Could a DAO Build the Next Great City? | Scott Fitsimones | TED

翻译人员: Yip Yan Yeung 校对人员: Yan Li Xiao

How do you start a new city?

你该如何建设一个新的城市？

Turns out it's not easy.

没那么简单。

You need to survey terrain,

你得勘测地形，

get permission from a state, buy land,

得到国家批准，购买土地，

convince people to move there.

说服人们搬到这里来。

And until Elon Musk gets us to Mars,

在埃隆·马斯克（Elon Musk） 把我们送上火星之前，

land is a finite resource.

土地都是有限的资源。

And the good spots are probably all taken.

好地段大概都是别人的了。

But what if we could start smaller, like really small?

假设我们从更小处， 非常小的一点开始的话，会怎么样呢？

And just post on Twitter.

在推特上发一条推文。

That's what I did,

我就是这么做的，

because it allowed me to find people all over the world

因为这样我就可以找到世界上

愿意帮我搞清楚这个问题的人们。

willing to help me figure it out.

My new internet friends and I started a group chat,

我和我的新网友们建了一个群，

pooled cryptocurrency,

众筹了加密货币，

researched locations,

研究了地点，

and three months later,

三个月之后，

we bought 40 acres of land

我们购买了 40 英亩的土地，

near Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming.

位于怀俄明州的 黄石国家公园附近。

Now we had a piece of land, a pool of money,

我们现在有了一块土地、一笔钱，

and a lot of decisions to make collectively.

和许多需要大家一起做的决定。

That’s why we decided to start a DAO,

这就是我成立 DAO 的原因，

or a decentralized autonomous organization, called CityDAO.

DAO 指的是去中心化自治组织 （Decentralized Autonomous Organization），

我成立的 DAO 叫做 CityDAO。

A DAO is an internet native, blockchain-governed,

DAO 是一种互联网原生、 区块链治理、

collectively owned organization working towards a shared mission.

集体拥有的组织， 朝着共同的目标努力。

Most DAOs pool cryptocurrency in a treasury

大多数的 DAO 会将加密货币 存在一个资金池里，

where members vote on how it's used.

并由会员决定如何使用资金。

In a traditional company,

在一家传统的公司里，

a CEO works with executives to set the direction, the budgets

CEO（首席执行官）和高层 一起决定方向、预算，

and hands priorities down the org chart to be implemented.

再把任务一层一层传递下去执行。

In a DAO, members act as peers,

在 DAO 里，会员之间平级，

contributing capital,

大家贡献资金，

proposing and working on projects

提出、执行项目，

and making decisions as a group.

集体做出决定。

Top-down management is replaced by blockchain-based rules

自上而下的管理模式 由记录于智能合约中的

encoded in smart contracts.

区块链规则替代。

For example, funding a project if a proposal passes.

举个例子，如果提案通过了， 我们就要资助一个项目。

If a traditional company succeeds,

如果一家传统公司成功了，

most of the wealth will accrue to a few founders,

大部分财富会归几位创始人、

some early employees

几位早期员工和

and investors who are generally already higher net-worth.

早就身价不菲的投资人所有。

A DAO is a sort of crypto co-op,

DAO 就像一种加密化 “合作社”，

giving a wider group of people the opportunity to own a piece,

让更多人有机会入股，

participate in management

参与管理，

and share in the potential upside.

在未来的获利中分一杯羹。

CityDAO grew out of my frustrations dealing with city bureaucracy and red tape

我在创立一家让城市 更有效利用空置停车场的

初创企业时，

while building a start-up

that helps cities better utilize their empty parking lots.

市政府的官僚作风让我万分崩溃， 这就成为了我成立 CityDAO 的动机。

It took us over three months

我们花了超过三个月

to get a permit just to sell parking in San Francisco.

才获准在旧金山出售停车位。

And it was an archaic bureaucratic nightmare.

这真是一个 顽固的官僚主义噩梦。

Things like putting a parking lot to higher and better use,

像让停车场更物有所值、 高效利用这样的事，

which my urbanist self really wants to do, like, you know, build a food truck park,

我作为一名城市规划师， 真的很想建一个餐车公园、

logistics hub, maybe even new housing,

物流中心，甚至可以是住房、

a farmer's market.

