How to use English Modal Verbs | Possibility & Probability

1,668,127 views ใƒป 2018-06-21

mmmEnglish


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:08
Hello I'm Emma from mmmEnglish!
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€mmmEnglishใฎEmmaใงใ™๏ผ
00:11
So tell me,
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ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€
00:12
what type of words are these?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็จฎ้กžใฎๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:20
They're modal verbs.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ
00:22
Now, I've been getting lots of questions
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ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใŒๅฏ„ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซ
00:25
about modal verbs from you lately
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ๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’
00:27
so, I'm going to share some useful tips
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00:30
to help you use them a little more
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ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™
00:32
effectively when you're speaking English.
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ใ€‚
00:35
Now, these modal verbs are auxiliary verbs,
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็พๅœจใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€ไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใจไธ€็ท’ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚
00:38
just like be, do and have
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ใ€beใ€doใ€haveใจๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€
00:41
because they work together with a main verb.
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ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
00:45
You always have a modal verb with a main verb
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅธธใซไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๆŒใคๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€
00:48
and the main verb that follows is always
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ใใ‚Œใซ็ถšใไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใฏ
00:51
in the bare infinitive form - without to.
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ๅธธใซ่ฃธใฎไธๅฎš่ฉžใฎๅฝขใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™-toใชใ—ใ€‚
00:55
I could go..
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็งใฏ่กŒใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸ..
00:57
You should take...
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅ–ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™...
00:59
They would like...
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆœ›ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™...
01:02
Paul may borrow...
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ใƒใƒผใƒซใฏๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™...
01:05
Now, these modal verbs are used in English
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ไปŠใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใง
01:08
to express something.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:10
They have a purpose!
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใฏ็›ฎ็š„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™๏ผ
01:12
So, we need to try and understand that purpose today.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใใฎ็›ฎ็š„ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:16
Now, they can be used to talk about
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ไปŠใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใจ็ขบ็އใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
01:19
possibility and probability.
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ใ€‚
01:22
To talk about how likely something is.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใฉใ‚Œใปใฉใ‚ใ‚Šใใ†ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใ€‚
01:26
Now, remember you're always using that modal verb
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅธธใซใใฎใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใจไธ€็ท’ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
01:29
with a main verb.
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ใ€‚
01:30
So, how likely is it that that action will happen?
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ใงใฏใ€ใใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฏใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:36
Are you certain?
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ใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:37
You're sure. You're confident that will happen.
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็ขบใ‹ใซใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚ŒใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใจ็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:41
Is it probable?
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:43
Is it likely to happen?
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ใใ‚Œใฏ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:46
Is there a good chance it will happen?
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฏๅๅˆ†ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:51
Is it possible?
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ๅ‡บๆฅใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:53
Or is it unlikely?
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ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใใ†ใ‚‚ใชใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:55
Now, in all of these situations
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎ็Šถๆณ
01:58
you can use a modal verb to explain how certain you are
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ใงใ€ๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
02:02
that something will happen,
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ใ‹ใ€
02:04
how possible something is.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใฉใ‚Œใปใฉๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:07
Now, these same modal verbs can also be used
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็พๅœจใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅŒใ˜ๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ
02:10
to explain 'ability'.
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ใ—ใฆใ€Œ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ€ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:12
So, how able you are to do something.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใฉใ‚Œใปใฉใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€‚
02:15
They can be used to ask permission, make requests
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€่จฑๅฏใ‚’ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใŸใ‚Šใ€่ฆๆฑ‚ใ‚’่กŒใฃ
02:19
and offer help.
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ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:21
In fact there's quite a few different uses
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€ใ‹ใชใ‚Šใฎๆ•ฐใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹็”จ้€”ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
02:24
so I'm going to split this lesson in two.
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ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’2ใคใซๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:27
And I'm doing this because I want to take this slowly.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šใจๅ—ใ‘ๆญขใ‚ใŸใ„ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:30
I don't want you to feel overwhelmed and confused,
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ๅœงๅ€’ใ•ใ‚Œใฆๆททไนฑใ—ใฆใปใ—ใใชใ„
02:34
so let's just take one step at a time.
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ใฎใงใ€ไธ€ๆญฉใšใค้€ฒใ‚“ใงใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:37
In this lesson,
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€
02:38
I'll talk about how we use modal verbs to talk about
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ๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ
02:41
certainty, probability and possibility.
