NFTs, the Metaverse and the Future of Digital Art | Elizabeth Strickler | TED

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang

Everything in the real world is being recreated

真實世界中的一切

都在虛擬世界中被重新創造出來。

in the virtual world.

The metaverse.

元宇宙。

The metaverse, a persistent digital universe

元宇宙是個持久的數位宇宙，

that mirrors our world,

反映出我們的世界，

but is becoming as diverse and awe-inspiring

但漸漸變成和自然世界 一樣多樣性且令人讚嘆。

as the natural world.

And you'll be able to do everything you do in the real world

你能在虛擬世界裡 做在真實世界中所做的一切，還更多。

in the virtual world,

and more.

在真實世界，你能走進畫廊，

In the real world, you can walk into a gallery,

buy a one-of-a-kind artwork that is signed and authenticated as original,

買一件獨一無二的藝術品，

有簽名且證明是原版，

take it home, put it on the wall, enjoy it,

帶回家，

掛在牆上，享受它，

show it to your friends;

秀給朋友看；

it might even be an investment.

它甚至可能是種投資。

The artwork becomes part of your story and adds meaning to your life.

這件藝術品變成了 你的故事的一部分，

為你的人生增添意義。

It marks a time and a feeling for you.

對你而言，它代表著 一段時間和一種感受。

Now, we can have the exact same experience

如今在虛擬畫廊用數位藝術品，

in virtual galleries, with digital art.

也能帶來完全相同的體驗。

While this might seem like an obscure niche on the internet,

雖然這可能很像是 網路上讓人費解的利基，

let's take a look at a recent auction sale that you might have heard of.

咱們來看看一場近期 你可能有聽過的拍賣。

In March of 2021,

2021 年 3 月，

the major auction house Christie's

知名拍賣行佳士得

sold a purely digital artwork by an artist named Beeple

賣出了一件純數位的藝術品，

創作者為藝術家 Beeple，

for 69 million dollars in cryptocurrency.

售價為六千九百萬美金， 用加密貨幣交易。

The auction, the artwork and the currency was virtual,

拍賣、藝術品，

以及貨幣都是虛擬的，

but the transaction was very real.

但交易非常真實。

But who can afford a Beeple?

但誰買得起 Beeple 作品？

Don't worry,

別擔心，有很多藝術家 在創作數位藝術，

there are lots of artists creating digital art

and conceptualizing brand new art forms

並將全新的藝術形式給概念化，

that you can afford.

是你能買得起的。

I direct Media Entrepreneurship and Innovation

我在喬治亞州立大學的

at the Creative Media Industries Institute

創意媒體產業中心負責 媒體創業與創新。

at Georgia State University,

and our students are building the metaverse as I speak.

此時此刻，我們的學生 正在打造元宇宙。

We imagine a future where the students and all digital artists

在我們想像中的未來， 學生及所有數位藝術家

are able to continue building new visions and new worlds --

都能夠持續建造新的遠景 與新的世界——

basically, a better internet --

基本上，就是更好的網際網路——

and can make a living while doing so.

且還能以此為業。

The revolutionary instrument

靠著革命性的工具，

that allowed for a digital file to be sold as a unique artwork

讓一個數位檔案

能夠被當作獨一無二的 藝術品來販售，

for 69 million dollars

且賣到六千九百萬美金，

is the same tool that will allow our students to make livings

同樣這項工具，

也能讓我們的學生

靠自由創作維生。

as freelance creators.

There is a paradigm shift happening

典範轉移正在發生，

that is turning the world of content creation

影響著內容創作的世界，

and its financial rewards on its head.

以經濟回報。

Gone are the days of the internet being a giant copying machine,

過去的日子不再，網際網路 不再是巨型複製機，

of intermediaries taking a larger cut than the creators,

中介者的分潤也不再比創作者多，

and of artists not receiving royalties.

藝術家也不再會拿不到權利金。

This new automated tool

這種新型的自動化工具，

that allows for guaranteed proof of origination and ownership

能提供證明，

保證來源和所有權，

of music, videos, images and even text

適用於音樂、影片、影像，

甚至文字，

is called an NFT:

這工具就是 NFT：

non-fungible token.

