5 "Grammar Rules" (myths) your teachers HAVE BEEN LYING about!

714,129 views ใƒป 2020-02-19

English with Lucy


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
(upbeat music)
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๏ผˆๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„้Ÿณๆฅฝ๏ผ‰
00:10
- Hello everyone and welcome back to English with Lucy.
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-ใฟใชใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏ ใ€‚ใƒซใƒผใ‚ทใƒผใจไธ€็ท’ใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใซใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
00:13
Today I am going to talk to you about
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ
00:16
five strict English grammar rules
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00:20
that natives don't always follow.
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ใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใŒๅธธใซๅพ“ใ†ใจใฏ้™ใ‚‰ใชใ„5ใคใฎๅŽณๅฏ†ใช่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•่ฆๅ‰‡ใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:23
Yes, that's right.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:24
Your teacher may have been lying to you.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซๅ˜˜ใ‚’ใคใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:28
Quickly before we get started, I would just like to thank
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ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ
00:30
the sponsor of today's video it is italki.
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ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใ‚นใƒใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใงใ‚ใ‚‹italkiใซๆ„Ÿ่ฌใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:34
And if you haven't heard of italki before,
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italkiใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่žใ„ใŸใ“ใจใŒใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€24ๆ™‚้–“ๅนดไธญ็„กไผ‘ใง1ๅฏพ1ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่กŒใ†ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ๆ•™ๅธซใจ้žใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ๆ•™ๅธซ
00:36
it's a huge online database of both
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ใฎไธกๆ–นใฎๅทจๅคงใชใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใƒ™ใƒผใ‚นใงใ™
00:38
native and nonnative teachers
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00:40
who give one-to-one video lessons 24 hours a day,
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00:44
seven days a week.
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ใ€‚ ๅฎ‰ๅฎšใ—ใŸใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆๆŽฅ็ถšใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€
00:45
You can learn English and over 130 other languages
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ใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎใฉใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ‚‚่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚„ 130ไปฅไธŠใฎไป–ใฎ่จ€่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใถใ“ใจใŒใงใ
00:49
from anywhere in the world, anytime as long as you have
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00:53
a stable internet connection.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:56
It's an incredibly affordable way of learning a language,
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ใใ‚Œใฏ่จ€่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใถใŸใ‚ใฎไฟกใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใปใฉๆ‰‹้ ƒใช ๆ–นๆณ•ใง
00:59
much cheaper than an offline tutor or a language academy.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ชใƒ•ใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใฎๅฎถๅบญๆ•™ๅธซใ‚„่ชžๅญฆใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒผใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซๅฎ‰ไพกใงใ™ ใ€‚
01:03
So many of my students message me
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้žๅธธใซๅคšใใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒ็งใซใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’้€ใ‚Šใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใจ
01:06
and ask me how they can meet and talk to native speakers.
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ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไผšใฃใฆ่ฉฑใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๅฐ‹ใญใพใ™ ใ€‚
01:09
Well, italki is a really good option
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italkiใฏใ€
01:11
because not only do they have qualified teachers,
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่ณ‡ๆ ผใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ•™ๅธซใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใชใ
01:14
they also have community teachers who will practise
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01:17
conversation with you.
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ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใจไผš่ฉฑใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใƒ†ใ‚ฃใฎๆ•™ๅธซใ‚‚ใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่‰ฏใ„้ธๆŠž่‚ขใงใ™ใ€‚
01:19
They've given me a special offer to pass onto you.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็ง ใซใ‚ใชใŸใซๆธกใ™ใŸใ‚ใฎ็‰นๅˆฅใช็”ณใ—ๅ‡บใ‚’ใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใซ้‡‘้กใ‚’่ณผๅ…ฅใ—ใฆ
01:22
You can get $10 worth of italki credits
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01:24
in your student wallet, 48 hours after making
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ใ‹ใ‚‰48ๆ™‚้–“ๅพŒใซใ€ๅญฆ็”Ÿใฎ่ฒกๅธƒใซ10ใƒ‰ใƒซ็›ธๅฝ“ใฎitalkiใ‚ฏใƒฌใ‚ธใƒƒใƒˆ
01:27
your first purchase of any amount,
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01:29
or you've got to do is click on the link
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ใ‚’็ฒๅพ—ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใฏใ€่ชฌๆ˜Žใƒœใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ‚ตใ‚คใƒณใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
01:31
in the description box and sign up.