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็ขบๅฎŸๆ€งใ€็ขบ็އใ€ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:46
So, this is how likely something is to happen.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใฉใ‚Œใปใฉใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:50
Or, if it's possible at all!
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ๏ผ
02:54
And the next lesson
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ใใ—ใฆๆฌกใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใง
02:55
will focus on ability and the other uses.
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ใฏใ€่ƒฝๅŠ›ใจใใฎไป–ใฎ็”จ้€”ใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใพใ™ใ€‚
02:58
So, try not to worry about them right now.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไปŠใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซใคใ„ใฆๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:01
But, make sure that if you're not a subscriber
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ‚ตใƒ–ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚คใƒใƒผใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
03:05
you click that red button and subscribe so that
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ใใฎ่ตคใ„ใƒœใ‚ฟใƒณใ‚’ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ‚ตใƒ–ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–
03:08
you find out when that next lesson is available.
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ใ—ใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒใ„ใคๅˆฉ็”จๅฏ่ƒฝใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:12
Okay so let's start with probability,
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ใ•ใฆใ€็ขบ็އใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡
03:16
how likely something is to happen.
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ใ†ใ€‚ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฏใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
03:19
Now, we use 'will' to talk about the future,
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ไปŠใ€็ง
03:23
when we're confident that something will happen.
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ใŸใกใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใจ็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€ๆœชๆฅใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œๆ„ๅฟ—ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:27
We believe it. We're certain it's true.
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็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใ ใจ็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:31
The sun will rise tomorrow.
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ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏๅคช้™ฝใŒๆ˜‡ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:34
(I'm) pretty sure that will happen.
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๏ผˆ็งใฏ๏ผ‰ใใ‚ŒใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใจใ‹ใชใ‚Š็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:37
Ashley will be late.
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ใ‚ขใ‚ทใƒฅใƒชใƒผใฏ้…ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
03:40
Well... She's always late
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ใˆใˆใจ...ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚้…ๅˆปใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
03:41
so I definitely believe that to be true!
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ใฎใงใ€็งใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใชใ็œŸๅฎŸใ ใจไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™๏ผ
03:45
If you don't take a jumper, you will get cold.
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ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚’็€ใชใ„ใจๅฏ’ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:49
It's freezing out there!
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ๅ‡ใˆใใ†ใงใ™๏ผ
03:52
You'll also hear 'will' used
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ใพใŸใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ
03:54
to give reassurance when you want to confirm
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ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใŸใ„ใจใใซๅฎ‰ๅฟƒๆ„Ÿใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€Œๆ„ๅฟ—ใ€ใŒ่žใ“ใˆ
03:57
that something is true.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:59
You know when your mum tells you
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ใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“ใŒ
04:01
"You will pass the exam. Don't worry!"
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ใ€Œ่ฉฆ้จ“ใซๅˆๆ ผใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:04
even though you're really not sure that's true.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€‚
04:08
She's using 'will' to tell you that she's confident,
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ€Œๆ„ๅฟ—ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ€่‡ชไฟกใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ไผใˆใฆใ„
04:11
she believes in you.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:14
When you're upset,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅ‹•ๆบใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€
04:15
your friends tell you "It will be okay".
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ‹ไบบใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:19
They're confident,
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่‡ชไฟกใ‚’
04:21
they believe that everything will be okay.
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ๆŒใฃใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ใ™ในใฆใŒๅคงไธˆๅคซใ ใจไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:24
Now if you're certain
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒ็ขบๅฎŸใชๅ ดๅˆ
04:26
that something is not going to happen,
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ใฏใ€
04:29
use 'will not' or' 'won't'.
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ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:33
If they walk, they won't arrive in time.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๆญฉใ„ใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ™‚้–“ๅ†…ใซๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:36
It's too far!
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้ ใ™ใŽใพใ™๏ผ
04:37
I'm certain that that won't happen.
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็งใฏใใ‚ŒใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจ็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:40
We also use 'must' when we are confident
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ใพใŸใ€็พๅœจ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ่‡ชไฟกใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็ขบไฟกใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฟ…้ ˆใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™
04:43
and sure of something that is happening in the present.
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ใ€‚
04:48
And usually we have a reason or an explanation
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ใใ—ใฆ้€šๅธธ
04:52
to tell us why something is happening.