非同質化代幣。

The NFT is allowing everyone to own their own data,

NFT 讓每個人能擁有自己的資料，

starting with art,

從藝術開始，

and there is a hope that it will revolutionize

希望它能帶來革命性的改變，

how value is created online

改變在線上創造價值的方式，

and how digital labor is monetized.

以及數位勞力轉換成錢的方式。

So the eternal question:

所以，一定會問的問題：

What is an NFT?

NFT 是什麼？

Simply put,

簡言之，

it is a permanent tracking device

它是種永久性的追蹤裝置，

that proves ownership of a digital file,

能證明數位檔案的所有權，

somewhat similar to the way that you can chip a pet

有點類似你可以 在寵物身上植入晶片，

to identify it as yours if it runs away,

如果牠走失了，也能 辨識出牠是屬於你的，

an NFT is a cryptographic token connected to a digital asset

NFT 是一種加密的代幣，

與數位資產連結，

to preserve ownership rights in the metaverse.

以在元宇宙中保存所有權。

Non-fungible means "not exchangeable."

非同質性意味著「不可交換」。

Most things in the real world are non-fungible,

真實世界中大部分的東西 都是非同質性的，

because most physical objects are unique

因為大部分的實體物品 是獨一無二的，

and can't be traded one for one.

無法以物易物。

There is no painting, pet or person that is exactly equivalent to another.

沒有任何畫作、寵物，或人

會有另一個完全一模一樣的。

Money, on the other hand,

另一方面，錢，

is one of the few items that is fungible,

是少數同質性的例子之一，

meaning one dollar is equivalent to another dollar

意即，這一塊錢等同於另外一塊錢，

and one Bitcoin is equivalent to another Bitcoin.

這一個比特幣也等同另一個比特幣。

The underlying decentralized technology

在背後，讓比特幣這類

that enabled digital currencies such as Bitcoin

數位貨幣能夠實現的分散式技術

is blockchain.

就是區塊鏈。

Blockchain prevents digital money from being duplicated or hacked,

區塊鏈可以預防數位貨幣 被複製或被駭，

and it removes the need for a centralized authority,

有了它，也就不需要 集中式的管理機構，

such as a bank,

如銀行，

to validate transactions.

也能驗證交易。

And like Bitcoin, the record of ownership of an NFT

和比特幣一樣，

NFT 的所有權記錄

is kept in a public database on the internet

被保存在網路上的公用資料庫中，

that is maintained by millions of computers

由數百萬台電腦來維護，保持追蹤，

that keep track, via consensus,

用的是共識機制，

of all content origination and transactions.

所有內容來源和交易都能被追蹤。

At the Blockchain Lab at Georgia State University,

在喬治亞大學的區塊鍵實驗室中，

we study how to monetize creative labor

我們研究如何將創意勞力轉換為金錢，

using blockchains and other decentralized ledger technologies.

用的是區塊鍵及其他分散式記帳技術。

I believe that this technology in the form of NFTs

我相信，NFT 這種形式的技術

has the potential to humanize the internet

有潛力可以讓網際網路更人性化，

and to create an equitable foundation for its next phase: the metaverse.

並創造出更公正的基礎 給它的下一個階段：

元宇宙。

This decentralized business model gives financial power back to the creators

這種分散式的商業模式

能將財力還給創作者，

and reduces the power of the broker, the middleman

削減掮客、中間人的勢力，

and even social media platforms.

甚至社群媒體的勢力。

Amy Rader is a fine artist in Atlanta who shows in traditional galleries.

艾咪‧雷德是亞特蘭大的藝術家，

在傳統畫廊展出作品。

She created her first NFT

她創造了她的第一個 NFT，

so that she could expand to an online audience

讓她能拓展到線上觀眾群，

and to add a new revenue stream to increase her income.

並增加新的營收來源， 增加她的收入。

Here's a Greg Mike mural.

這是葛雷格‧麥克的壁畫。

If you're from Atlanta,

如果你來自亞特蘭大，你可能曾經

you have probably seen some of his work on walls and buildings.

在牆上及建築上看過他的作品。

Street art is not permanent,

街頭藝術不是永久的，

so how will an important cultural icon like Greg Mike

所以，像葛雷格‧麥克 這種重要的文化代表要如何

utilize this new creative economy?

