The US Has a Teacher Shortage — Here’s How To Fix It | Randy Seriguchi Jr. | TED

譯者: Alan Huang 審譯者: Shelley Tsang 曾雯海

Hi, I’m Randy Seriguchi Jr.,

嗨，我是小蘭迪‧塞瑞古奇，

and I've been working in teacher recruitment for the past eight years

過去八年， 我在美國從事教師招聘的工作。

in the US.

And here, in the richest nation in the history of the world,

在這裡， 在世界史上最富有的國家裡，

we're in the midst of a historic teacher shortage.

我們正在面臨歷史性的教師短缺。

In a place where money can solve most problems,

在這個金錢可以 解決大部分問題的地方，

I've been thinking about how we respond to this economic emergency,

我一直在思考我們要如何 應對這種經濟緊急情況，

and three questions come to mind.

而我腦中浮現了三個問題。

How much is too much to invest in teachers?

對教師的投資，多少才算太多？

How much is too little to invest in teachers?

對教師的投資，多少才算太少？

And what should any new investment in teachers actually cover?

對教師的新投資實際上 又該包括些什麼？

More additional context to remember,

另外也要記住

this teacher shortage is about more than teachers.

教師短缺不只和教師有關。

Millions of students nationwide

全國數百萬名學生

are impacted by having an under-qualified

都受到影響， 因為他們被不合格

or substitute teacher guiding a full year of school.

或代課老師指導了一整個學年。

So there's a big difference between a teacher shortage

因此，

教師短缺完全不同於

and let's say, a fast-food worker shortage.

像是速食員工短缺。

McDonald's may be missing a couple of cashiers up front,

麥當勞可能在前頭少了幾個收銀員，

but burgers will still get flipped and sold.

但漢堡仍然會被做出來並賣出去。

When teachers are missing from schools, however,

然而，當學校少了教師時，

children usually aren't learning up to standards.

孩童的學習通常無法 達到該有的水準。

So as a result,

因此，

the US is scoring 26 out of 81 nations

在一場國際數學考試中，

美國在八十一個國家中 排名第二十六，

on an international math exam,

amongst other disappointing educational outcomes.

這是頗讓人失望的教育成果之一。

And on the cusp of artificial intelligence becoming the fourth industrial revolution,

就在人工智慧要成為 第四次工業革命的關頭，

we have a long way to go to ensure

我們還有很長的路要走，

才能確保我們做好了妥當的準備，

that we are adequately prepared to participate in the next economic boom.

可以參與下一個經濟蓬勃發展。

So what can we do about this?

對此，我們可以做什麼？

Well, we know that one major factor in improving student outcomes

我們知道

改善學生學習成果的主要原因之一

is the effectiveness of the teacher in front of the classroom.

是教室前的教師能發揮多少成效。

So in the wake of a national teacher shortage,

因此，繼全國教師短缺之後，

we have to explore new ways to recruit and retain teachers

我們必須找出新方法 來招募並留住教師，

讓他們在學校中待得夠久，

to join our schools long enough

to actually become good

才能在世上最困難的職業之一，

at one of the most difficult professions in the world.

變得足以優秀。

So this is a two-headed monster of a problem.

所以這個問題有兩個棘手的面向。

On one hand,

一方面，

we have to engineer historic interest

我們必須形塑任重道遠的歷史價值，

to inspire new people to pursue teaching.

來鼓舞新人從事教學。

And on the other,

另一方面，

we have to find ways to economically anchor new and existing teachers

我們得想辦法，在經濟上 支持新教師和現有教師，

to stay for at least three to five years,

讓他們留下至少三到五年，

enough time to sufficiently increase one's effectiveness as a teacher.

這樣的時間才足夠提升教師的成效。

So, to attack this teacher shortage,

所以，要處理這波教師短缺，

we can take a page out of the military's playbook

我們可以借鑑軍方的做法，

and provide basic allowances

提供基本津貼，

to make teaching more attractive to new talent.

