Could a DAO Build the Next Great City? | Scott Fitsimones | TED

79,594 views ・ 2022-07-28

TED


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang
00:04
How do you start a new city?
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要如何創建一個新城市?
00:08
Turns out it's not easy.
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結果發現,並不容易。
00:11
You need to survey terrain,
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你得調查地形,
00:13
get permission from a state, buy land,
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得到州政府同意,
買土地,說服大家搬過去住。
00:15
convince people to move there.
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00:18
And until Elon Musk gets us to Mars,
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在馬斯克把我們送上火星之前,
00:21
land is a finite resource.
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土地都是有限的資源。
00:23
And the good spots are probably all taken.
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且好的地點可能都早就有人了。
00:28
But what if we could start smaller, like really small?
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但如果我們能從小一點開始呢?
真的很小?
00:33
And just post on Twitter.
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且貼在推特上。
00:36
That's what I did,
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這就是我的做法,因為 這樣我就能找到全世界
00:37
because it allowed me to find people all over the world
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願意協助我想辦法的人。
00:40
willing to help me figure it out.
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00:42
My new internet friends and I started a group chat,
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我和我的網路新朋友 開了一個群組聊天室,
00:45
pooled cryptocurrency,
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用加密貨幣合資,
00:47
researched locations,
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研究地點,
00:48
and three months later,
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三個月後,
00:50
we bought 40 acres of land
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我們買了一塊四十英畝的地,
00:52
near Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming.
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在懷俄明州,接近 黃石國家公園的地方。
00:57
Now we had a piece of land, a pool of money,
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現在我們有了一塊地、
一些共同資金,
01:01
and a lot of decisions to make collectively.
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還有很多決策要一起做。
01:05
That’s why we decided to start a DAO,
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這就是為什麼我們 決定成立一個 DAO,
01:09
or a decentralized autonomous organization, called CityDAO.
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也就是分散式自治組織,
命名為「CityDAO」。
01:15
A DAO is an internet native, blockchain-governed,
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DAO 是網路原生的、
用區塊鏈來管理的、
01:19
collectively owned organization working towards a shared mission.
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所有權歸大家的組織,
目標是要完成一個共同使命。
01:25
Most DAOs pool cryptocurrency in a treasury
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大部分的 DAO 會把加密貨幣 共同資金放在一個金庫裡,
01:28
where members vote on how it's used.
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由成員投票決定如何運用。
01:32
In a traditional company,
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在傳統的公司裡,
01:34
a CEO works with executives to set the direction, the budgets
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執行長和主管合作,
決定方向、預算,
01:38
and hands priorities down the org chart to be implemented.
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並把優先處理事項根據 組織圖向下交付實施。
01:42
In a DAO, members act as peers,
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在 DAO 裡,
成員像是同儕,
01:46
contributing capital,
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貢獻資本,
01:47
proposing and working on projects
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提出計畫,投入計畫,
01:49
and making decisions as a group.
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整個團體一起做決策。
01:52
Top-down management is replaced by blockchain-based rules
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由上而下的管理被換成
以區塊鏈為基礎的規則,
01:57
encoded in smart contracts.
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寫在智能合約中。
01:59
For example, funding a project if a proposal passes.
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比如,如果提案通過, 就要提供資金。
02:06
If a traditional company succeeds,
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如果傳統公司成功了,
02:07
most of the wealth will accrue to a few founders,
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大部分的財富會分給 少數幾位創辦人、
02:11
some early employees
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一些元老級員工,
02:12
and investors who are generally already higher net-worth.
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和投資者,一般來說 他們的淨值本來就比較高了。
02:15
A DAO is a sort of crypto co-op,
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DAO 像是種加密的合作社,
02:18
giving a wider group of people the opportunity to own a piece,
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讓更廣泛的族群 能夠有機會分一杯羹、
02:22
participate in management
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參與管理,
02:24
and share in the potential upside.
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還能分享潛在的上漲空間。
02:28
CityDAO grew out of my frustrations dealing with city bureaucracy and red tape
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CityDAO 會誕生是因為我很挫折,
那時我為了成立新創公司, 得對付城市官僚政治和繁文褥節,
02:33
while building a start-up
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02:34
that helps cities better utilize their empty parking lots.
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這間公司旨在協助城市 把閒置的停車場運用得更好。
02:38
It took us over three months
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光是取得許可在舊金山 銷售停車位,就花了超過三個月。
02:40
to get a permit just to sell parking in San Francisco.
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02:42
And it was an archaic bureaucratic nightmare.
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那是場很過時的官僚惡夢。
02:46
Things like putting a parking lot to higher and better use,
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比如,把停車場拿來做 更好更有價值的用途,
02:49
which my urbanist self really wants to do, like, you know, build a food truck park,
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我心中最城市的一面 很想這麼做,比如,
建造餐車市集、物流中樞、 也許甚至新住房、農夫市集。
02:53
logistics hub, maybe even new housing,
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02:55
a farmer's market.