運用這種新的創意經濟？

He is using the unique qualities of NFTs to innovate

他運用 NFT 的獨特特色

來創新並和其他藝術家 及音樂家合作，

and to collaborate with other artists and musicians

and connect with fans on the internet.

並在網路上和粉絲連結。

This way, his work will live on,

用這種方式，他的作品 就能留存下去，

and he can take the proceeds from the sales and resales

他也能用銷售及轉售的收益

and continue creating his art.

持續他的藝術創作。

Musicians can also capture their true value

音樂家也能用 NFT 來得到 他們的真正的價值。

using NFTs.

Atlanta music producer Dallas Austin

亞特蘭大的音樂製作人 達拉斯‧奧斯丁

is allowing fans to collect memorabilia of his great moments

讓粉絲可以收集紀念品，

紀念他在音樂史上的偉大時刻，

in music history,

similar to the way that NBA Top Shot

很類似 NBA Top Shot 平台，

is allowing basketball fans to collect historical replays as NFTs.

讓籃球迷可以

以 NFT 的形式收集歷史上的重播。

In the metaverse, humans are represented as avatars.

在元宇宙

是用虛擬化身來代表人。

An eight-year-old probably knows,

八歲小孩可能知道，

but did you know that you can buy clothes for your avatar?

但你知道你能為你的 虛擬化身買衣服嗎？

This is Kadine James.

這是凱汀‧詹姆士。

She is leading the way in digital fashion

她是數位時裝的開路先鋒，

that can only be worn in the virtual world.

數位時裝只能在虛擬世界穿著。

Today, Gucci sells sneakers that only exist in the virtual world,

現今，古馳有販售只能 在虛擬世界穿的運動鞋，

and you can never wear them,

你永遠穿不到，

but your avatar can.

但你的虛擬化身可以。

Alternatively,

有個替代方案，你可以用擴增實境

you can use augmented reality

to overlay virtual sneakers onto your in-real-life feet.

將虛擬運動鞋疊在 你真實世界中的腳上。

And because of NFTs,

因為有了 NFT，

anyone, not just well-known companies like Gucci,

任何人，不僅是古馳這種知名公司，

can create digital fashion to be bought, sold and worn in games,

都能創造數位時裝，

而可以購買、銷售、穿著它們的地方

包括遊戲裡、線上平台上，

online platforms

and even in avatar fashion shows.

甚至還有虛擬化身時裝秀。

Take the pioneer 18-year-old FEWOCiOUS,

以十八歲的先驅 FEWOCiOUS 為例，

who was way ahead of Gucci, with his crypto art and digital sneakers.

早在古馳之前，

他就在做加密藝術和數位運動鞋。

The use of augmented and virtual-reality fashion

擴增實境和虛擬實境的使用

is becoming mainstream,

正在成為主流，

but because NFTs as art and collectibles are so new,

但因為把 NFT 當作藝術 和收集品的概念還太新，

the predictions are too volatile for anyone to make.

難以做準確的預測。

But it is a sign that heavy hitters like Mark Cuban and Snoop Dogg

但有個徵兆，那就是馬克‧庫班 和史努比狗狗這些重要人物

are investing heavily.

都做了很大的投資。

This is the new frontier for artists and their fans.

對藝術家和他們的粉絲， 這是個新境界。

And just like in the real world,

和真實世界一樣，

and artist can sell a one-of-a-kind piece,

藝術家可以銷售獨一無二的作品，

make limited editions to control for scarcity,

用限定版的方式來掌控稀有性，

show in art galleries and market places.

並在畫廊及市場上展示作品。

But with NFTs,

但，換成是 NFT，

you can also sell directly to your buyer without an intermediary,

你還可以直接銷售給 你的買家，不需要中間人，

collect royalties on all future resales,

也能從未來的轉售收到權利金，

expand your audience to the entire internet,

將你的觀眾群拓展到整個網路，

show in virtual galleries and virtual worlds

在虛擬畫廊和虛擬世界中展示作品，

and sell 3D objects and clothes to virtual humans.

還能賣 3D 物品 和服裝給虛擬人類。

OK, so how does this work,

好，所以這是怎麼運作的？

and how do you get involved as an artist?

若你是藝術家，要如何參與？

Your artwork is a digital file.