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ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹็†็”ฑใ‚„่ชฌๆ˜ŽใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:55
The baby's crying. He must be hungry.
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่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใŒๆณฃใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏ็ฉบ่…นใซ้•ใ„ใชใ„ใ€‚
05:00
I thought Sarah would be here by now.
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ใ‚ตใƒฉใฏใ‚‚ใ†ใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:04
She must be stuck in traffic.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏไบค้€šๆธ‹ๆปžใซๅทปใ่พผใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใซ้•ใ„ใชใ„ใ€‚
05:07
They didn't eat any of the meat.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่‚‰ใ‚’ไธ€ๅˆ‡้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:10
They must be vegetarian.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่œ้ฃŸไธป็พฉ่€…ใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
05:14
Notice how I've given a reason
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05:16
for all of these examples to show why I believe
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎไพ‹ใฎ็†็”ฑใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ็งใŒไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใฆ
05:20
something to be true
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05:21
and it's quite common when you're using 'must'.
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ€Œmustใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใซ้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:25
It explains that you are
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใฎๅฃฐๆ˜Žใซใ‹ใชใ‚Š่‡ชไฟกใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒ
05:26
quite confident about the statement
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ใจใฆใ‚‚็ขบไฟก
05:28
and you're able to give a reason to explain
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ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ
05:32
why you're so sure.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใจ็ขบไฟกใ—
05:35
To use 'must' to talk about the past
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ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€Œmustใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ้ŽๅŽปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œmusthaveใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ
05:37
when you're quite sure that something happened,
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ใ—ใพใ™
05:41
then use 'must have'.
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ใ€‚
05:44
After flying for 36 hours, you must have felt exhausted.
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36ๆ™‚้–“้ฃ›่กŒใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็–ฒใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใŸใซ้•ใ„ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:51
I thought I'd do better in the exam.
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็งใฏ่ฉฆ้จ“ใงใ‚‚ใฃใจใ†ใพใใ‚„ใ‚ใ†ใจๆ€ใฃใŸใ€‚
05:53
I must have been really nervous.
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็ทŠๅผตใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใซ้•ใ„ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:56
Jack's not here right now. He must have thought
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ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใฏไปŠใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏ
05:59
that you were meeting him downstairs.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ้šŽไธ‹ใงๅฝผใซไผšใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใซ้•ใ„ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:02
Now see how this creates the perfect tense.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใงๅฎŒ็’งใชๆ™‚ๅˆถใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝœๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:06
The main verb following 'have'
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'have'ใซ็ถšใไธปๅ‹•่ฉž
06:09
is in the past participle form.
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ใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
06:11
So when talking about the present or the future,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็พๅœจใพใŸใฏๆœชๆฅใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใ
06:15
'must' is followed by the bare infinitive form
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ใฏใ€ใ€Œmustใ€ใฎๅพŒใซไธๅฎš่ฉžใฎๅฝขใŒ็ถšใใพใ™
06:18
but when talking about the past,
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ใŒใ€้ŽๅŽปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใ
06:21
'must' is followed by 'have'
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ใฏใ€ใ€Œmustใ€ใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œhaveใ€
06:23
and the past participle verb form.
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ใจ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅฝขใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:26
And this pattern is true for many of the modal verbs
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใฏใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ™ใ‚‹ๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅคšใใซๅฝ“ใฆใฏใพใ‚Š
06:29
that we'll talk about today.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:32
We use 'should' to say that something is likely.
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'should'ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใใ†ใ ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:37
We're not a hundred percent certain
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็งใŸใกใฏ100๏ผ…็ขบๅฎŸใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€
06:39
but we believe it to be true.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:42
They left an hour ago,
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ1ๆ™‚้–“ๅ‰ใซๅŽปใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€
06:44
they should be here by now.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไปŠใพใงใซใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚
06:47
If they take the car, they should arrive by three.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ่ปŠใซไน—ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ๏ผ“ๆ™‚ใพใงใซๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚
06:52
To talk about the past, we use 'should have'.
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้ŽๅŽปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ในใใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:55
It's the same pattern.
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ๅŒใ˜ใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
06:58
I didn't realise he was unwell.