讓教學更能吸引新人才。

Some version of a teacher G.I. Bill

某種老師版的《軍人調適法案》

could help us reset the value we place on educating our children.

可以幫助我們調整 我們對教育子女的價值觀。

How do I know something like this could work?

我怎麼知道這類方法能行得通？ 有兩個理由。

Well, two reasons.

The US has done this before and San Francisco is doing this now.

美國以前用過這個方法， 而舊金山則是現在正在用。

第二次世界大戰結束後，

After the end of World War II,

the US government was nervous

美國政府很緊張，

that millions of veterans would have trouble

擔心數百萬名退伍軍人會很難 重新適應正常的平民生活。

readjusting to normal civilian life.

As a result, the Servicemen's Readjustment Act,

因此，《軍人調適法案》，

more commonly known as the G.I. Bill,

也就是一般所知的 G.I. 法案，

was passed into law and created an unprecedented investment

被通過成為法律，

並創造了對美國公職前所未有的投資。

in American public service.

Here's what that looked like.

用這張圖來呈現。

Education supports in the form of annual tuition contributions

用每年學費補助和每月生活 津貼的形式提供教育支持。

and monthly living stipends.

Workforce support in the form of unemployment benefits

用失業福利和就業輔導的 形式提供勞動力支持。

and job search guidance.

Financial support via loan guarantees,

透過貸款擔保提供財務支持，

which backed veterans’ borrowing

協助退伍軍人借款， 讓他們更有機會取得信貸

and increased access to credit to buy homes and start businesses.

來買房和創業。

And wellness support.

還有健康支持。

More medical care,

更多醫療照護，

including the construction of new hospitals nationwide.

包括在全國各地建造新醫院。

From 1944 to 1956,

從 1944 年至 1956 年，

the G.I. Bill gave out 14.5 billion dollars

G.I. 法案發放出了 一百四十五億美金，

提供教育和培訓支持 給需要工作的退伍軍人。

in education and training supports to veterans who needed to work.

Today, this equals about 253 billion dollars.

這個金額等同於現今的 兩千五百三十億美金。

Could you imagine Democrats and Republicans

各位能想像民主黨員和共和黨員

voting together on this in 2024?

在 2024 年一起投票支持它嗎？

我也不能。

Me either.

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So what was once called the best investment

因此，這曾經被稱為美國 政府有史以來最好的投資，

the US government has ever made,

resulted in over eight million people continuing their education

協助了超過八百萬人 持續接受教育，

and millions of new home loans granted.

也讓數百萬份新家貸款 申請能被核准。

We invested in education, financial and wellness supports for veterans

我們投資退伍軍人的 教育、財務和健康支持，

because of the value we place on their public service to us

因為我們整個國家 很重視他們

為我們所做的貢獻。

as a nation as a whole.

The battles abroad to defend our children

在國外為了保衛 我們的孩子所打的戰役，

are just as important as the battles we face at home.

重要性不亞於我們 在國內面臨的戰役。

They may be different types of terrain,

這兩種戰役的領域可能不同，

but both involve the same Americans serving the same America.

但同為美國人 在為同樣的美國奉獻。

They may be different types of professions,

職業的類型可能不同，

但都應該有機會 去實現相同的美國夢。

but both deserve a shot at the same American dream.

Our teachers are true patriots.

我們的教師是真正的愛國者。

Protecting, enhancing, developing the lives of American children every day.

每天都在保護、強化、 發展美國孩童的生活。

And after the pandemic changed how we view schools and work,

在疫情改變了我們 對學校和工作的看法之後，

it's time for us to take a chance to invest in our teachers

我們現在該好好抓住機會去投資

as the service men and women that they are.

我們的教師， 如同我們投資那些軍職人員。

If we truly want to elevate this profession

如果我們真心想提升這個職業，

to inspire new, diverse talent to join us,

想鼓舞多元的新人才加入我們，

we have to improve both the personal

我們就必須改善

和教學相關的個人及職業體驗。

and professional experiences associated with teaching.

