English Grammar: Negative Prefixes - "un", "dis", "in", "im", "non"

1,481,728 views ใƒป 2015-02-16

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hi. Welcome back to www.engvid.com. I'm Adam. Today's lesson is a bit of a strange lesson.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ www.engvid.com ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅค‰ใ‚ใฃใŸใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๅญฆใน
00:07
I'm going to tell you something that you can't actually learn. Well, you can learn it, there's
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ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠไผใˆใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใพใ‚ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅญฆใถใ“ใจใŒใงใ
00:13
just no rules for it. I'm talking about specifically some prefixes.
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ใพใ™ใ€ใใ‚ŒใฎใŸใ‚ใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“. ็งใฏ ็‰นใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆŽฅ้ ญ่พžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:18
"Dis-", "un", "in/im-/il/ir-", "non-". Okay?
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ใ€ŒDis-ใ€ใ€ใ€Œunใ€ใ€ใ€Œin/im-/il/ir-ใ€ใ€ ใ€Œnon-ใ€ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
00:23
First of all, let's review a little bit. What is a prefix? A prefix is a little part of
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ใพใšใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ใŠใ•ใ‚‰ใ„ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใƒ—ใƒฌใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹? ใƒ—ใƒฌใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใฏ
00:29
a word that comes before the main word; can come before an adjective, before an adverb,
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ใ€ใƒกใ‚คใƒณใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎๅ‰ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใฎๅฐใ•ใช้ƒจๅˆ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฎ
00:35
before a noun, before a verb. Anything that comes before a word, especially before a root
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ๅ‰ใ€ๅ่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซ็ฝฎใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ˜่ชžใฎๅ‰ใ€็‰นใซๅ˜่ชžใฎ่ชžๆ นใฎๅ‰ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎ
00:41
of a word. We're going to look at an example of that very soon.
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ใ€‚ ใใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:44
So, I was asked specifically to talk about these prefixes. All of them basically mean
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใฏ็‰นใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆŽฅ้ ญ่พžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้ ผใพใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ . ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซ
00:52
"not". Okay? They negate the word they are added to. Now, generally speaking, you can
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ใ€Œใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€่ฟฝๅŠ ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅฆๅฎš ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎ
01:01
find specific little subtle differences between all of them. For example, "dis" means more
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้–“ใซ็‰นๅฎšใฎๅฐใ•ใชๅพฎๅฆ™ใช้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ . ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œdisใ€
01:08
like be a part of or away from, separate. "Un" means not or a reversal of something,
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ใฏใ€ไธ€้ƒจใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€้›ขใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€้›ขใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒUnใ€ใฏใ€ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎ้€†่ปขใ€
01:16
or not having something, a lack of something, a deprivation. And same with these guys, not,
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ใพใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ๅ‰ฅๅฅชใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไบบใŸใกใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ€
01:22
reverse, opposite. "Non" is the most simple one. "Non" basically means not. Okay? But,
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้€†ใงใฏใชใใ€ๅๅฏพใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ้žใ€ใฏๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅ˜็ด”ใช ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ้žใ€ใจใฏใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใ€Œใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใ‹ใ—
01:30
the problem is that most of these can go with many words, but there's no real rule about
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ใ€ๅ•้กŒใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใŒๅคšใใฎๅ˜่ชžใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒใ€
01:37
which word takes which prefix. Okay? So, how do you learn which one to use in which situation?
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ใฉใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒใฉใฎๆŽฅ้ ญ่พžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎๅฎŸ้š›ใฎ่ฆๅ‰‡ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใงใฏใ€ ใฉใฎ็Šถๆณใงใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅญฆ็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹?