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ใ€‚
01:34
Right, let's get started with the lesson.
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ใ•ใ‚ใ€ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:37
All right, let's start with the first rule of English.
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ใ•ใฆใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:41
There are no rules.
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ใƒซใƒผใƒซใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:43
(laughs)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
01:45
That's just a joke.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅ†—่ซ‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:46
There are many rules,
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ๅคšใใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
01:47
but we don't follow all of them
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ใ€็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ™ในใฆใซๅพ“ใ‚ใชใ„ใฎใง
01:49
and that is what this video is about.
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ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎ็›ฎ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:52
I just thought that was a lovely example
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็งใฏใใ‚ŒใŒ่จ€่ชžใŒใ„ใ‹ใซ็ด›ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ—ใ„ใ‹ใฎ็ด ๆ•ตใชไพ‹ใ ใจๆ€ใฃใŸ
01:54
of how confusing language is.
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ใ€‚
01:58
Let's be serious.
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็œŸๅ‰ฃใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:59
Now, the first rule that we like to break
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใŒ็ ดใ‚ŠใŸใ„ๆœ€ๅˆ
02:03
and the rule that doesn't always apply,
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ใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใจๅธธใซ้ฉ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใฏ้™ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใƒซใƒผใƒซใ€
02:06
many teachers will tell you that you should never
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ๅคšใใฎๆ•™ๅธซใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงๆ–‡ใ‚’็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏๆฑบใ—ใฆใชใ„ใฏใšใ ใจใ‚ใชใŸใซ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:09
ever end a sentence with a preposition.
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ใ€‚
02:13
Well, I'm about to prove your teacher's wrong.
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ…ˆ็”ŸใŒ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่จผๆ˜Žใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงๆ–‡ใ‚’
02:16
There are quite a few situations in which you can end
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็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹็Šถๆณใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Šใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
02:21
a sentence with a preposition.
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ใ€‚
02:23
Now, if you can remove the preposition
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใšใซๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’ๆ–‡ใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ
02:26
from the end of a sentence without it changing the meaning
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02:30
of the sentence, then you should do that.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ในใใงใ™ใ€‚
02:33
But what about situations in which the meaning has changed?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใฃใŸ็Šถๆณใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:37
Oh, let's talk about phrasal verbs.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:40
These other verbs made of a verb
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไป–ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž
02:43
and at least one preposition.
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ใจๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚1ใคใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงๆง‹ๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:46
Keep up, run down, get up,
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็ถšใ‘ใฆใ€่ตฐใฃใฆใ€่ตทใใฆใ€
02:49
put on, often sentences that use phrasal verbs,
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็€ใฆใ€ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–‡
02:53
end with a preposition.
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ใฏใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:55
For example, I think you should get up.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€่ตทใใ‚‹ในใใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:59
Or I hope you can come over.
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ใพใŸใฏ็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆฅใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:01
Both of these sentences end with a preposition
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใฏไธกๆ–น ใจใ‚‚ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Š
03:04
and it can't be avoided.
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้ฟใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:05
If we remove the preposition,
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
03:07
the meaning will change and we can't really
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ใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Š
03:09
rearrange it to avoid the preposition being put at the end.
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ใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใŒๆœ€ๅพŒใซ็ฝฎใ‹ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅฎŸ้š›ใซๅ†้…็ฝฎใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
03:13
Sometimes it's even okay to end a sentence
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03:16
with a preposition
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03:16
even if you aren't using a phrasal verb,
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ๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงๆ–‡ใ‚’็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡
03:20
you might be able to rewrite these sentences
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ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ็›ดใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
03:22
to avoid them ending with a preposition,
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ใ€
03:25
but it's not always necessary.
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ๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚ๅฟ…่ฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:26
You might be over complicating things.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’่ค‡้›‘ใซใ—ใ™ใŽใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:29
An example, does anyone know where he came from?
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ไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆใ€ ๅฝผใŒใฉใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใŸใฎใ‹่ชฐใ‹็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:33
I could rewrite the sentence to say,
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็งใฏๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ็›ดใ—ใฆ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€
03:35
does anyone know from where he came?
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒๅฝผใŒใฉใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใŸใฎใ‹็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:38
But it would sound so unbelievably old fashioned.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ ไฟกใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใปใฉๅค้ขจใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:42
Does anyone know where he came from?
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ๅฝผใŒใฉใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใŸใฎใ‹่ชฐใ‹็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:44
Is perfectly fine.