你的藝術作品是個數位檔案。

To protect this file

為了保護這個檔案，

and capture the value of your labor in perpetuity,

並永久性地取得 你的勞力所代表的價值，

you go to a digital goods marketplace and "mint" it,

你要到一個數位商品市場 去「鑄造」它，

meaning you register your work as a token, for a fee, on the blockchain.

意即將你的作品註冊，

成為區塊鏈上的一個代幣， 並支付手續費。

It will contain a signature, time stamp,

它會包含一個簽名、

時間戳記，

and any rules around its resale.

以及將它轉售的相關規則。

Once you’ve minted your work and you want to sell it,

一旦鑄造好了你的作品， 你想要把它賣掉，

you connect with your community

你要和你的客群連結，

and let them know that your NFT has "dropped,"

讓他們知道，你的 NFT 已經在「拍賣」了，

meaning it is for sale.

也就是在販售中。

It is important to note

有一點很重要，要注意，

that all the same rules that make for good art and business

構成好藝術和好生意的所有規則，

apply in the virtual world:

也適用於虛擬世界：

a strong connection to your followers,

和你的追隨者有很強的連結、

an authentic or compelling story

真實或有說服力的故事，

and consistent output and work ethic.

以及一貫的產出和工作倫理。

So who will buy your art,

誰會買你的藝術品？

or how do you get involved as a collector?

或者，收藏家要如何參與？

Buyers go to the same marketplaces that artists use.

買家也要去藝術家使用的那些市場。

There, you look for art that you appreciate

你在那裡尋找你欣賞的藝術品，

and artists you want a direct connection with.

以及你想要直接連結的藝術家。

Some people invest because the artwork resonates with them,

有些人投資，是因為 該藝術品能和他們產生共鳴，

or they recognize great talent,

或者他們能辨識出偉大的才華，

or they see a potential for that artist to play a significant part in history.

或者他們看得見那名藝術家有潛力

在歷史上扮演重要角色。

Once purchased directly from the artist,

一旦直接向藝術家購買之後，

you store your NFTs in your digital wallet.

你的 NFT 就會存在 你的數位錢包中。

From there,

從那裡，

you can show on screens and online marketplaces,

你就可以展示在螢幕上、

線上市場裡，

or in galleries, such as RareRooms,

或畫廊裡，

如 RareRooms，

a blockchain innovation by Atlanta's GigLabs.

它是亞特蘭大的 GigLabs 創建的區塊鍵創新市場。

And with NFTs, a buyer knows their art is fair trade,

有 NFT，買家就能知道 他們的藝術品交易是公平的，

transactions are transparent,

交易是透明的，

and the ecosystem is equitable.

生態系統是公正的。

The metaverse is a place where we will spend

我們將來會投入更多時間， 生活在元宇宙裡。

more and more of our lives.

Who builds it, who owns it and how it is built

誰建造它、誰擁有它、如何建造它

will determine what this world becomes.

將會決定這個世界變成什麼樣子。

But just like the real world,

但，就如同真實世界，

the metaverse is very complex,

元宇宙非常複雜，

and there are many problems yet to be solved.

也還有很多問題有待解決。

And that is where you come in.

這就需要靠各位了。

You are the future,

你們是未來，

a digital citizen

數位公民，

whose responsibility it is to be a good steward to the metaverse,

你們的責任是

好好扮演元宇宙的管理人，

making sure that it is diverse, equitable, accessible and sustainable.

確保它是多樣性的、

公正的、容易進入的，

以及永續的。

This is just the beginning of the decentralized movement.

這只是分散式運動的開端。

NFTs will revolutionize most online industries,

NFT 會徹底改變大部分線上產業，

but it is starting with the creative economy.

但會先從創作經濟開始。

While nothing in this talk is financial advice,

雖然本演說的內容都不是財務建議，

it is definitely educational encouragement.

但絕對是教育性的鼓勵。

And why not start learning through art?

為什麼不透過藝術開始學習？

Jump in.

跳進來。

We need you.

我們需要你。

I would like to thank the artists who provided the art for this talk,

我要感謝提供藝術品 給本演說使用的藝術家，

all of which are embedded in the blockchain

這些作品都嵌入在區塊鏈中，

as NFTs, non-fungible tokens.

都是 NFT，非同質化代幣。