01:44
Well, I'll tell you after we look at a few examples. Okay?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:49
So, again, all of these mean not. The only thing you have to worry about the most is
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎใ“ใจ
01:55
the actual word that is being connected to a prefix. Okay? Concentrate on the root or
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ใฏใ€ๆŽฅ้ ญ่พžใซๆŽฅ็ถšใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:03
the word itself before you concentrate on which prefix to join to it. Now, you will
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ใฉใฎๆŽฅ้ ญ่พžใซ็ตๅˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€่ชžๆ นใพใŸใฏๅ˜่ชž่‡ชไฝ“ใซ้›†ไธญใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€
02:09
see that some words will take both prefixes, and be totally okay.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒไธกๆ–นใฎ ๆŽฅ้ ญ่พžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใ€ใพใฃใŸใๅ•้กŒใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:15
The problem is that their meanings are completely different. So, "to dislike", this is a verb,
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ๅ•้กŒใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใพใฃใŸใ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œto dislikeใ€ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
02:22
"to dislike", it could also be a noun. "I have a strong dislike for certain vegetables",
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ใ€Œto dislikeใ€ใฏๅ่ฉžใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏ ็‰นๅฎšใฎ้‡Ž่œใŒใจใฆใ‚‚ๅซŒใ„ใงใ™ใ€
02:32
for example. But "to dislike" means to not like. Now, if you say: "I don't like Pizza."
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ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€ŒๅซŒใ„ใ€ใฏๅฅฝใใงใฏใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ€Œ็งใฏใƒ”ใ‚ถใŒๅฅฝใใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€‚
02:42
And you say: "I dislike Pizza." These are a little bit different. Right? "Don't like"
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่จ€ใ†๏ผšใ€Œ็งใฏใƒ”ใ‚ถใŒๅซŒใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ ๅฐ‘ใ—็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ€Œๅฅฝใใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ€
02:47
or "not like" means you don't have a good feeling towards. But "dislike" means you actually
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ใจใ‹ใ€Œๅฅฝใใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€ๅฅฝใใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€ŒๅซŒใ„ใ€ใจใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅฎŸ้š›
02:53
have a bad feeling towards. Right? So, this is a little bit more active. You're away from
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ใซๆ‚ชใ„ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™. ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฅฝใใ‹ใ‚‰้›ขใ‚Œใฆ
02:58
liking it. You're actually having a bad feeling for it. "Unlike" has absolutely no connection
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ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅฎŸ้š› ใซใใ‚Œใซๅฏพใ—ใฆๆ‚ชใ„ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒๅซŒใ„ใ€ใจใ€ŒๅซŒใ„ใ€ใฏๅ…จใ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
03:03
to "dislike". "Unlike" means not similar to. This is the preposition "like", "A" is like
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œไผผใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใจใฏใ€ไผผใฆใ„ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€Œlikeใ€ใ€ใ€ŒAใ€ใฏ
03:11
"B". This is the verb "like", means to have a good feeling toward. So, concentrate on
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ใ€ŒBใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œlikeใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ€ใ€Œๅฅฝใใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
03:17
the word you have. You have the verb, you have the preposition, and then decide which
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰ใซ้›†ไธญใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๅ‹•่ฉž ใจๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใซใฉใฎ
03:22
prefix you want to join to it.
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ๆŽฅ้ ญ่พžใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:24
So, here, I have a few examples of words that can take two prefixes and have different meanings.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ 2 ใคใฎๆŽฅ้ ญ่พžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใคๅ˜่ชžใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:32
So, for example: "discover" and "uncover" are two completely different verbs. "To discover"
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œdiscoverใ€ใจใ€Œuncoverใ€ ใฏใพใฃใŸใ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็™บ่ฆ‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€
03:40
means to find by accident. You're walking along the beach, and you discover the skull,
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ใจใฏใ€ๅถ็„ถ่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ“ใƒผใƒใ‚’ๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ€้ ญ่“‹้ชจใ€้ชจใ€ๆ็ซœใฎ้ ญ้ชจใ‚’็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—
03:47
the bone... Head bone of a dinosaur. You didn't look for it. You just found it. Okay? You
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ ๆŽขใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸ
03:55
discovered it. So, it was hidden by nature, by time, and then you took away the cover
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ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ่‡ช็„ถใซใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ้š ใ•ใ‚Œ ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใใ—ใฆใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚ซใƒใƒผใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚ŠๅŽปใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
04:02
and there it is, the skull. "Uncover", on the other hand, means you were looking for
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ใ€ใใ“ใซ้ ญ่“‹้ชจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™. ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ใ€ŒUncoverใ€ใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ ใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆ
04:08
something and you found it.
