Detroit's Climate Crisis — and How to Build a Resilient Future Everywhere | Anika Goss | TED

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Shelley Tsang 曾雯海

I’m a third-generation Detroiter.

My grandmother moved to Detroit in 1936

我是第三代的底特律人。

during the Great Migration

我的祖母在 1936 年搬到底特律，

and brought all of her Southern ways with her.

那時是非裔美國人大遷徏，

She had an abundant garden

她把她在南方的作風 都一起帶在身上。

with flowers for butterflies and honeybees and birds.

她有個富饒的花園，

滿是花朵，吸引蝴蝶、 蜜蜂，和鳥兒。

She preferred to take the bus to Eastern Market

to purchase all of her meat just to make sure that it was fresh.

她偏好坐公車去東市場，

She owned a home on Mendota Street

為了確保新鮮， 她需要的肉都去那裡買。

and knew that home ownership would create wealth and opportunity

她在曼多塔街有一間房子，

她知道擁有房子能夠 為她不斷成長的家庭

for her growing family.

My family's story is not an unusual Detroit story,

創造財富和機會。

and up until the late 1950s,

我家庭的故事是個 普通的底特律故事，

Detroit was a haven for middle-class families

且在 1950 年代末之前，

living in neighborhoods where there was green space

底特律是中產階級家庭的避風港，

and community connectivity and opportunity.

這些家庭生活的鄰里中有綠色空間、

But my grandmother's Detroit is not the Detroit that I live in today.

社區連結，以及機會。

The Detroit today is not sustainable.

但我祖母的底特律 並不是我現在居住的底特律。

84 percent of Detroiters identify as Black or Latino,

現今的底特律並不永續。

底特律人有 84% 自認為 是黑人或拉丁裔，

and five percent are foreign-born.

That makes this not just a climate and economic issue

5% 是在外國出生。

這讓永續問題不只是 氣候及經濟的問題，

but an equity issue.

And I know this

because I have spent my entire career

也是平等的問題。

focused on the intersection between race and poverty.

這我很懂，

因為我的整個職涯

都在關注種族和貧困之間的交叉點。

More recently, the work I do with my colleagues

focuses on how climate impacts neighborhoods and communities

更近期，我和我同事的合作計畫

把焦點放在氣候如何

that are isolated from economic prosperity.

影響和經濟繁榮

絕緣的鄰里和社區。

Being financially secure and climate resilient

財務安全感

should be the most important priority for communities across the country.

及氣候韌性

應該是全國各地社區 最重要的優先考量。

That is what I want to talk with you about today.

Detroit is not generally thought of as a city

這就是我今天想跟大家談的主題。

that is at risk for climate impact,

通常，底特律並不會被認為是有可能

but in fact it is.

會受氣候影響衝擊的城市，

We define resilience as places where residents can have their needs met

但事實上，它是。

我們這樣定義有韌性的地方：

and are free from long-term chronic stress,

居民的需求能夠被滿足，

giving them the ability to withstand and recover from acute shocks.

且他們不會承受長期的慢性壓力，

讓他們有能力去抵擋對抗 急性衝擊，並從中恢復過來。

If you are financially stable,

then you are much more likely to withstand and recover

如果你的財務狀況穩定，

from the acute shock of climate change.

那麼你就比較有可能

能夠抵擋對抗氣候變遷的 急性衝擊並從中恢復過來。

Detroit's economic inequity and climate vulnerability

底特律的經濟不平等

began over 100 years ago

及氣候脆弱性

under the guise of innovation.

始於至少一百年前，

Detroit not only led the way for automobiles

外表偽裝成創新。

but manufacturing.

底特律不僅在汽車業引領潮流，

Manufacturing was a part of our community fabric.

在製造業也是。

Industrial sites were nestled in neighborhoods throughout the city

製造業是構成我們社區的元素之一。

工業場所散佈在城市內各鄰里中，

so that workers could walk to their factory jobs.