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ๅฝผใŒๅ…ทๅˆใŒๆ‚ชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใ‹ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
07:00
We should have offered to take him to the doctor.
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็งใŸใกใฏๅฝผใ‚’ๅŒป่€…ใซ้€ฃใ‚Œใฆ่กŒใใ“ใจใ‚’็”ณใ—ๅ‡บใ‚‹ในใใ ใฃใŸใ€‚
07:04
The school knew Sam was going to be late.
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ๅญฆๆ กใฏใ‚ตใƒ ใŒ้…ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใจ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:06
They should have called her mother.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅฝผๅฅณใฎๆฏ่ฆชใ‚’ๅ‘ผใถในใใ ใฃใŸใ€‚
07:09
Now let's talk possibility.
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ใงใฏใ€ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
07:13
So if you're making really general statements
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆๆœฌๅฝ“ใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
07:16
about something that is possible,
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ใฏใ€
07:19
use 'can'.
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ใ€Œcanใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
07:21
People can be really rude.
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ไบบใ€…ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅคฑ็คผใซใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:24
Be careful because it can be
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07:25
quite dangerous on the streets at night.
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ๅคœ้–“ใฎ่ทฏไธŠใงใฏ้žๅธธใซๅฑ้™บใงใ™ใฎใงใ”ๆณจๆ„ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
07:29
It can be really hard to find a speaking partner
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่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใƒŠใƒผใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
07:32
to practise English with.
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅฑฑใ€…ใ‚’ใƒใ‚คใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐ
07:35
It can take over twelve hours
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซ12ๆ™‚้–“ไปฅไธŠใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
07:37
to hike through those mountains.
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ใ€‚
07:40
Now these are all general statements,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
07:42
they're not specific.
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ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:43
I'm saying these statements are possible
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็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็™บ่จ€ใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใง
07:46
but I'm not saying exactly what is happening.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ๆญฃ็ขบใซใฏ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:50
Now, in this context
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็พๅœจใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใงใฏใ€
07:52
'could' is used as the past tense of 'can'.
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ใ€Œcouldใ€ใฏใ€Œcanใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
07:57
I remember winters in London.
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ใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณใฎๅ†ฌใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:59
Weeks could go by without ever seeing the sun!
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ๅคช้™ฝใ‚’่ฆ‹ใšใซไฝ•้€ฑ้–“ใ‚‚็ตŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸ๏ผ
08:04
So when we're uncertain or unsure about the present
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็พๅœจใจๆœชๆฅใซใคใ„ใฆไธ็ขบใ‹ใพใŸใฏไธ็ขบใ‹ใชๅ ดๅˆ
08:07
and the future,
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08:09
we use the modal verbs 'could'
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ใฏใ€ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œcouldใ€
08:12
'might' and 'may'.
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ใ€Œmightใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณใ€Œmayใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:15
They explain that something is possible
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ‚ใ‚‹
08:17
but not certain or guaranteed.
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ใŒใ€็ขบๅฎŸใงใฏใชใใ€ไฟ่จผใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:21
If you wait near the door on Lewis Street,
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ใƒซใ‚คใ‚น้€šใ‚Šใฎใƒ‰ใ‚ขใฎ่ฟ‘ใใงๅพ…ใคใจ
08:23
you could see the Prime minister leaving.
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ใ€้ฆ–็›ธใŒๅŽปใฃใฆใ„ใใฎใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
08:26
They might arrive before lunch.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ˜ผ้ฃŸๅ‰ใซๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:29
But I'm not sure.
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็ขบไฟกใฏใชใ„ใ‘ใฉใ€‚
08:31
I may need to borrow your car.
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็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ปŠใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:35
Now 'might' and 'may' here are very similar.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎใ€Œใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€ใจใ€Œใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€ใฏ้žๅธธใซไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:39
There is a very slight difference between the two
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2ใคใฎ้–“ใซใฏ้žๅธธใซใ‚ใšใ‹ใช้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
08:42
in that 'might' tells us that the outcome
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ใ€ใ€Œๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€็ตๆžœใฎ
08:45
is a little bit less likely.