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ๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ€‚
03:46
Right, rule number two, the rule I want to debunk,
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใƒซใƒผใƒซ2ใ€็งใŒ
03:51
(chackles)
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03:51
you should always say someone and I,
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ใƒ‡ใƒใƒณใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐใ—ใŸใ„ใƒซใƒผใƒซใ€๏ผˆใƒใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒซ๏ผ‰
ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅธธใซ่ชฐใ‹ใจ็งใง
03:55
not someone and me.
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ใฏใชใใ€่ชฐใ‹ใจ็งใ‚’่จ€ใ†ในใใงใ™ใ€‚
03:58
This one is close to my heart
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
04:00
because I had it drummed into me when I was at school
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ใ€็งใŒๅญฆๆ กใซใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซ
04:05
both by my teachers and my mother,
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ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใจๆฏใฎไธกๆ–นใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ‰ใƒฉใƒ ใ‚’ๅฉใ‹ใ‚Œใ€ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใจๆฏ
04:08
and my teachers and my mother were misinformed at school.
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ใŒๅญฆๆ กใง่ชคใฃใŸๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใฎใงใ€็งใฎๅฟƒใซ่ฟ‘ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅ‹•็‰ฉๅœ’ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹
04:13
Let's take a look at four sentences all regarding the zoo.
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4ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
04:18
Lucy and I went to the zoo with Tom.
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ใƒซใƒผใ‚ทใƒผใจ็งใฏใƒˆใƒ ใจไธ€็ท’ใซๅ‹•็‰ฉๅœ’ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:22
Lucy and me went to the zoo with Tom.
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ใƒซใƒผใ‚ทใƒผใจ็งใฏใƒˆใƒ ใจไธ€็ท’ใซๅ‹•็‰ฉๅœ’ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:26
Tom went to the zoo with Lucy and I.
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ใƒˆใƒ ใฏ
04:30
And Tom went to the zoo with Lucy and me.
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ใƒซใƒผใ‚ทใƒผใจ็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซๅ‹•็‰ฉๅœ’ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใใ—ใฆใƒˆใƒ ใฏใƒซใƒผใ‚ทใƒผใจ็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซๅ‹•็‰ฉๅœ’ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:33
Two of these sentences are incorrect
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡
04:36
and two of them are correct.
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ใฎใ†ใกใฎ2ใคใฏๆญฃใ—ใใชใใ€2ใคใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:39
The question of whether to use I or me,
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็งใจ็งใฎใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ๅ•้กŒใฏ
04:41
it comes down to whether you're using the word as a subject
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ใ€ใใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไธป่ชžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎ
04:44
or an object in the sentence.
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ใ‹ใ€ๆ–‡ใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
04:46
Both words are pronouns,
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚‚ไปฃๅ่ฉž
04:49
but I as a subject pronoun
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04:51
and me is an object pronoun.
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ใงใ™ใŒใ€็งใฏไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็›ฎ็š„ๆ ผไปฃๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
04:54
Native speakers, you can be forgiven
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ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ‚ŒใจๆททๅŒใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่จฑใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
04:56
for getting confused with this.
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ใ€‚
04:58
I never learned this at school,
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็งใฏๅญฆๆ กใงใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใŒใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
05:00
so after the first two,
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ใฎใงใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ2ใคใฎๅพŒใ€
05:02
Lucy and I went to the zoo with Tom,
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ใƒซใƒผใ‚ทใƒผใจ็งใฏใƒˆใƒ ใจไธ€็ท’ใซๅ‹•็‰ฉๅœ’ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸ
05:04
it would be correct
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05:05
because I is the subject of the sentence.
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ใ€‚็งใŒๆ–‡ใฎไธป้กŒใชใฎใงใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:09
You can work this out by removing the extra bit,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ™ๅˆ†ใชใƒ“ใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่งฃๆฑบใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
05:12
the Lucy and bit does it work on its own?
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ใ€ใƒซใƒผใ‚ทใƒผใจใƒ“ใƒƒใƒˆใฏใใ‚Œ่‡ชไฝ“ใงๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:16
I went to the zoo with Tom,
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ใƒˆใƒ ใจไธ€็ท’ใซๅ‹•็‰ฉๅœ’ใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ‹ใ€ใƒˆใƒ ใจไธ€็ท’ใซๅ‹•็‰ฉๅœ’ใซ
05:18
or me went to the zoo with Tom.
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่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:20
Well, me went, sounds very, very wrong.