农贸市场。

These things are also really tedious, can take months, years,

这种事要花很长很长的时间， 可能是几个月、几年，

or even just be illegal due to zoning laws.

或者由于城市规划法 被划定为违规。

CityDAO was among the first DAOs brave enough to buy land.

CityDAO 是最先 敢于购置土地的 DAO 之一。

And speaking of bureaucracy, it took us over a month to do so

要说官僚主义， 在现有体制之下，

under the current system.

我们花了几个月才买成。

We had to find an agent, coordinate tours,

我们要找个中介，安排实地考察，

make offers, wait for counteroffers,

出价，等待还价，

put down a deposit,

付押金，

form an LLC, fill out paperwork.

成立公司，办手续。

At CityDAO, we imagine an on-chain city

我们把 CityDAO 畅想成一个链上城市，

where things like permitting, budgets,

像审批、预算、

laws, deeds and records,

法律、契约、记录，

they're all just transparent on a blockchain,

在区块链上都是透明公开的，

and smart contracts can speed up the transactions

智能合约可以加速交易，

and reduce bureaucracy.

减少官僚主义的阻挠。

Let me give you an example.

我来举个例子。

Things that used to take weeks,

以前要花几个星期的事情，

like buying or selling land

比如买卖土地，

or taking a loan out against your property,

贷款买房，

that could happen in seconds through a smart contract.

如果使用智能合约的话， 只需要几秒钟就能完成。

DAOs are financial flash mobs,

DAO 是金融界的快闪族，

often organizing seemingly overnight in pursuit of an idea.

人们经常会为了一个想法瞬间集结。

They usually start out as a few people who have a big vision

它们通常始于一群有宏伟目标的人，

but realize it will take a large collective effort to get it done.

但是他们发现必须要 借助众人的力量才能达到目标。

So they usually start the community in a group chat server,

他们一般会通过 群聊平台建立社群，

and the most common is called Discord.

最广泛使用的平台 叫做 Discord。

We use Discord for weekly community calls

我们每周会通过 Discord 进行社群会议，

where people can share ideas and debate proposals.

人们分享自己的想法， 并讨论提案。

In the server, channels are set up around teams and projects.

在这个平台上，人们会 根据团队和项目设置频道。

Instead of a formal boss,

不同于正式的老板，

each team has an elected facilitator who holds regular meetings.

每个团队会推选一名 引导者组织日常会议。

People can contribute to the DAO full-time, part-time,

人们可以全职， 也可以兼职参与 DAO 的活动，

but one of the most common ways is through bounties,

但是最常见的形式是赏金制，

where you hop in and out of the DAO,

你可以随时进出 DAO，

taking on small tasks and contributing where you can.

领取一些小任务， 能贡献多少就贡献多少。

Most DAOs raised some initial funding by selling a governance token

大多数的 DAO 会通过 出售治理代币募集启动资金，

that gives holders voting rights over DAO activities.

代币给予持币人 对 DAO 活动的投票权。

You can either buy these tokens on the open market

你可以在公开市场上 购买这些代币，

using a cryptocurrency like Ethereum,

使用以太坊之类的加密货币，

or you can earn them by contributing to the DAO.

或者通过为 DAO 做出贡献赚取代币。

For example, things like designing a logo, researching or writing some code.

举个例子，像设计标识、 做调研或者写代码这样的任务。

At CityDAO, we raised over six million dollars

CityDAO 通过发行 “Citizenship” （公民身份） 治理代币

from 5,000 people through our governance token called “Citizenship”.

从五千人手中 募集了超过 600 万美元，

Citizens get to vote in things like

公民有权参与投票，

where our next piece of land will be located.

比如决定我们的 下一块地买在哪里。

DAOs have been called group chats with a bank account.

DAO 被称为带有银行账户的群聊。

And I know what you're thinking.

我知道你在想什么。

"Scott, sharing a bank account with my significant other

“斯科特（Scott），和我对象

is already hard enough.