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ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒๅฐ‘ใ—ไฝŽใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:48
But the truth is that ninety-nine percent of native English
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็œŸๅฎŸใฏใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใฎ99ใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใŒ
08:52
speakers don't even realise this.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใ•ใˆๆฐ—ใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
08:55
So you don't need to worry about the difference at all.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้•ใ„ใซใคใ„ใฆใพใฃใŸใๅฟƒ้…ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:59
When used in spoken English, you can use either
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ๅฃ้ ญ่‹ฑ่ชžใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹
09:02
when talking about possibility.
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ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
09:04
Just consider them to be the same.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:08
We may go on a holiday in September.
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9ๆœˆใฏไผ‘ๆ—ฅใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:11
We might go on holiday in September.
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็งใŸใกใฏ9ๆœˆใซไผ‘ๆ—ฅใซ่กŒใใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:15
Close enough!
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ๅๅˆ†่ฟ‘ใ„๏ผ
09:17
The meaning of this sentence is so similar
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏ้žๅธธใซไผผใฆ
09:20
but the second one suggests that it's a little less likely
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ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€2็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใฏใใ‚ŒใŒๅฐ‘ใ—ๅฐ‘ใชใ„ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบๅ”†ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
09:24
- that's all!
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-ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใ™๏ผ
09:26
We can also use 'could' to explain that we are
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ใพใŸใ€ใ€Œcouldใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
09:29
uncertain or unsure about the future.
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ใฆใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅใซใคใ„ใฆไธ็ขบๅฎŸใพใŸใฏไธ็ขบๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
09:33
It could rain this afternoon.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎๅˆๅพŒใฏ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:37
It might rain this afternoon.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎๅˆๅพŒใฏ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:40
It may rain this afternoon.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎๅˆๅพŒใฏ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:44
Now all of these sentences tell us that it's possible
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ™ในใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ‚ใ‚‹
09:47
but not certain.
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ใŒ็ขบๅฎŸใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:49
There is a chance that it will happen.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:53
Simon could arrive before us.
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ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒขใƒณใฏ็งใŸใกใฎๅ‰ใซๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:56
Simon might arrive before us.
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ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒขใƒณใฏ็งใŸใกใฎๅ‰ใซๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:59
Simon may arrive before us.
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ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒขใƒณใฏ็งใŸใกใฎๅ‰ใซๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
10:03
Now these examples
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็พๅœจใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใฏ
10:04
all talk about the present or the future.
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ใ™ในใฆใ€็พๅœจใพใŸใฏๅฐ†ๆฅใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชžใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:09
And the modal verb is followed
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒ
10:11
by the bare infinitive verb form.
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ใซใฏใ€่ฃธใฎไธๅฎš่ฉžใฎๅฝขใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
10:14
But now,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ไปŠใ€
10:16
we'll go into the past, back in time.
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็งใŸใกใฏ้ŽๅŽปใซใ•ใ‹ใฎใผใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:20
Then we use these same modal verbs with 'have'
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅŒใ˜ๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ใ€Œhaveใ€ใฎ
10:24
followed by the past participle verb
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ๅพŒใซ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžๅ‹•่ฉž
10:27
so suddenly we're using the present perfect tense.
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ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€็ช็„ถ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:31
They might have finished dinner by now.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚
10:36
I'm worried. Something could have happened to Sara.
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ๅฟƒ้…ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ตใƒฉใซไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:41
Okay so that was talking about possibility.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:45
Now,
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ไธๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใซ
10:46
let's focus on
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็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
10:48
impossibility - when something is not possible,
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒไธๅฏ่ƒฝใชๅ ดๅˆ
10:52
when we know that something is unlikely to happen.
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ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใใ†ใซใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใงใ™ใ€‚
10:56
The chances of it happening are
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฏ
10:58
really, really, really small.
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅฐใ•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:01
When we think that something is impossible,
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒไธๅฏ่ƒฝใ ใจๆ€ใ†ใจใใฏ
11:03
we use the negative forms of 'can' and 'could'.
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ใ€ใ€Œcanใ€ใจใ€Œcouldใ€ใฎ่ฒ ใฎๅฝขๅผใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:08
You can't be serious!
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็œŸ้ข็›ฎใชใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“๏ผ
11:10
It's not possible. I don't believe you!
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ไธๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“๏ผ
11:14
Now this expression is often used after someone
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็พๅœจใ€ใ“ใฎ่กจ็พใฏใ€่ชฐใ‹
11:17
says something that you just don't believe.