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใฏ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€้žๅธธใซใ€้žๅธธใซ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
05:23
So it's, I went.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใฏ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:25
However, in the second two sentences
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๆฌกใฎ2ใคใฎๆ–‡
05:27
it is the opposite.
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ใงใฏใ€ใใฎ้€†ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:29
Remove Lucy and again, in the second two sentences,
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ใƒซใƒผใ‚ทใƒผใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ™ใ‚‹ใจ ใ€ๆฌกใฎ2ใคใฎๆ–‡ใงใ€
05:33
Tom went to the zoo with I, sounds weird.
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ใƒˆใƒ ใฏ็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซๅ‹•็‰ฉๅœ’ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
05:37
So it's Tom went to the zoo with me.
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ใƒˆใƒ ใฏ็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซๅ‹•็‰ฉๅœ’ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:39
Tom went to the zoo with Lucy and me.
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ใƒˆใƒ ใฏใƒซใƒผใ‚ทใƒผใจ็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซๅ‹•็‰ฉๅœ’ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:42
In this case me is the object of the sentence.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€็ง ใฏๆ–‡ใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
05:47
So many native speakers
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้žๅธธใซๅคšใใฎใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผ
05:49
will always be taught to say someone and I,
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ใฏๅธธใซ ่ชฐใ‹ใจ็งใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ•™ใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใŒ
05:51
when actually in many cases, someone
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ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€่ชฐใ‹
05:53
and me is the correct version.
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ใจ็งใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
05:57
Number three, a big rule that came up recently after
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3ใค็›ฎใฏใ€ๅ‹•็”ปใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒˆใƒซ
06:01
I used one of these in a title of my videos,
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ใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ1ใคใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸๅพŒใซๆœ€่ฟ‘ๅ‡บใฆใใŸๅคงใใชใƒซใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใŒ
06:04
it is that you should never split an infinitive.
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ใ€ไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚’ๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ—ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
06:08
Many teachers will tell you this
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ๅคšใใฎๆ•™ๅธซใฏใ€็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—
06:11
because they are simplifying things a little bit,
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ๅ˜็ด”ๅŒ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆ
06:14
but in reality we do split infinitives.
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ใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€ไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚’ๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:18
So infinitives are the two word forms of verbs like to run,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไธๅฎš่ฉžใฏใ€ ่ตฐใ‚‹ใ€็ฌ‘ใ†ใ€้ŠใถใฎใŒๅฅฝใใชๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ2ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžๅฝขๅผใงใ™
06:23
to laugh, to play.
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ใ€‚
06:25
When you split an infinitive,
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ไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚’ๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ
06:26
you put something normally an adverb
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ใฏใ€้€šๅธธใ€
06:29
between those two words,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰2ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้–“ใซๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆ
06:31
for example, to quickly run, to carefully read,
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ใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ™ใฐใ‚„ใ ่ตฐใฃใŸใ‚Šใ€ๆณจๆ„ๆทฑใ่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ‚Š
06:35
to playfully dance.
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ใ€ใตใ–ใ‘ใฆ่ธŠใฃใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:36
So often it's a case of it just sounding better
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06:39
when we split an infinitive,
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ไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚’ๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€
06:40
it sounds more natural.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‡ช็„ถใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:42
For example, I'm going to quickly run to the shop.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็งใฏ ใ™ใใซๅบ—ใซ่ตฐใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:46
This sounds better than
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
06:47
I'm going to run to the shop quickly.
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็งใŒใ™ใใซๅบ—ใซ่ตฐใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
06:50
But in some more complex cases,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ค‡้›‘ใชใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใง
06:52
moving the adverb can actually change the meaning
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ใฏใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ‚’ๅ‹•ใ‹ใ™ใจ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซๆ–‡ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
06:55
of the sentence.
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ใ€‚
06:57
Take a look at this sentence.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:58
I'm going to really kiss him when I see him.
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ๅฝผใซไผšใฃใŸใ‚‰ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ‚ญใ‚นใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:02
If I say I'm going to really kiss someone,
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็งใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่ชฐใ‹ใซใ‚ญใ‚นใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ ใจ่จ€ใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€
07:05
it means that it's going to be quite a kiss, a big kiss,
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ใใ‚Œใฏใใ‚Œ ใŒใ‹ใชใ‚Šใฎใ‚ญใ‚นใ€ๅคงใใชใ‚ญใ‚น
07:09
a very strong one.