共享银行账户已经够难了。

Now you're telling me I have to share one with 5,000 people on the internet?"

你现在想让我 和五千个网友共享账户？”

Well, it's not that bad.

其实没那么离谱。

Blockchain helps fix this.

区块链可以解决。

So funds live in a public blockchain treasury

资金存在公开的区块链金库里，

where anyone can audit income and spending.

每个人都可以审核收入和支出。

And any time spending or money transfers are involved,

每当需要涉及支出或转账，

the DAO approves it through a proposal.

DAO 就会通过提案进行审批。

Typically written by a DAO member,

提案通常由一名 DAO 的成员撰写，

a proposal starts as an idea that gets debated

主要内容是一个有争议的想法，

and is put to a vote of the token holders.

然后由持币人投票决定。

For example,

举个例子，

one of the first proposals at CityDAO was, of course,

CityDAO 最早的 一个提案自然是

which piece of land to buy.

买哪片地。

The DAO debated must-haves, nice-to-haves,

DAO 讨论了哪些是必要的要求， 哪些是可以有的要求，

and DAO contributors combed through Wyoming land listings

随后 DAO 的成员梳理了 怀俄明州的土地目录，

and narrowed it down to the top three,

将范围缩小到前三名，

outlining the pros and cons of each

列出每块土地的优势劣势，

and presenting the final proposal to the DAO for a vote.

将最终提案 交给 DAO 投票决定。

We voted to acquire Parcel 0 near Cody, Wyoming.

我们投票决定购买怀俄明州科迪镇 附近的 Parcel 0 地块。

Chosen for being close to an airport,

决定因素包括距离机场很近，

having an on-site well for water access,

现场有一口井作为水资源，

and of course,

当然了，

the most important criterion of all,

最重要的因素，

being near Kanye West.

就是离坎耶·维斯特 （Kanye West）很近。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

OK, OK, that wasn't really in the criteria,

好吧好吧， 这不是一条评分标准，

but it just so happens

但是正好

our piece of land in Wyoming is not far from Kanye's own Cody ranch.

我们在怀俄明的这块地 离坎耶在科迪的牧场不远。

The next steps at CityDAO

CityDAO 的下一步

are things like voting on what gets built on the land

就是投票决定 在这块地上建什么，

and who gets to use it when.

并且谁在什么时候可以用它。

Some other proposals floating around

其他的提案

are things like buying a piece of land in the Amazon for conservation

包括在亚马逊雨林买一块保护地，

or building out a network of DAO-owned spaces

建立一个将 DAO 拥有的土地 互相联结的网络，

where citizens can visit at any time,

CityDAO 的公民 可以随时访问，

a decentralized city, perhaps.

也许打造一个去中心化的城市。

Today we're seeing DAOs do all kinds of really interesting things together.

我们现在可以看到， DAO 让我们 可以一起做各种各样有趣的事。

They're building products, they're investing in start-ups,

人们一起创造产品， 投资初创企业，

they're buying art and assets,

购买艺术品和资产，

they're funding research and raising money.

资助研究，募集资金。

Let's take a look at some examples.

我们来看几个例子。

ConstitutionDAO raised over 47 million dollars in seven days

ConstitutionDAO 在七天内 募集了超过 4700 万美金，

in attempt to buy an original US Constitution copy.

目的是购买一份美国宪法原件。

It usually takes longer than seven days just to set up a company

就算是开个公司、开个银行账户，

and open a bank account.

一般来说也不止七天。

Krause House is buying an NBA team and LinksDAO a golf course.

克劳斯·浩斯 （Krause House） 要买下一支 NBA 球队，

LinksDAO 要买 一个高尔夫球场。

DAO members will likely get to participate in key things,

DAO 的成员 可能会参与关键事务，

like who's coaching the team or where the golf course gets built.

比如球队教练、 高尔夫球场地点。

PleasrDAO collects art and digital assets like NFTs.