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ใ„ใฆ่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใŸใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
04:10
So, you're a... I'm a reporter. I work for a major newspaper, and I think that this particular
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ... ็งใฏใƒฌใƒใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏไธป่ฆใช ๆ–ฐ่ž็คพใงๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎ
04:17
politician is corrupt; he's lying to the people, he's stealing their money. So, I investigate.
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ๆ”ฟๆฒปๅฎถใฏ่…ๆ•—ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏไบบใ€…ใซๅ˜˜ใ‚’ใคใใ€ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’็›—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€่ชฟในใพใ™ใ€‚
04:23
And after my investigation, I uncover certain facts that will help the police put him in
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่ชฟๆŸปใฎ็ตๆžœ ใ€่ญฆๅฏŸใŒๅฝผใ‚’ๅˆ‘ๅ‹™ๆ‰€ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใค็‰นๅฎšใฎไบ‹ๅฎŸใŒๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—
04:30
jail. Not, not, not covered, not covered, means not hidden, but this one by accident,
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ใŸใ€‚ ่ฆ†ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€่ฆ†ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€่ฆ†ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€้š ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅถ็„ถใ€
04:39
time, nature hit it, I, by accident discovered it; "uncover" means I looked for, I found.
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ๆ™‚้–“ใ€่‡ช็„ถใŒใใ‚Œใซใถใคใ‹ใ‚Šใ€็งใฏๅถ็„ถใซ ใใ‚Œใ‚’็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œuncoverใ€ใฏใ€ๆŽขใ—ใŸใ€่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใŸใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
04:47
This one, or these two, I should say: "disinterested" and "uninterested". These are always mixed
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ใ“ใฎ1ใคใ€ใพใŸใฏใ“ใฎ2ใคใฏใ€ใ€Œ็„ก้–ขๅฟƒใ€ ใจใ€Œ็„ก้–ขๅฟƒใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ในใใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅธธใซๆททๅŒ
04:53
up. You cannot use these two interchangeably; you have to use one or the other. I'll start
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ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใ‚’ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:59
with "uninterested". Uninterested means indifferent, don't care. It's boring. I'm uninterested.
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ใ€Œ็„ก้–ขๅฟƒใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚ Uninterested ใฏใ€็„ก้–ขๅฟƒใ€ ๆฐ—ใซใ—ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ้€€ๅฑˆใ ใ€‚ ็งใฏ็„ก้–ขๅฟƒใงใ™ใ€‚
05:05
I don't want to know. Leave me alone. "Disinterested" means impartial, means you're not... You don't
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็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใใชใ„ใ€‚ ใปใฃใจใ„ใฆใ€‚ ใ€Œ็„ก้–ขๅฟƒใ€ใจ ใฏใ€ๅ…ฌๅนณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใ€ใใ†ใงใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™...
05:12
have a reason to take one side or the other. Okay? So, again, I'm the reporter. I have
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ไธ€ๆ–นใฎๅดใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€็งใฏใƒฌใƒใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๆ”ฟๆฒปๅฎถ
05:18
nothing to gain or lose by finding out information about this politician. I am a disinterested
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ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ€็งใŒๅพ—ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚‚ๅคฑใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ็งใฏ็„ก้–ขๅฟƒใช
05:25
party. I am objective. Okay? I am not involved in the situation. I'm just reporting the facts.
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ๅ…šใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏๅฎข่ฆณ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็งใฏ ใใฎ็Šถๆณใซ้–ขไธŽใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ไบ‹ๅฎŸใ‚’ๅ ฑๅ‘Šใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:32
Here, I don't care; here, I'm not part of the situation.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ๆฐ—ใซใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€็งใฏ ็Šถๆณใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:38
Now, you also think: "Well, these two are kind of weird. There are two different words
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ†ใ‚‚ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™:ใ€Œใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใฎ2 ใคใฏใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅค‰ใ ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ2ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰
05:42
here." Right? But you have a "discomfort", you are "uncomfortable". That's a little strange.