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ใ€้žๅธธใซๅผทใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซใชใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:10
If I say, I am really going to kiss him when I see him,
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็งใŒ่จ€ใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€็งใฏ ๅฝผใซไผšใฃใŸใจใใซๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅฝผใซใ‚ญใ‚นใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ญใ‚นใฎๅผทใ•
07:14
rather than talking about the strength of the kiss,
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ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใงใฏใชใ ใ€
07:18
I'm almost conveying a sense of determination.
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็งใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉ ๆฑบๆ„ใฎๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใ‚’ไผใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:21
It's only a slight difference,
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ใปใ‚“ใฎใ‚ใšใ‹ใช้•ใ„ใงใ™
07:22
but it does change the meaning.
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ใŒใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:25
Now, some sentences actually require a split infinitive,
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็พๅœจใ€ไธ€้ƒจใฎๆ–‡ใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซ ใฏๅˆ†้›ขไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚’ๅฟ…่ฆใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:29
which makes it all the more bananas
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š
07:31
that teachers tell you to never split an infinitive.
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ใ€ๆ•™ๅธซใŒไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚’ๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ—ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆŒ‡็คบใ™ใ‚‹ใƒใƒŠใƒŠใŒใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅข—ใˆใพใ™ ใ€‚
07:34
Let's go straight in with an example.
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ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใฆใพใฃใ™ใ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
07:36
He expects the staff numbers to more than triple
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ๅฝผใฏใ€ไปŠๅพŒ5ๅนด้–“ใงใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒƒใƒ• ๆ•ฐใŒ3ๅ€
07:40
over the next five years.
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ไปฅไธŠใซใชใ‚‹ใจไบˆๆƒณใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:42
You can't move more than in this sentence.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ไปฅไธŠใซ็งปๅ‹•ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ไฟใกใชใŒใ‚‰
07:45
You can't put it in another place
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ใ€ๅˆฅใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใซ็ฝฎใใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
07:46
whilst retaining the meaning.
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ใ€‚
07:48
This sentence requires a split infinitive.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€ๅˆ†้›ขไธๅฎš่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
07:52
Number four is,
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4ใค็›ฎใฏใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎๅ‰
07:55
we should always use there are instead of there is
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ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€ๅธธใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
07:59
before a plural.
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ใ€‚
08:01
So many teachers will tell you always use
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้žๅธธใซๅคšใใฎๆ•™ๅธซใŒใ€ๅธธใซ
08:04
there is then a singular and there are then a plural,
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ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝข ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
08:08
this doesn't always apply.
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ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅธธใซๅฝ“ใฆใฏใพใ‚‹ใจใฏ้™ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:11
People get very upset about it.
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ไบบใ€…ใฏใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ้žๅธธใซ่…นใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใพใ™ใ€‚
08:13
In the comment section, if I use there is
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ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใฏ
08:16
before what they consider to be a plural,
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ใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎ
08:19
I'm going to explain that use
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™
08:20
but I would admit many native speakers, myself included,
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ใŒ ใ€็ง่‡ช่บซใ‚‚ๅซใ‚ใฆใ€ๅคšใใฎใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผ
08:24
do make mistakes and get confused
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ใŒ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—
08:26
with there is and there are,
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ใ€ใใ“ใซๆททไนฑใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ชใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:28
because we speak so quickly that we don't give ourselves
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ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€็งใŸใกใฏ้žๅธธใซ้€Ÿใ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใงใ€
08:31
time to plan whether there is is needed
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ๅฟ…่ฆใชใฎใ‹ๅฟ…่ฆใชใฎใ‹ใ‚’่จˆ็”ปใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใซไธŽใˆใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰
08:34
or there are is needed.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:37
So just to cover the basics we use there is, and there are,
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใŸใกใŒไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅŸบๆœฌใ‚’ใ‚ซใƒใƒผใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ ใ‘ใซใ€่ชฐใ‹ใพใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใฎๅญ˜ๅœจใพใŸใฏ ๅญ˜ๅœจ
08:41
when we first refer to the presence or existence
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ใซๆœ€ๅˆใซ่จ€ๅŠใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
08:45
of someone or something.
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ใ€‚
08:46
There is and also there's are both singular forms.
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ไธกๆ–นใจใ‚‚็‰น็•ฐใชๅฝขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:52
There's is the reduction of there is.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใฎๅ‰Šๆธ›ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:55
There is, there's.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ้žๅ…ฌๅผ
08:57
There's is most commonly used in informal speaking.
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ใซ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซ ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
09:01
So instead of saying it is a fly on my head, (laughs)
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€้ ญใซใƒใ‚จใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ†ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ ๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
09:06
we would say there's or there is a fly on my head.