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ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใŒไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใฃใŸๅพŒใซใ‚ˆใไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
11:21
When we think that what is said
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่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œ
11:22
is very unlikely to be true.
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ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฏ้žๅธธใซไฝŽใ„ใจ็งใŸใกใŒ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใจใใ€‚
11:25
When we told them they'd won,
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็งใŸใกใŒๅฝผใ‚‰ใซๅ‹ใฃใŸใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใจใใ€
11:27
they couldn't believe it!
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ๏ผ
11:30
He said he was in a band called 'Meatball'!
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ๅฝผใฏใ€ŒใƒŸใƒผใƒˆใƒœใƒผใƒซใ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒใƒณใƒ‰ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸ๏ผ
11:33
He couldn't have been serious.
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ๅฝผใฏ็œŸ้ข็›ฎใชใ“ใจใฏใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
11:37
So when spoken, these negative forms
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่ฉฑใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชๅฝข
11:40
are usually contracted.
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ใฏ้€šๅธธๅŽ็ธฎใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:43
Can't.
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ใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:45
Couldn't.
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ใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:46
And couldn't've.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:50
Now you will never see this last one
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ใ“ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ1ใค
11:54
written as a double contraction
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ใŒไบŒ้‡็ธฎ็ด„ใจใ—ใฆๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏๆฑบใ—ใฆใ‚ใ‚Š
11:56
but you will hear it spoken.
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€่ฉฑใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใฏ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
11:59
Couldn't've.
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ใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
12:01
You will hear people pronounce
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12:03
the full negative form though
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12:06
especially to add emphasis,
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็‰นใซๅผท่ชฟใ‚’
12:08
to make the meaning stronger.
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ๅŠ ใˆใŸใ‚Šใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅผทใใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ไบบใ€…ใŒๅฎŒๅ…จใชๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ‚’็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
12:10
That cannot be true!
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็œŸๅฎŸใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“๏ผ ใ™ในใฆใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟ
12:13
You can make it even more dramatic
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅЇ็š„ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ
12:15
by stressing every single word.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:19
That can not be true!
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็œŸๅฎŸใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใˆใพใ›ใ‚“๏ผ
12:22
Okay so let's summarise now.
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ใงใฏใ€่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
12:26
If you are certain about something use 'will'
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ็ขบไฟกใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’
12:29
or use 'won't' if you are certain that something
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ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒไธๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™
12:33
is impossible.
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ใ€‚
12:35
Now if you're confident about something and you have
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใซ่‡ชไฟกใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
12:37
a reason for believing that
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ใ€
12:40
use 'must' or 'should'.
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ใ€Œmustใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œshouldใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€‚
12:43
If you're talking about something generally
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ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซๅฏ่ƒฝใชใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
12:45
that's possible, use 'can'.
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ใ€ใ€Œcanใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
12:48
If you are not certain but it's possible
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็ขบไฟกใŒ
12:52
use 'might', 'may' or 'could'.
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ๆŒใฆใชใ„ใŒใ€ใ€Œๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€‚
12:55
So remember that there are different meanings
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใซใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„
12:58
for all of these modal verbs
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13:00
and we're going to talk about these more in the next lesson.
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ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใง่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:03
Well I hope that you enjoyed that lesson!
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™๏ผ
13:06
I hope you feel a little more confident
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13:09
using modal verbs to talk about
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ๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใจ็ขบ็އใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใซใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่‡ชไฟกใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™
13:11
possibility and probability.
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ใ€‚
13:14
Now remember that the next lesson will talk about
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ๆฌกใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏ
13:17
how these modal verbs can be used
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉž
13:20
for ability, to ask for permission,
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ใ‚’่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ€่จฑๅฏใฎ่ฆๆฑ‚ใ€
13:23
to give suggestions and ask for advice.
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ๆๆกˆใฎๆไพ›ใ€ใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใฎ่ฆๆฑ‚ใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:27
But for now, keep practising with these lessons
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไปŠใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ—็ถšใ‘ใฆ
13:31
and I will be back again next week
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13:34
with a new lesson for you.
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ๆฅ้€ฑใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใพใŸๆˆปใฃใฆใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:36
Thanks for watching I'll see you again soon.
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ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
13:38
Bye for now!
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ใพใŸใญ๏ผ
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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