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใซ ใฏใ€Œไธๅฟซใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€Œไธๅฟซใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:49
This is a noun, this is an adjective. You go to the doctor, you complain of a discomfort
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸ ใฏๅŒป่€…ใซ่กŒใใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅดใฎไธๅฟซๆ„Ÿใ‚’่จดใˆ
05:55
in your side. But if you sit and somebody left a pen on your chair, oh, a little uncomfortable.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚ใ€ๅบงใฃใฆใ„ใฆ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ ๆค…ๅญใซใƒšใƒณใ‚’็ฝฎใ„ใŸใพใพใซใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ไธๅฟซใงใ™ใ€‚
06:02
You're not... You know, you want to get up and see what's going on there. A discomfort
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“... ่ตทใใฆใ€ใใ“ใงไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ไธๅฟซๆ„Ÿ
06:06
is like a real thing, probably inside. Uncomfortable, you can fix somehow.
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ใฏๆœฌ็‰ฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใๅ†…้ƒจใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธๅฟซใงใ™ใ€ใฉใ†ใซใ‹ไฟฎๆญฃใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:13
"Disable", okay? We're going to look at the verb, "disable". Means make not able. Take
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ใ€Œ็„กๅŠนใ€ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ็„กๅŠนใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:20
away the ability of something. So, you have a machine running. You think: "Oh, it's a
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ‚’ๅฅชใ†ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸ ใฏใƒžใ‚ทใƒณใ‚’ๅ‹•ใ‹ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅฑ้™บใ ใชใ€ใจๆ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
06:26
little bit dangerous." You don't want anybody to use it, so you disable it. You disconnect
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ใ€‚ ่ชฐ ใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใใชใ„ใฎใงใ€็„กๅŠนใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:31
the fuse. Now, nobody can come and use this machine. It has been disabled. We say about
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ใƒ’ใƒฅใƒผใ‚บใ‚’ๅค–ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠใ€่ชฐใ‚‚ๆฅใฆใ“ใฎๆฉŸๆขฐใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ็„กๅŠนใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:37
a person if he or she is disabled, usually they're in a wheelchair, they had an accident
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ไบบใŒ้šœๅฎณ ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€้€šๅธธใฏ่ปŠๆค…ๅญใซไน—ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ไบ‹ๆ•…ใซ้ญใฃใŸ
06:42
or they were born with a problem. They are not able. "Unable" means can't. I am unable
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ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใพใŸใฏๅ•้กŒใ‚’ๆŠฑใˆใฆ็”Ÿใพใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๅˆใซใคใ„ใฆ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ ใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œใงใใชใ„ใ€ใฏใงใใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
06:50
to help you because I just don't know. Okay? "Unable", "disable".
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใชใฎใงใ€ใŠๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใฆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œ็„กๅŠนใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็„กๅŠนใ€ใ€‚
06:56
We're going to come back to this bottom one, here. So, that's a few things. Oh, a couple
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ“ใฎไธ€็•ชไธ‹ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใซๆˆปใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚ใ€
07:00
more. "Disorganized", "unorganized". Usually, you would say about a person: "He or she is
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ใ‚ใจๆ•ฐๆžšใ€‚ ใ€Œ็„ก็งฉๅบใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็„ก็งฉๅบใ€ใ€‚ ้€šๅธธ ใ€ไบบใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ŒๅฝผใพใŸใฏๅฝผๅฅณใฏใพใจใพใ‚ŠใŒใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
07:07
disorganized." He has things everywhere or she has things everywhere; it's a big mess.
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ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏใฉใ“ใซใงใ‚‚็‰ฉใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใฉใ“ใซใงใ‚‚็‰ฉใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๅคงใใชๆททไนฑใงใ™ใ€‚
07:11
But the office or the room of this person is unorganized. So, we talk about an organization,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใฎไบบใฎใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚นใ‚„้ƒจๅฑ‹ใฏ ๆ•ด็†ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็ต„็น”
07:18
or a company, or an association, or a place that is unorganized. We talk about a person
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ใ€ไผš็คพใ€ๅ”ไผšใ€ใพใŸใฏ ็ต„็น”ๅŒ–ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅ ดๆ‰€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏใ€
07:25
being disorganized. I'm going to come back to these.