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ใ€้ ญใซใƒใ‚จใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
09:11
There are is the plural form of there is and there's.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใจใ‚ใ‚Šใฎ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝข ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:16
An example, there are two spots on my face.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ็งใฎ้ก”ใซใฏ2ใคใฎใ‚นใƒใƒƒใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:22
Now in speaking and in some informal writing,
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ไปŠใ€่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจ ใ‚„้žๅ…ฌๅผใชๆ–‡็ซ ใงใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’
09:26
we sometimes use there's when it refers
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ๆŒ‡ใ™ใจใใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
09:29
to more than one thing.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:31
Bear in mind that this use can be considered
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ใ“ใฎ ไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใฏใ€่ฉฆ้จ“ใงใฏๆญฃใ—ใใชใ„ใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
09:33
incorrect in examinations.
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ใ€‚
09:37
It's not uncommon to hear native speakers make this mistake.
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ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใŒใ“ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ™ใฎใ‚’่žใใฎใฏ็ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
09:41
I might say there's many cakes instead of,
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ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใซๆ…ฃใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใŒๅคšใ„ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใŒๅคšใ„ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›
09:44
there are many cakes because I'm just so used to saying
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09:48
there's all the time.
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ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:50
There's one apple, there's two apples.
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ใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใŒ1ใคใ€ใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใŒ2ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:53
It feels almost natural to me.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใซใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉ่‡ช็„ถใซๆ„Ÿใ˜ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:56
Now this is considered to be incorrect.
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็พๅœจใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใใชใ„ใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
09:58
However, there are actually some situations in which
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝข
10:02
it is considered to be it correct to use there's
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็ŠถๆณใŒใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
10:06
then a plural.
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ใ€‚
10:08
Let's have a look at collecting phrases.
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ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใฎๅŽ้›†ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
10:12
One in particular is a number of, a number of,
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็‰นใซ1ใคใฏใ€
10:16
would I say there is a number of cakes for sale.
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ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใงใ™ใ€‚
10:20
There's a number of cakes for sale,
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ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใŒๅฃฒใ‚‰ใ‚Œ
10:21
or there are a number of cakes for sale.
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ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใŒๅฃฒใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:25
Well it's actually really difficult to work out.
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ๅฎŸใฏใ€ใ†ใพใใ„ใใฎใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:28
In a construction like this
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช
10:29
the verb is being pulled to there, number, and cakes
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ๆง‹ๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒ ใใ“ใซๅผ•ใฃๅผตใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ€ๆ•ฐใŒๅข—ใˆใ€
10:34
all at once.
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ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใŒไธ€ๅบฆใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅผท่ชฟใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็Šถๆณใง
10:35
You can work out whether you should use
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ไฝฟ็”จใ™ในใใ‹ใ€ๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๅˆคๆ–ญใงใใพใ™
10:37
there is or there are in this situation
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10:39
by focusing on emphasis.
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ใ€‚
10:42
Use is if you want to emphasise the group as a whole,
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ใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใŸใ„
10:47
there is a number of, the group cakes
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ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’
10:52
or use are if you want to emphasise the individual
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ— ใฎๅ€‹ใ€…ใฎใƒกใƒณใƒใƒผใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใŸใ„
10:56
members of that group,
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10:58
each individual cake,
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11:00
there are a number of individual cakes.
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ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅ€‹ใ€…ใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ€‹ใ€…ใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:03
This works with a number of, (laughs)
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ใ„ใ‚ใ„ใ‚ใชใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’้›†ใ‚ใฆ๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
11:07
collecting phrases like a variety of,
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11:10
there is a variety of drinks at the bar.
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ใ€ใƒใƒผใซใฏใ„ใ‚ใ„ใ‚ใช้ฃฒใฟ็‰ฉใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:12
Or there are a variety of drinks at the bar.
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ใพใŸใฏ ใ€ใƒใƒผใซใฏใ•ใพใ–ใพใช้ฃฒใฟ็‰ฉใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:15
Both work depending on what you want to emphasise.
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ ใ€ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใŸใ„ๅ†…ๅฎนใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:18
Now we do use there are when talking about a lot of,
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ไปŠใ€็งใŸใกใฏ ๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใใ“ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€
11:23
and this is a mistake that a lot of native speakers make,
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ใใ—ใฆใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใ‚’ๅซใ‚ ใฆๅคšใใฎใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใŒ็Šฏใ™้–“้•ใ„ใงใ™
11:28
myself included.