And in the Bay Area,

在灣區，

we had success doing this with Urban Ed Academy.

我們就與城市教育學院合作， 成功達成這個目標。

After the wave of labor strikes across this country in 2023,

在 2023 年全國各地的 勞動罷工浪潮之後，

we found ourselves revisiting the questions we had in 2018,

我們重新回到 談論 2018 年的問題，

那年我們發起一項活動，在舊金山 每間小學都安插一位黑人教師。

when we started a campaign to place one Black male teacher

in every elementary school in San Francisco.

Those questions were,

當年的問題是：

how much is too much to invest in Black male teachers?

對黑人男性教師的投資， 多少才算太多？

How much is too little to invest in Black male teachers?

對黑人男性教師的投資， 多少才算太少？

And what should any new investment in Black male teachers actually cover?

對黑人男性教師的新投資 實際上又應該包括些什麼？

Well, we were not the federal government,

嗯，我們不是聯邦政府，

so we had to find creative ways to resource our approach.

我們得想出有創意的方式 來為我們的方法找到資源。

And we found that we could meet teachers' basic needs with more than money.

而我們發現，我們可以用 錢以外的方式滿足教師的基本需求。

Comfortable housing,

舒適的住房、更高的教育成本，

higher education costs and holistic wellness provisions,

及全面的健康福利規定 都是一些例子，

for example,

are possible without crazy spending —

且花費也不會高到嚇死人——

especially if we do it together as a village

特別是如果我們能 同心協力一起來做，

and lower the cost burden for everyone involved.

降低所有參與者的成本負擔。

Our unprecedented investment in Black male teachers

我們對黑人男性教師 所做的前所未有的投資

was made as a collective community investment.

是我們集體一起做的投資。

And inspired by the G.I. Bill,

受到 G.I. 法案的啟發，

we sought to inclusively invest in education,

我們想做的是全面投資教育

workforce development, financial and wellness supports for our fellows.

勞動力發展，

以及對我們同僚的財務及健康支持。

Here's what that looked like for us in our work.

這是我們在工作時的樣子。

To provide cost-free credentialing and graduate school tuition,

為了提供不收費的資格認證 和研究生學費，

we partnered with school districts,

我們與學區、加州， 及其他當地合作夥伴合作，

the state of California and other local partners

to wipe away tens of thousands of dollars

幫我們的同伴免除提升技能 做高品質教室管理

needed to upskill our fellows into higher-quality classroom management.

所需要的數萬美金費用。

This was an essential building block in igniting interest in a field

這是個重要的基礎，

可點燃大家對這個 好多人離去的領域的興趣，

where so many are leaving

and only 1.3 percent of teachers are Black men.

且在這之中， 只有1.3% 的教師是黑人男性。

To ensure that our Black male fellows

為了確保我們的黑人 男性同伴能真正有機會

had a real shot of matriculating through teacher credentialing pathways

透過教師認證途徑進入學校

and had guaranteed job placements,

且保證能安排工作職務，

we partnered with institutions of higher education,

我們結合了高等教育機構、

teacher residency programs,

教師實習計畫，

and school principals

及學校校長，

to build in more personalized fit assessments for Black men.

為黑人男性納入 更個人化的適應性評估，

More overall patience in the hiring process,

在招聘過程 中展現更多耐心，

and to give second chances to men who usually don't receive a first.

並為通常沒有獲得第一 次的男性給予第二次機會。

To offer the financial and wellness provisions I mentioned,

為了提供我提到的 財務和健康條款

we partnered directly with Black property owners to provide subsidized housing,

我們直接與黑人物業所有者合作， 提供資助住房，

Black mental health professionals to provide free therapy

黑人心理健康專 業人員提供免費治療，

and financial institutions

以及金融機構

to support our investment in each fellow as a whole person.

來支持我們對每個人 作為全人的投資。

Now most of us have heard

我們大多數人都聽說，

that it is difficult for a child to learn on an empty stomach.