PleasrDAO 收集 NFT 这样的 艺术和数字藏品。

They recently purchased the only copy in existence

他们最近购买了世间仅此一份的

of an unreleased Wu-Tang Clan album,

Wu-Tang Clan（说唱团体） 未发行的专辑，

and DAO members are now the only people in the world

于是这个 DAO 的成员 现在是世界上

who can legally listen to it.

唯一能合法听这个专辑的人。

VectorDAO is a collective of designers

VectorDAO 是一群设计师

shaking up the agency model

试图颠覆传统的中介模式，

where DAO members get ownership in each project they work on.

DAO 的成员 拥有他们项目的所有权。

In DAOs like MetaCartel and Seed Club,

在像 MetaCartel 和 Seed Club 这样的 DAO 里，

members review submissions from promising start-ups and projects

成员们审阅有潜力的初创企业 和项目提交的材料，

and decide on which ones to fund.

决定投资哪一个。

VitaDAO is funding research,

VitaDAO 资助科研项目，

and more recently, UkraineDAO raised over six million dollars

就在最近，UkraineDAO 募集了超过 600 万美金，

to donate towards the Ukrainian defense effort.

资助乌克兰防务。

It’s still early for DAOs,

DAO 还在起步阶段，

and they certainly aren't for everything.

它也有做不到的事。

They require a level of consensus building

它需要建立一定程度的共识，

and might move slower than a company

也许比有老板拍板的公司

who has a boss who can just call the shots.

进展要慢。

After all, ConstitutionDAO was outbid at Sotheby's auction house

比如，ConstitutionDAO 在 苏富比拍卖行的出价就低于

by the CEO of Citadel.

对冲基金 Citadel 的 首席执行官。

And some say the transparency and decentralization

有人说透明度和去中心化

made it hard for the DAO to coordinate and win the auction.

让 DAO 很难协调并赢下拍卖。

And while traditional corporate structures are battle-tested,

对比传统的企业结构 经受过大风大浪的考验，

DAOs are a new type of entity

DAO 是一种 全新的组织形式，

that can find themselves in uncharted regulatory waters.

在 “法外之地” 沉浮。

To help solve some of these issues,

为了解决这些问题，

states like Wyoming are putting laws on the books that recognize DAOs.

怀俄明州等州把对 DAO 的认可 记录于法律中。

And we actually used one of these laws to buy our first piece of land at CityDAO,

我们在 CityDAO 购买第一块地的时候 就参考了这些法律之一，

that's why it's in Wyoming.

也就是为什么 我们会在怀俄明州购置土地。

Once we work out the kinks,

一旦我们把这些堵点疏通了，

DAOs have the potential to increase economic opportunity

DAO 就有潜力 增加经济上的机会，

and allow more people to share in the upsides of ownership.

让更多人享受所有权带来的福利。

Things like real estate, sports teams, fine art.

比如房产、运动团队、艺术。

These are things that would typically be owned

这些东西通常都由

by a single, high net-worth individual

仅仅一个富豪拥有，

that today DAOs are buying and democratizing.

而如今 DAO 可以购买这些东西 并将其普及化。

Imagine if the next social network or ride-hailing app were a DAO.

如果下一个社交网络 或者打车软件就是一个 DAO 呢？

And each time you posted valuable content or put in late-nights driving,

每当你发布了有价值的内容， 或者贡献了自己的夜晚驾车，

you got little pieces of ownership in that platform.

你都赚取了那个平台的一部分。

And since ownership means voting rights in DAOs,

在 DAO 里，所有权就 代表了投票权，

you can use your new voting power to propose changes to the platform

你可以用你的投票权 给平台提建议，

if you think that there's a fairer or better way to do things.

要求改成你觉得更公平 或者更好的方式。

Agriculture enabled us to live in cities.

农业让我们可以住在城市里。

The internet let us share information globally.

互联网让我们可以 跨越国境分享信息。

And today, DAOs let us work together,

如今，DAO 让我们 以一种更公平的方式合作、

trust each other

互信、

and coordinate in a fairer way

协调，

on larger-scale problems than ever before.

处理前所未有的大规模问题。

And maybe a DAO can even build the next great city.

或许，DAO 甚至可以 创建下一个大都市。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）