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ใ€‚
11:29
Again, we shouldn't say there's a lot of people
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใŒ
11:32
in the room.
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ใ€้ƒจๅฑ‹ใซใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎไบบใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:33
We should say there are a lot of people in the room.
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้ƒจๅฑ‹ใซใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎไบบใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
11:36
But you will hear this mistake made.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่žใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
11:39
Now with the phrase, there is two dogs, ever be correct.
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ไปŠใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใง ใฏใ€2ๅŒนใฎ็ŠฌใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:46
Well, sort of if two dogs were included as part of a list,
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ใˆใˆใจใ€2ๅŒนใฎ็ŠฌใŒ ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฎไธ€้ƒจใจใ—ใฆๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€
11:52
sometimes there are just sounds wrong.
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ๆ™‚ใ€…้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ่พฒๅ ด
11:55
I wouldn't say there are a cat,
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ใซใฏ็Œซใ€็Šฌ2ๅŒนใ€็‰›ใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“
11:58
two dogs and a cow on the farm.
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ใ€‚ ่พฒๅ ด
12:00
I would say there is a cat,
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ใซใฏ็Œซใ€
12:02
two dogs and a cow on the farm.
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็Šฌ2ๅŒนใ€็‰›ใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:05
So that is a clear example of there is
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
12:08
used before a singular
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ใ€ๅ˜ๆ•ฐใฎๅ‰ใซไฝฟ็”จ
12:10
but a singular formed as part of a list.
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ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŒใ€ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฎไธ€้ƒจใจใ—ใฆๅฝขๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ˜ๆ•ฐใฎๆ˜Ž็ขบใชไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:14
Some grammar lovers (laughs)
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•ๆ„›ๅฅฝๅฎถใฎไธญใซใฏ๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
12:17
will still insist that this is incorrect
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจไธปๅผตใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™
12:19
but I'm not with them on this one.
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ใŒใ€็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏไธ€็ท’ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:21
It just sounds wrong.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
12:23
If you are ever in doubt, you can actually
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็–‘ๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›
12:26
rewrite the sentence to avoid using there is
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ใซๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ็›ดใ—ใฆใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใจใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
12:29
and there are.
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ใ€‚
12:32
And the last rule number five,
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซ5ใฏใ€
12:35
you should always say if I were
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็งใŒใใ†ใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใงใฏใชใใ€็งใŒใใ†ใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’ๅธธใซ่จ€ใ†ในใ
12:38
rather than if I was.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:41
Now, you will hear a lot of people making a mistake
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅคšใ ใฎไบบ
12:44
with if I were and if I was,
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ใŒ็งใŒใ„ใŸใ‚‰้–“้•ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่žใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใ€็งใŒใใ†ใ ใฃใŸใจใ—
12:46
they will say if I was when they are meant to say if I were,
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ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็งใŒใใ†ใ ใฃใŸใจ่จ€ใ†ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ ใฃใŸใฎใซ็งใŒใ„ใŸใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
12:50
however again, I was brought up to always say if I were,
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12:55
when actually in some situations
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ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ็Šถๆณใง
12:58
if I was is correct and if I were is incorrect.
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็งใŒๆญฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸ ๅ ดๅˆใจ็งใŒ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€‚
13:03
Shocker!
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13:03
Now this grammar rule might seem a little bit complicated
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ใ‚ทใƒงใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผ๏ผ
ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•่ฆๅ‰‡ใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฏ ๅฐ‘ใ—่ค‡้›‘ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
13:06
at first, but actually it's not.
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ใŒใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
13:08
There is a simple trick that you can use to remember
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹็ฐกๅ˜ใชใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
13:11
and you will always get it right.
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ๅธธใซๆญฃใ—ใ็†่งฃใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:14
You use the phrase, if I were
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆŽฅ็ถšๆณ•ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
13:16
when using the subjunctive mood,
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ใ€
13:19
this is used to talk about hypothetical situations.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆžถ็ฉบใฎ็Šถๆณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œ ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:23
For example, if I were richer, I would buy a Tesla.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็งใŒ ใ‚‚ใฃใจ่ฃ•็ฆใ ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒฉใ‚’่ฒทใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
13:28
True story, I would.
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ๅฎŸ่ฉฑใ€ใใ†ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€‚
13:29
I really would like an electric car,
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ้›ปๆฐ—่‡ชๅ‹•่ปŠใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€
13:32
but I need one that will go over farmland.