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02:56
These things are also really tedious, can take months, years,
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這些事也真的很冗長乏味,
可能要花數個月、數年, 甚至因為土地使用分區而不合法。
02:59
or even just be illegal due to zoning laws.
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03:03
CityDAO was among the first DAOs brave enough to buy land.
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CityDAO 是少數敢大膽 當先驅購買土地的 DAO 。
03:07
And speaking of bureaucracy, it took us over a month to do so
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說到繁文褥節,
在目前的體制下,這也花了 我們超過一個月的時間。
03:10
under the current system.
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03:12
We had to find an agent, coordinate tours,
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我們得找個仲介,協調參訪,
03:14
make offers, wait for counteroffers,
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報價,等還價,付訂金,
03:16
put down a deposit,
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03:17
form an LLC, fill out paperwork.
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成立有限責任公司,填寫文書資料。
03:19
At CityDAO, we imagine an on-chain city
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在 CityDAO,我們 想像的是一個鏈上城市,
03:23
where things like permitting, budgets,
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許可、預算、法律、 契據、記錄等東西,
03:25
laws, deeds and records,
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03:27
they're all just transparent on a blockchain,
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都在區塊鏈上,都是透明的,
03:29
and smart contracts can speed up the transactions
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智能合約能加速交易,
03:32
and reduce bureaucracy.
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減少繁文褥節。
03:34
Let me give you an example.
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讓我舉個例子。
03:35
Things that used to take weeks,
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以前要花數週的事情,
03:37
like buying or selling land
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比如土地買賣,
03:39
or taking a loan out against your property,
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或是用你的資產來貸款,
03:42
that could happen in seconds through a smart contract.
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靠智能合約,只要幾秒鐘就能完成。
03:49
DAOs are financial flash mobs,
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DAO 是金融上的快閃族,
03:53
often organizing seemingly overnight in pursuit of an idea.
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通常彷彿一夜就組織起來, 來追求一個理想。
03:57
They usually start out as a few people who have a big vision
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最初通常是少數幾個人有個大遠景,
04:00
but realize it will take a large collective effort to get it done.
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卻發現需要花非常大的 集體心力才能辦到。
04:06
So they usually start the community in a group chat server,
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他們通常會在群組聊天室 伺服器上建立社群,
04:09
and the most common is called Discord.
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最常用的是 Discord。
04:11
We use Discord for weekly community calls
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我們用 Discord 來做 每週的社群視訊通話,
04:13
where people can share ideas and debate proposals.
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大家可以分享點子, 並對提議進行辯論。
04:16
In the server, channels are set up around teams and projects.
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這個伺服器上,會根據 團隊及計畫來設立頻道。
04:20
Instead of a formal boss,
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沒有正式的老闆,
04:21
each team has an elected facilitator who holds regular meetings.
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每個團隊會選出一個主持人, 負責舉辦定期會議。
04:26
People can contribute to the DAO full-time, part-time,
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參與 DAO 盡一份力的 方式,有全職及兼職,
04:30
but one of the most common ways is through bounties,
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但最常見的是透過賞金,
04:32
where you hop in and out of the DAO,
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你可以跳進 DAO 去接小任務, 盡可能貢獻,做完就離開。
04:34
taking on small tasks and contributing where you can.
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04:39
Most DAOs raised some initial funding by selling a governance token
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大部分的 DAO 在初始募資時 都是靠販賣治理型代幣,
04:43
that gives holders voting rights over DAO activities.
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代幣持有者對於 DAO 的活動具有投票權。
04:46
You can either buy these tokens on the open market
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你可以在開放市場上購買這類代幣,
04:49
using a cryptocurrency like Ethereum,
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用以太幣等加密貨幣就可以買,
04:51
or you can earn them by contributing to the DAO.
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或者你可以對 DAO 做出貢獻來賺取代幣。
04:54
For example, things like designing a logo, researching or writing some code.
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比如:設計商標、 做研究,或寫一些程式。
05:00
At CityDAO, we raised over six million dollars
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CityDAO 募得了超過六百萬美金,
05:03
from 5,000 people through our governance token called “Citizenship”.
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是用我們的治理型代幣 「市民身分」向五千人募得。
05:07
Citizens get to vote in things like
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市民可以投票決定 下一塊地要買哪裡之類。
05:09
where our next piece of land will be located.
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05:11
DAOs have been called group chats with a bank account.
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有人稱 DAO 是 「有銀行帳戶的群組聊天室」。
05:16
And I know what you're thinking.
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我知道你在想什麼。
05:18
"Scott, sharing a bank account with my significant other
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「史考特,和我的伴侶共享 銀行帳戶已經夠難了。
05:21
is already hard enough.
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05:22
Now you're telling me I have to share one with 5,000 people on the internet?"
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現在你還要我和五千人 在線上共享一個帳戶?」
05:27
Well, it's not that bad.
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嗯,沒那麼糟。
05:29
Blockchain helps fix this.
