26
I expect a response, and I need one now.
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็งใฏๅฟœ็ญ”ใ‚’ๆœŸๅพ…ใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ไปŠใ™ใๅฟœ็ญ”ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
05:30
Perhaps Jerry and I are equal,
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ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒชใƒผใจ็งใฏๅฏพ็ญ‰ใชใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ—ใ€ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒชใƒผใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใ—็ซ‹ๅ ดใŒไธŠใชใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„
05:32
or it could also be that I'm a little higher in position compared to Jerry.
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ใ€‚
05:44
Let's try a short dialog.
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็Ÿญใ„ใƒ€ใ‚คใ‚ขใƒญใ‚ฐใ‚’่ฉฆใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:47
It will go like this.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:19
Now I'll be person A and you be person B.
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ไปŠๅบฆใฏ็งใŒAใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒBใ•ใ‚“ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:25
Hello. Would you like a table for two?
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ ไบŒไบบ็”จใฎใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใ‚’ใ”ๅธŒๆœ›ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:34
All right. What is your last name, please?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅๅญ—ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
06:38
Very good. I'll call you when your table is ready.
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ใจใฆใ‚‚่‰ฏใ„ใ€‚ ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒใงใใŸใ‚‰ใŠ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:43
Taylor? Party of four? ...This way, please.
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ใƒ†ใ‚คใƒฉใƒผ๏ผŸ 4ไบบใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃ๏ผŸ ...ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใธใฉใ†ใžใ€‚
06:48
Let's try switching, okay?
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ๅˆ‡ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:50
I'll take role B and you take role A.
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็งใฏBๅฝนใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏAๅฝน
07:00
Actually, we're expecting another couple to join us, so we'll be a party of four.
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ใ‚’ๆ‹…ๅฝ“ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅฎŸใฏใ€ใ‚‚ใ†1็ต„ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใƒซใŒๆฅใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใชใฎใงใ€4ไบบใงใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:08
Taylor.
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ใƒ†ใ‚คใƒฉใƒผใ€‚
07:22
That's all for now. Thanks for watching and happy studies!
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ใใ‚ŒใฏไปŠใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใ™ในใฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ€ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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