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ใพใจใพใ‚Šใฎใชใ„ไบบใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:28
So, now, we know, "dis", "un", depends on the word you're using. Same goes for these
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œdisใ€ใ€ใ€Œunใ€ใฏใ€ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ ใ„ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚‚
07:35
ones. Right? For example, "non", "non", there are not that many words. You have a "nonpayment".
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ๅŒๆง˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ้žใ€ใ€Œ้žใ€ใชใฉใ€ ใใ‚Œใปใฉๅคšใใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆœชๆ‰•ใ„ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:44
Okay? You bought something, it's non-refundable. Keep in mind sometimes you will have a hyphen,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ่ณผๅ…ฅใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใฏ่ฟ”้‡‘ไธๅฏใงใ™ใ€‚ ใƒใ‚คใƒ•ใƒณใŒ
07:54
sometimes you will not. How do you know? Check the dictionary. Again, not really any rule
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใจใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใฉใ†ใ—ใฆ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ่พžๆ›ธใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใƒซใƒผใƒซใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
07:59
here. Some dictionaries, like American dictionaries will put like a hyphen, British ones won't.
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใฎ่พžๆ›ธใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ไธ€้ƒจใฎ่พžๆ›ธ ใฏใƒใ‚คใƒ•ใƒณใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นใฎ่พžๆ›ธใฏใใ†ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:04
Depends what you need, that's what you'll use.
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ๅฟ…่ฆใชใ‚‚ใฎใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:08
"In", "im", same thing, especially with "il", "ir", they're all exact same. They also mean
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ใ€Œinใ€ใ€ใ€Œimใ€ใ€็‰นใซใ€Œilใ€ใ€ ใ€Œirใ€ใฏใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใพใŸใ€
08:14
not, or opposite, or lack. We usually use "im" with words that begin with a "b", "m",
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ใชใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏๅๅฏพใ€ใพใŸใฏๆฌ ๅฆ‚ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ้€šๅธธ ใ€ใ€Œbใ€ใ€ใ€Œmใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œpใ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใซใฏใ€Œimใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™
08:21
or a "p". Now, the thing about "in" or "im", you have to be careful about it. They don't
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ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œinใ€ใ‚„ใ€Œimใ€ใฎ ใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒใ€ๆณจๆ„ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใชใ„
08:26
only mean not; they have other meanings. For example, it could mean to put something into,
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ใ ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซใฏไป–ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ไธญใซๅ…ฅใ‚ŒใŸใ‚Šใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎๅ†…ๅดใซๅ‘ใ‘ใฆๆ–นๅ‘ใ‚’็คบใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒ
08:33
or show direction towards the inside of something. Right?
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ
08:37
So, for example, "immigrate" means migrate into a country. So, come... Or come into a
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ็งปๆฐ‘ใ€ใฏใใฎๅ›ฝใซ็งปไฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๆฅใฆ... ใพใŸใฏ
08:48
country, I should say, sorry. "Migrate" move, "im", into. Move into a country. "Inflame",
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ๅ›ฝใซๆฅใฆใ€ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใจ่จ€ใ†ในใใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งป่กŒใ€็งปๅ‹•ใ€ ใ€Œ็งใ€ใ€ใซใ€‚ ๅ›ฝใซ็งปๅ‹•ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็‚Ž็—‡ใ‚’่ตทใ“ใ™ใ€
08:58
so this is another use of the prefix "in". Means to cause, to be, or to make. Right?
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ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๆŽฅ้ ญ่พžใ€Œinใ€ใฎๅˆฅใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏไฝœใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ
09:04
So, you inflame, you make it... The flame, you make it more of a flame, you intensify it.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’็‡ƒใ‚„ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใพใ™...
09:10
Sorry, intensify. So, there's a... Somebody's having a fight, you want to inflame it. You
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ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ๅผทๅŒ–ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ่ชฐใ‹ ใŒๅ–งๅ˜ฉใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’็…ฝใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸ
09:18
give them both reasons to fight more. You inflame the product, the situation. So, "in"
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ใฏไธกๆ–นใซใ‚‚ใฃใจๆˆฆใ†็†็”ฑใ‚’ไธŽใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่ฃฝๅ“ใ€็Šถๆณใ‚’ๆ‚ชๅŒ–ใ•ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œinใ€
09:24
and "im" not only mean "not", they also mean "toward" or "to cause". So, be careful.