Our economy was booming.

工人可以走路去工廠上工。

And although Detroit was not necessarily equal across racial lines,

我們的經濟迅速發展，

雖然底特律在各種族間 不見得一定平等，

it was still a city of stable, middle-class neighborhoods.

它仍然是穩定的中產階級 鄰里所組成的城市。

In 75 years,

our city went from a peak population of 1.8 million

在七十五年間，

down to a population of 620,000 in 2022.

我們的城市人口數 從最高的一百八十萬

落到 2022 年的六十二萬。

All of those sites where there was manufacturing

and industrial sites that led to our economic boom,

所有以前在做製造的那些場所

以及讓我們經濟 迅速發展的工業場所，

many of those industrial sites stand vacant and abandoned.

We now have about 19 square miles of vacant land in Detroit.

那些工業場所很多 都空下來了、被廢棄了。

現在在底特律有大約十九 平方英里的閒置空地。

These industrial sites have led to dangerous contamination,

這些工業場所導致了

both to our land and our water and our air.

危險的汙染，

汙染我們的土地、 我們的水源、我們的空氣。

About two years ago,

eight inches of rain fell over Detroit over a period of three days.

大約兩年前，

And not just Detroit, but southeast Michigan.

底特律在三天之內 有八英吋的降雨量。

Scientists describe this as a more-than-500-year rain event.

不只是底特律，南密西根也一樣。

科學家說這是至少五百年 才出現一次的大雨。

Now, eight inches of rain doesn't seem like a lot of rain,

but this one rain event flooded our streets.

八英吋的降雨聽起來沒有很多，

Basements became filled with storm water and sewage.

但這次降雨讓我們的街道淹水。

The repair costs were insurmountable for many families,

地下室灌滿了暴風雨的雨水和汙水。

and with nearly half of Detroiters renting,

許多家庭實在無法承受修復的成本，

it often led to homelessness.

而有近半的底特律人是租房子的，

Climate change exacerbates and compounds

他們的下場通常是無家可歸。

氣候變遷加劇且加重了

economic inequity in our city.

But I believe there are three things that we can do

我們城市的經濟不平等。

to begin to change the resilient future for Detroit.

但我相信有三件事是我們能做的，

First, we have to begin to create an economic environment

可以開始協助，讓底特律的 未來變得更有韌性。

第一，我們必須要 開始創造一個經濟環境，

in which all Detroiters can grow wealth.

Advanced technology and tech-based businesses

讓所有底特律人都能累積財富。

are the fastest-growing industries in Detroit, but also the nation.

先進技術和以科技為基礎的企業

It's these businesses that will contribute to solving our climate dilemma

是底特律成長最快速的產業， 在全國亦是如此。

這些企業能盡一份心力， 解決我們的氣候兩難，

and make millions, even billions, doing it.

But unless we include Black and brown Detroiters,

並讓數百萬，甚至 數十億人也加入協助。

但，除非，

both as workers

我們把黑色及棕色 皮膚的底特律人也納入，

and investing in founders,

擔任不論是工人 或是創業者的投資者，

we will leave our largest demographic out of our future.

要不然，我們人口中最大的族群 就會被排除在我們的未來之外。

Second, we have to stop only responding

第二，

when there’s a crisis situation, like flooding and air quality control,

我們必須要停止只是因應

當下發生的危機狀況，比如淹水

and begin to think about green stormwater infrastructure

以及空氣品質控制，

我們得開始思考

and solar and renewable energy proactively.

綠色的雨水排放基礎設施 以及太陽能及可再生能源，

I was having this conversation with my sister

because that's what sisters do,

且要在事前就思考。

talk about manufacturing and infrastructure investment.

我們姐妹在談這個議題， 因為那就是姐妹會做的事，

談製造，

This is my sister, I have two of them.

也談基礎設施投資。

So she lives in Washington, DC.