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่พฒๅœฐใ‚’่ถŠใˆใ‚‹้›ปๆฐ—่‡ชๅ‹•่ปŠใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
13:35
Anyway, if I were richer, I would buy a Tesla.
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ใจใซใ‹ใใ€ใ‚‚ใ—็งใŒใ‚‚ใฃใจ่ฃ•็ฆใชใ‚‰ใ€ ็งใฏใƒ†ใ‚นใƒฉใ‚’่ฒทใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
13:40
I am imagining a situation in which I am richer,
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็งใฏ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ฑŠใ‹ใช
13:43
a hypothetical situation and I'm imagining
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็Šถๆณใ€ๆžถ็ฉบใฎ็Šถๆณใ‚’ๆƒณๅƒใ—
13:47
what I would do in that situation,
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ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ใใฎ็Šถๆณใง
13:50
what that would mean for that version of myself.
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎใใฎใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใซใจใฃใฆไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:53
Now we use the phrase, if I was,
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ไปŠใ€็ง
13:55
if we are referring to something that did actually happen,
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ใŸใก ใŒๅฎŸ้š›ใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ
13:59
so we have, if I were hypothetical,
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ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€็งใฏใ“ใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็งใŒไปฎๆƒณ็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹
14:01
if I was actually happened reality,
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ๅ ดๅˆใ€็งใŒๅฎŸ้š›ใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ็พๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
14:05
so we often use it for reminiscing.
285
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ใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ—ใฐใ—ใฐใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ›žๆƒณใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:07
An example, if I was late for registration
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๅญฆๆ กใซใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซ็™ป้Œฒใซ้…ใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๅˆ
14:10
when I was at school,
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14:11
it was because my bus didn't arrive.
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ใ€ใƒใ‚นใŒๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒๅŽŸๅ› ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
14:14
This isn't the most commonly used phrase on earth,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅœฐ็ƒไธŠใงๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซ ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€็ง
14:16
but it's important to know that sometimes
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ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸๅ ดๅˆใฏๆ™‚ใ€…ใใ‚Œใ‚’็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆ
14:18
if I was is correct.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
14:21
Right, that's it for today's lesson.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏไปฅไธŠใงใ™ใ€‚
14:23
I hope you enjoyed it.
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14:23
I hope you learned something.
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ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ช
14:25
I really enjoyed doing the research for this video.
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ใฎ่ชฟๆŸปใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆฅฝใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸ ใงใ™ใ€‚
14:29
It was a quite surprising to see
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็งใฎๅฐไธญๅญฆๆ กใ€ไธญๅญฆๆ กใ€้ซ˜็ญ‰ๅญฆๆ กใซ
14:30
how much misinformation was spread around my primary,
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ใฉใ‚Œใปใฉใฎ่ชคๅ ฑใŒ ๅบƒใพใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚้ฉšใใพใ—ใŸ
14:35
middle and upper schools.
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ใ€‚
14:36
(laughs)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰italki
14:38
Don't forget to check out italki you can get $10 worth
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ใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„
14:41
of italki credits for free in your student wallet
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ใง
14:44
48 hours after making your first purchase of any amount,
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใซ้‡‘้กใ‚’่ณผๅ…ฅใ—ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰48ๆ™‚้–“ๅพŒใซใ€ๅญฆ็”Ÿใฎ่ฒกๅธƒใซ10ใƒ‰ใƒซ็›ธๅฝ“
14:48
or you've got to do is click on the link
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ใฎitalkiใ‚ฏใƒฌใ‚ธใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’็„กๆ–™ใงๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
14:49
in the description box to sign up.
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ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒณใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎ่ชฌๆ˜Žใƒœใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใ€‚ ็งใฎใ™ในใฆใฎใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ข
14:51
Don't forget to connect with me on all of my social media.
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ใง็งใจใคใชใŒใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
14:53
I've got my Facebook,
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Facebook
14:54
my Instagram, my Twitter,
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ใ€Instagramใ€Twitterใ€
14:56
and my personal channel, Lucy Bella Earl.
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ใใ—ใฆๅ€‹ไบบใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใฎLucy BellaEarlใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
15:00
I will see you soon for another lesson.
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ใพใŸๅˆฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
15:02
(smacks)
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๏ผˆใ‚นใƒžใƒƒใ‚ฏ๏ผ‰
15:04
(upbeat music)
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๏ผˆๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„้Ÿณๆฅฝ๏ผ‰
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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