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ใจใ€Œimใ€ใฏใ€Œnotใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€ ใ€Œtowardใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œto causeใ€ใ‚‚ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใฎใงๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:31
"Il" and "ir" we use with words that begin with "l" or "r". For example, "illogical",
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ใ€ŒIlใ€ใจใ€Œirใ€ใฏ ใ€ใ€Œlใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œrใ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ้ž่ซ–็†็š„ใ€ใ€
09:40
"irrelevant". Going back to "im", "b", "m", "p". "Imbalanced", "immaterial", "impossible".
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ใ€Œ็„ก้–ขไฟ‚ใ€ใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œimใ€ใ€ใ€Œbใ€ใ€ใ€Œmใ€ใ€ ใ€Œpใ€ใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒณใƒใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใ€ใ€ใ€Œ้ž็‰ฉ่ณช็š„ใ€ใ€ใ€Œไธๅฏ่ƒฝใ€ใ€‚
09:48
I'm using adjectives. You're not limited to adjectives. There could be other things. For
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใซ้™ๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ไป–ใซใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:53
example, "immigration" is a noun. "Immigrate" is a verb. I'm still using the "im". So be
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ็งปๆฐ‘ใ€ใฏๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งปๆฐ‘ใ€ ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใพใ ใ€Œimใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ
09:59
careful about these. And the "non", "nonpayment", "non-refundable".
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ ใ€Œไธๆ‰•ใ„ใ€ใ€Œไธๆ‰•ใ„ใ€ใ€Œ่ฟ”้‡‘ไธๅฏใ€ใ€‚
10:03
Now, there is another situation. "Mis", I know this is not on my list, this is a different
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅˆฅใฎ็ŠถๆณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒใƒŸใ‚นใ€ใ€ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็งใฎใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใซใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅˆฅใฎ
10:10
prefix. But many people think that "mis" means "not". It doesn't. "Mis" means wrongly, in
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ๆŽฅ้ ญ่พžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบใฏใ€Œmisใ€ใฏใ€Œnotใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€ŒMisใ€ใฏ้–“้•ใฃใŸ
10:17
a wrong way. So, "inappropriate" means not appropriate, not proper, not correct. "Misappropriate",
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ใ€้–“้•ใฃใŸๆ–นๆณ•ใงใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œไธ้ฉๅˆ‡ใ€ใจใฏใ€้ฉๅˆ‡ใง ใชใ„ใ€้ฉๅˆ‡ใงใชใ„ใ€ๆญฃใ—ใใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œไธ้ฉๅˆ‡ใ€ใ€
10:27
"inappropriate", "misappropriate", this word and this word are two different words. This
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ใ€Œไธ้ฉๅˆ‡ใ€ใ€ใ€Œไธ้ฉๅˆ‡ใ€ใ€ใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ ใจใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏๅˆฅใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ
10:34
is an adjective, means correct or proper. "Appropriate" is a verb, means take. If you
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ใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ€ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใพใŸใฏ้ฉๅˆ‡ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ "appropriate" ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ€ๅ–ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
10:42
misappropriate, you take something in a dishonest way, in a wrong way. Okay? So, be very careful
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ๆต็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ไธ่ช ๅฎŸใช ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ€้–“้•ใฃใŸๆ–นๆณ•ใงๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€ŒใƒŸใ‚นใ€ใซใฏๅๅˆ†ๆณจๆ„
10:48
about "mis". And make sure you understand which word you are using before you add your prefix.
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ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใพใŸ ใ€ๆŽฅ้ ญ่พžใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:55
Now, we're getting to the gist of the lesson, we're getting to the main point. How do you
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ ใฎ่ฆ็‚นใ€่ฆ็‚นใซๅˆฐ้”ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:00
know, and what if you don't know which prefix to use? So, for example, "unsecure", "insecure".
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ใฉใฎๆŽฅ้ ญ่พžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹? ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œๅฎ‰ๅ…จใงใชใ„ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฎ‰ๅ…จใงใชใ„ใ€ใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚
11:09
"Insecure" generally, we talk about a person... A person's attitude toward him or herself.