這是我們的姐妹照，我有兩個姐妹。

Eight inches of rain, in her opinion,

她住在華盛頓特區。

was just not enough rain to create that much flooding.

八英吋的降雨量，

And she kind of didn't believe me

依她所見，並不足以 造成那種程度的淹水。

that Detroit was at risk for climate impacts.

她不太相信我說

And I explained to her that Detroit is not different from other cities

底特律有受到氣候衝擊的風險。

我向她解釋，

in its process for making municipal investment decisions.

做市政投資決策的過程方面，

Municipal investment decisions are made for primarily two ways:

底特律和其他城市沒有什麼不同。

做市政投資決策的主要方式有兩種：

new development and crisis repair.

Detroit is not unique.

新發展以及危機修復。

What makes Detroit unique

is it has 100-year-old gray infrastructure

底特律並不獨特。

底特律的獨特之處

在於它有一百年歷史的灰色基礎設施

supporting 139 square miles of Detroit.

來支撐一百三十九 平方英里的底特律。

We can no longer only make decisions for crisis.

我們不能再只針對危機來做決策。

We don't have that luxury.

We have to make decisions differently

to improve the quality of life for Detroiters

我們沒有那種奢侈條件。

我們得用不同的方式做決策，

and improve the quality of the neighborhoods

以改善底特律人的生活品質，

that we're all living in for the future.

以及改善我們大家未來

Finally, we have to begin to invest in neighborhoods

居住的鄰里的品質。

最後，

so that they are free from blight and deterioration.

我們必須要開始投資鄰里，

以免它們淪落到荒萎和衰敗。

As an urbanist and a futurist,

I want to help Detroiters imagine the city they deserve to live in.

身為都市學家和未來學家，

我想要協助

底特律人想像出他們 值得生活在怎樣的城市裡。

You shouldn't have to live in a suburb to be surrounded by beautiful gardens,

你不應該得要住到近郊

parks and trees.

We can plant urban forests here.

才能被美麗的花園、 公園，和樹木圍繞。

(Applause)

我們可以在這裡種植都市森林。

So that we can reduce urban heat-island impacts and improve air quality.

（掌聲）

這樣我們就能減少 都市熱島效應的衝擊，

We can plant sustainable gardens and food gardens

並改善空氣品質。

just like the ones you are seeing on the screen,

我們可以種植永續的花園

that my team and community partners have planted all over Detroit.

以及食物花園，就如同 各位在螢幕上看到的這些，

這些是我的團隊和社區合作 夥伴在底特律各地種植的。

We can do this.

We have to do this.

And we need to do this

我們能夠這麼做。

because investing in neighborhoods,

我們必須這麼做。

我們需要這麼做，

not just as a social program,

因為，投資鄰里，

but we must do this

不只是當作一個社會計畫來做，

because climate equity and climate economics

但，我們必須這麼做，

因為氣候平等

require investment in order to see the actual results.

以及氣候經濟學

都需要投資，才能夠看到

This is true, not only in this nation's largest Black city,

實際的成果。

這是真的，

不只是在美國最大的黑人城市裡，

but in every city where inequality is on the rise

在每個城市都是如此，

and climate equity will surely follow.

只要不平等越來越嚴重，

My grandmother's house still stands on Mendota long after she passed away.

氣候平等問題也會接踵而至。

我祖母的房子仍然座落在曼多塔街，

Her expectation of me and of you

即使她已經過世很久了。

is that a Black family just like mine

她對你我的期望

that migrated north 90 years ago

是像我家這樣的黑人家庭，

will be able to prosper 90 years from now

九十年前移民北方的家庭，

在離現今九十年後的 未來能夠很昌盛，

because they are economically thriving.

Their neighborhood has parks, gardens, trees and community spaces.

因為他們經濟很繁榮。

他們的鄰里有公園、

花園、樹木，和社區空間。

And they are still Black.

Thank you.

(Applause)

且他們仍然是黑人。

謝謝。

（掌聲）