Climate change: Are there too many people? - 6 Minute English

578,240 views ・ 2023-01-19

BBC Learning English


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Hello. This is 6 Minute English
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from BBC Learning English.
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I'm Neil.
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And I'm Sam.
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We're talking about the environment
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in this programme, specifically climate change.
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Now, Sam, what do you think is
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the biggest cause of climate change?
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An obvious answer would be that
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climate change is the result of
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carbon emissions caused by humans.
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It's about people's carbon footprint –
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the measurement of how much carbon
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dioxide is produced by someone's
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everyday activities.
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That makes sense.
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But recently some
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scientists, especially in the west,
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have been focusing on another issue:
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the increasing number of people
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in the world, something known as
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overpopulation.
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In this programme,
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we'll be discussing the controversial
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link between overpopulation and
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climate change.
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And as usual
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we'll be learning some new
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vocabulary, as well.
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Sounds good, Neil, but first I
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have a question for you.
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01:00
Over the last 100 years,
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within one lifetime, the world's
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population has soared.
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At the
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start of the 20th century,
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it was around one-and-a-half billion,
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but how many people are there
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in the world today?
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Is it:
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a) seven billion?
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b) eight billion?
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or c) nine billion?
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I'll say around eight
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billion people live on the planet today.
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OK, Neil, I'll reveal the
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answer later in the programme.
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Since climate change is caused
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by human activities, it seems
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common sense that fewer people
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would mean lower carbon emissions.
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But in fact the connection isn't
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so simple.
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Not everyone emits
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carbon equally, and people in
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the western world produce far
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more than people in sub-Saharan
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Africa or Asia.
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Arvind Ravikumar is professor of
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climate policy at the University
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of Texas.
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He's made the
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surprising calculation that
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an extra two billion people born
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in low-consuming countries,
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would actually add very little
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to global carbon emissions.
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Here, Kate Lamble and Neal Razzell,
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presenters of BBC World Service programme,
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The Climate Question, discuss
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Professor Ravikumar's findings.
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What he's saying is kind of
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astonishing, right?
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Two billion
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people is, to say the least,
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a lot.
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It's the combined population
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of Europe and Africa.
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He's crunched the numbers and
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found that an extra two billion
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low-income people as defined by
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the World Bank, these are people
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without cars, without electricity
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often, would see global emissions
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rise by just 1.5%.
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Add two billion high-income earners
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- that's people with cars and
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power and all the mod cons,
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and Arvind reckons emissions
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would rise by more than 60%.
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So when it comes to climate change
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and population, where you were
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born matters.
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Professor Ravikumar made his discovery
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after crunching the numbers,
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an idiom meaning performing many
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mathematical calculations involving
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large amounts of data.
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He concluded that whereas two billion
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low-income people would increase carbon
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levels very little, two billion
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high-income people would increase
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it a lot.
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That's because high-income
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populations have mod cons, which is short
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for 'modern conveniences': technology
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and machines like cars, fridges
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and air-conditioning that make life
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easier and more pleasant.
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According to this view, the
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real problem is not overpopulation
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but overconsumption.
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Affluence – that's having
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lots of money and owning many things,
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has become a big factor in climate change,
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and that's true in poorer countries
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as well as richer ones.
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Listen to Rajesh Joshi, reporter
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for BBC World Service's, The Climate
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Question, interviewing a rich
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Indian housewife, Priti Dhagan,
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in her luxurious home in New Delhi.
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I need everything that I buy.
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You cannot be judgmental about
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anybody's needs, and I derive a
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lot of happiness out of being very,
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very drawn towards consumer things,
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and I love it.
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And I'm not
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apologetic about it.
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So if I tell you that poor
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people have a smaller carbon
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footprint as compared to their
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richer counterparts, do you feel
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apologetic about it?
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So the brain says yes, we should
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be apologetic about it, but the heart
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does not agree.
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Yes, poor can't
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afford lots of stuff so their
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carbon imprint is small, but here
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my heart wins over my brain
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because it gives me happiness.
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Priti does not feel apologetic
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about her shopping – she doesn't
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think that she should feel sorry.
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Shopping makes her happy and she
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lets her heart rule her head –
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an idiom meaning that you do
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something based on emotions
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rather than reason.
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Priti is being very honest.
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She is consuming and looking for
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happiness in a way that people
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in the west have been doing for decades.
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It seems overconsumption is
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a bigger cause of climate change
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than raw population numbers.
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Speaking of which...
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what was
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the answer to your question, Sam?
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Ah yes, I asked about the
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current global population.
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You guessed it was around eight billion
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people which was... the correct answer!
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According to the United Nations,
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the world's population reached eight
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billion on November 15, 2022.
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Right, let's recap the
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vocabulary we've learned,
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staring with carbon footprint –
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a measurement of how much carbon
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dioxide someone's activities produce.
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If you crunch numbers, you perform
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many mathematical calculations involving
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large amounts of data.
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Mod cons is short for 'modern conveniences'
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- machines like cars, washing-machines,
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and fridges which make life easier
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and more pleasant.
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Affluence means having lots
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of money or material possessions.
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If you are apologetic, you show
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that you feel sorry for something
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harmful you have said or done.
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And finally, the idiom let your
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heart rule your head means to do
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something based on emotion and personal
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desires rather than for logical or
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practical reasons.
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For now it's goodbye!
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Bye bye!
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