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ใ€Œไธๅฎ‰ๅฎšใ€ใจใฏใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซไบบใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ ... ใใฎไบบ่‡ช่บซใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ใใฎไบบใฎๆ…‹ๅบฆใ€‚
11:15
If someone is insecure, means they lack confidence; they're not confident. They don't have the
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒๅฎ‰ๅ…จใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€่‡ชไฟกใŒใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่‡ชไฟกใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใฏ่‡ชๅทฑไฟ้šœใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
11:21
self-security. "Unsecure" means not safe. Now, if you're talking about a computer that
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฎ‰ๅ…จใงใชใ„ใ€ใจใฏใ€ๅฎ‰ๅ…จใงใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ขใƒณใƒใ‚ฆใ‚คใƒซใ‚นใ‚’ๆญ่ผ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ
11:27
doesn't have an anti-virus, it's unsecure. It doesn't have a firewall, it's unsecure.
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅฎ‰ๅ…จใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“. ใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚คใ‚ขใ‚ฆใ‚ฉใƒผใƒซใŒใชใใ€ๅฎ‰ๅ…จใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:34
If you attach a picture to the wall... For example, this, this whiteboard is secured
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ๅฃใซ็ตตใ‚’่ฒผใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰โ€ฆ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ›ใƒฏใ‚คใƒˆใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใฏ
11:40
to the wall. If I take out the screws, it might fall over, it would be unsecure.
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ๅฃใซๅ›บๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒใ‚ธ ใ‚’ๅค–ใ™ใจๅ€’ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚Šใ€ไธๅฎ‰ๅฎšใซใชใฃใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:46
But many people feel this word is uncomfortable, it just doesn't sound right, "unsecure". If
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบใฏใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไธๅฟซใซๆ„Ÿใ˜ ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œๅฎ‰ๅ…จใงใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏๆญฃใ—ใ่žใ“ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:52
you're not sure, use the two words. Say: "Not secure". If this word, "unsecure" doesn't
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ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฎ‰ๅ…จใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ€Œๅฎ‰ๅ…จใงใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰
12:00
feel correct, don't use it. Use "not secure". Tell me the meaning of this. Okay? Don't worry
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ใŒๆญฃใ—ใใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฎ‰ๅ…จใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ่จ€่‘‰่‡ชไฝ“ใŒๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚‰ใชใใฆใ‚‚ๆฐ—ใซใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
12:07
about the word itself if you don't like it.
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ใ€‚
12:10
Which, brings us, again, to the main point: how do you know? Well, you have to feel.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€่ฆ็‚น ใฏๆฌกใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹? ใพใ‚ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:18
You have to feel the language, you have to feel which word sounds correct or not. Now, this
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่จ€่ชžใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ€ใฉใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Š ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ
12:24
is especially important in writing. In spoken English, if you say: "Dispossible", people
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ใฏๆ›ธใไธŠใง็‰นใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฃ่ชž ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ€ŒDispossibleใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใ€ไบบใ€…
12:33
will look at you a little bit strange, but they will understand what you're saying. In
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ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใซ่ฆ‹ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
12:37
writing, they will look at it and try to figure out what's going on; they'll get confused.
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ๆ›ธ้ขใงใฏใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆททไนฑใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
12:42
In writing, it's very important to use the right word, the correct word. You have to feel it.
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ๆ–‡็ซ ใงใฏใ€ๆญฃใ—ใ„ๅ˜่ชžใ€ๆญฃใ—ใ„ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:48
Now, how do you feel which word is correct and which word is not? Read. Read a lot, a
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใฉใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใŒๆญฃใ—ใใฆใ€ใฉใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใŒๆญฃใ—ใใชใ„ใ‹ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ„Ÿใ˜ ใพใ™ใ‹? ่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ€‚ ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“่ชญใ‚“ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
12:54
lot, a lot, a lot. This is where you get to feel the language. For example, if you read
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใง่จ€่ชžใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
12:59
100 books by 100 different authors, all of them will use "imbalanced". Nobody will use
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100 ไบบใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹่‘—่€…ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ 100 ๅ†Šใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใ ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆใ€Œไธๅ‡่กกใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ชฐใ‚‚ใ€Œไธๅ‡่กกใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
13:06
"disbalanced". Some might use "unbalanced". Okay? So, you're free to use one or the other.