孩子很難在 沒有溫飽的狀態下學習。

Well, how difficult is it to teach 20 to 25 of those children

那麼，試想你在勉強維持生計時，

if you're struggling to make ends meet yourself?

教育 20 到25 位 那類孩子有多難？

Especially living under the low-income threshold in San Francisco,

特別是在舊金山 的低收入門檻下生活，

where the cost of living is through the roof, literally.

生活成本真的突破天際。

I know some of you may be thinking,

我知道你們中的一些人可能會想：

"Well, Randy, why just Black males?

「好吧，蘭迪，為什麼只是黑人男性？

Why not all teachers?"

為什麼不是所有老師？」

Well ...

嗯...

I know that bringing conversations about race and identity into education

我知道在教育中談論 種族和身份認同

may be controversial and political,

可能有爭議和政治正確性

but it is necessary.

但這是必要的。

I learned this lesson from the great Angela Glover Blackwell

我從偉大的安吉拉·格洛弗·布萊克威爾

and her analysis of the curb cut effect.

和她對路緣斜坡效應的分析中 學到了這一教訓。

Curb cuts were originally designed

路緣斜坡最初

to meet the accessibility needs of wheelchair users

旨在滿足輪椅使用者

and other members of the differently-abled community.

和其他生心理障礙人士 的無障礙需求。

If you look across the country today at street intersections,

如果你去看看全國各地的 街道交叉口，

you'll see everybody using those curb cuts.

你會看到每個人都 在使用這些路緣斜坡。

Seniors wheeling groceries,

老年人推著載滿雜貨的推車，

parents walking small children,

家長們帶著孩子散步，

vendors pushing merchandise, etc.

攤販推著他們的商品。

But I can imagine, back then someone may have challenged universal curb cuts

但我可以想像，當時有人可 能已經挑戰普遍的路緣剪裁問題，

with something like,

像是:「為什麼要

"Why prioritize one community and cut all curbs?

優先考慮一個族群並削減所有路緣？

This is the way curbs have always been."

路緣一直都是這樣。」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Well, somebody, ...

好吧，有人，...

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

We know that when we create and design solutions

我們知道，當我們根據 最弱勢的人的需求

based on the needs of the most vulnerable,

創建和設計解決方案時，

everybody benefits.

每個人都會受益。

And so I believe that in this country,

所以我相信在這個國家，

if we can build a system that treats Black male teachers well,

如果我們能夠建立一個很好地對待 黑人男教師的系統，

then we're building a system that treats all teachers well.

那麼我們就是在建立一個良好 對待所有教師的系統。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Most of you have also heard of the African proverb

多數人也聽說過 那句非洲俗語

"it takes a village to raise a child."

「需要一個村莊才能養孩子」。

The saying speaks to the need for us as an entire community

這句話說明了我們 作為整個群體

to come together to support the successful,

需要聚集在一起， 支持孩子成功，

positive development of children.

正向的發展。

And when I look at how some of our children are doing today,

當我看到我們的孩子 現今遇到的一些狀況時，

I get a little mad at all the villages.

我對所有的村莊都有點生氣。

We're doing a terrible job as a unit with these children,

作為一個單位 我們為這些孩子們做得很糟糕

you know what I'm talking about.

你知道我在說什麼

But we can change that together

但是，如果我們將村莊擴展到

if we extend that village mentality of support

支持教師的心理狀態，

to our teachers,

我們可以一起改變

because they are the first line of defense in our campaign

因為這是我們 為學生成就運動的

for student success.

第一道防線。

The first line.

第一道。

And these patriots need more from us.

而這些愛國者需要我們更多的援助

So how much is too much to invest in teachers?

那麼在教師上投資 多少是太多呢？

Well in the richest nation in the history of the world,

在世界史上最富有的國家，

I know we can afford it together.

我知道我們一定能負擔得起，

Thank you.

謝謝你

(Applause and cheers)

（掌聲和歡呼）