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œไธๅ‡่กกใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏ่‡ช็”ฑใงใ™ใ€‚
13:15
Okay? "Immaterial", everybody will use "immaterial" or "not material". "Immaterial", by the way,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œ้ž็‰ฉ่ณช็š„ใ€ใ€่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒใ€Œ้ž็‰ฉ่ณช็š„ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ้ž็‰ฉ่ณช็š„ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใกใชใฟใซใ€ใ€Œ้‡่ฆใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใจใฏใ€
13:22
means not important, not relevant. Same as "irrelevant", "immaterial", synonyms. Okay?
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้‡่ฆใงใฏใชใ„ใ€้–ข้€ฃๆ€งใŒใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็„ก้–ขไฟ‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ้‡่ฆใงใชใ„ใ€ใ€ๅŒ็พฉ่ชžใจๅŒใ˜ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
13:29
So, now, personally, I recommend reading novels. Why? Because the authors of novels, technically,
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ใชใฎใงใ€ๅ€‹ไบบ็š„ใซใฏๅฐ่ชฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใชใ‚“ใง๏ผŸ ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซใฏใ€ๅฐ่ชฌใฎ่‘—่€…ใฏ
13:37
should have a very strong command of grammar. They spend a lot of time thinking about every
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้žๅธธใซๅผทๅŠ›ใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฎใ‚ณใƒžใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ™ในใฆใฎๅ˜่ชžใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๅคšใใฎๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’่ฒปใ‚„ใ—ใ€
13:41
word they use, and they have editors, who also check every word they use. So, novels
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ไฝฟ็”จ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ™ในใฆใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹็ทจ้›†่€…ใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅฐ่ชฌ
13:48
get you... Really play with the language and really help you get this feel for the language.
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ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™... ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่จ€่ชžใง้Šใ‚“ใงใ€่จ€่ชžใฎ ใ“ใฎๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใฎใซๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™.
13:54
But until you get that feeling, until that time comes, use a dictionary. Like anything
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใใฎๆฐ—ๆŒใกใซใชใ‚‹ใพใงใ€ใใฎ ๆ™‚ใŒๆฅใ‚‹ใพใงใ€่พžๆ›ธใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ไป–ใฎใ“ใจใจๅŒๆง˜ใซ
13:59
else, if you're not sure, check. The dictionary says like this, use it like that. If you're
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ใ€ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ่พžๆ›ธใซ ใฏใ“ใ†ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:05
in the middle of the test and you can't think of... You don't have a dictionary, you have
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ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใฎ้€”ไธญใงไฝ•ใ‚‚่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆ ... ่พžๆ›ธใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
14:09
to write something, give it your best guess and hope for the best. But eventually, you
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ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๆŽจๆธฌ ใ‚’ใ—ใ€ๆœ€ๅ–„ใ‚’ๆœŸๅพ…ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใซใฏใ€
14:14
will know just by looking at it if it's right or wrong.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏใ€่ฆ‹ใŸใ ใ‘ใงใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:17
Okay, if you go to www.engvid.com, I put a quiz there that will test your knowledge of
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชž ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใจใใฎๆŽฅ้ ญ่พžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ใใ“ใซ็ฝฎใใพใ™
14:23
some of these words with their prefixes. A couple little surprise ones for you as well.
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใซใ‚‚ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅฐใ•ใช้ฉšใใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:28
Also, don't forget to subscribe to my channel on YouTube. And ask any questions you'd like,
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ใพใŸใ€YouTube ใง็งใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚’่ณผ่ชญใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ใ”ไธๆ˜Žใช็‚นใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใŠๆฐ—่ปฝใซใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใใ ใ•ใ„
14:33
and I'll get back to you as soon as I can. Thanks.
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ใ€‚ใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ๆ—ฉใใ”้€ฃ็ตกใ„ใŸใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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