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區塊鏈能協助處理。
05:31
So funds live in a public blockchain treasury
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所以,
資金會放在公共的區塊鏈金庫裡,
05:35
where anyone can audit income and spending.
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人人都能稽核收入和花費。
05:37
And any time spending or money transfers are involved,
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每次要花錢或者轉帳時,
05:40
the DAO approves it through a proposal.
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DAO 會透過提議來核准。
05:44
Typically written by a DAO member,
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通常由 DAO 成員 將最初的想法撰寫成提案,
05:46
a proposal starts as an idea that gets debated
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大家辯論後,
05:49
and is put to a vote of the token holders.
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交由持有代幣的人來投票表決。
05:52
For example,
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比如,
05:53
one of the first proposals at CityDAO was, of course,
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當然,CityDAO 最初的提議之一就是
05:56
which piece of land to buy.
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要買哪一塊地。
05:59
The DAO debated must-haves, nice-to-haves,
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CityDAO 辯論了 需要什麼、能有什麼會很好,
06:03
and DAO contributors combed through Wyoming land listings
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DAO 貢獻者則徹底搜查了 懷俄明的賣地清單,
06:07
and narrowed it down to the top three,
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把清單縮減到前三名,
06:09
outlining the pros and cons of each
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整理出每塊地的優缺點,
06:11
and presenting the final proposal to the DAO for a vote.
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把最終提議提交給 DAO 投票。
06:17
We voted to acquire Parcel 0 near Cody, Wyoming.
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我們投票選出第零號地,
接近懷俄明的科迪。
06:22
Chosen for being close to an airport,
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選上它是因為臨近機場、
06:25
having an on-site well for water access,
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就地就有水井可以取水,
06:28
and of course,
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當然,還有,
06:29
the most important criterion of all,
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所有條件中最重要的,
06:32
being near Kanye West.
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可以很接近肯伊‧威斯特。
06:34
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
06:35
OK, OK, that wasn't really in the criteria,
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好啦,那其實不是條件之一,
06:37
but it just so happens
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只是剛好
06:39
our piece of land in Wyoming is not far from Kanye's own Cody ranch.
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我們在懷俄明的一塊地 離肯伊‧威斯特的科迪牧場不遠。
06:46
The next steps at CityDAO
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CityDAO 的下一步
06:47
are things like voting on what gets built on the land
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包括投票決定土地上要建造什麼、
06:50
and who gets to use it when.
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誰可以用、何時可以用。
06:52
Some other proposals floating around
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其他蠻熱門的提議還有
06:55
are things like buying a piece of land in the Amazon for conservation
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比如在亞馬遜買一塊地,
做保育,
06:59
or building out a network of DAO-owned spaces
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或者為 DAO 擁有的 空間建造一個網路,
07:03
where citizens can visit at any time,
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市民任何時候都可以造訪,
07:05
a decentralized city, perhaps.
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也許是個分散式的城市。
07:11
Today we're seeing DAOs do all kinds of really interesting things together.
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現今,我們可以看到 DAO 一起做各種有趣的事。
07:15
They're building products, they're investing in start-ups,
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它們會創造產品、投資 新創公司、購買藝術和資產、
07:18
they're buying art and assets,
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資助研究,和募款。
07:20
they're funding research and raising money.
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07:22
Let's take a look at some examples.
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咱們來看一些例子。
07:25
ConstitutionDAO raised over 47 million dollars in seven days
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ConstitutionDAO 募得了 超過四千七百萬美金,
只花了七天,
07:30
in attempt to buy an original US Constitution copy.
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試圖購買原版的美國憲法。
07:34
It usually takes longer than seven days just to set up a company
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通常都要花至少七天
才能設立一間公司 並開一個銀行帳戶。
07:38
and open a bank account.
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07:40
Krause House is buying an NBA team and LinksDAO a golf course.
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Krause House 要買 一支 NBA 球隊,
LinksDAO 要買一個高爾夫球場。
07:44
DAO members will likely get to participate in key things,
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DAO 成員很可能會 參與重大決策,比如,
07:47
like who's coaching the team or where the golf course gets built.
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誰來當球隊教頭, 或高爾夫球場要建在哪裡。
07:51
PleasrDAO collects art and digital assets like NFTs.
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PleasrDAO 則在收集 藝術和數位資產,如 NFT。
07:56
They recently purchased the only copy in existence
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他們最近買到了世界上唯一一張
07:59
of an unreleased Wu-Tang Clan album,
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未出版的武當幫專輯,
08:02
and DAO members are now the only people in the world
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現在全世界只有這個 DAO 的成員
08:04
who can legally listen to it.
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可以合法聽這張專輯。
08:07
VectorDAO is a collective of designers
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VectorDAO 是由設計師組成,
08:10
shaking up the agency model
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改變了設計工作室的模型,
08:12
where DAO members get ownership in each project they work on.
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DAO 成員可以擁有 他們接手進行的專案計畫。
08:19
In DAOs like MetaCartel and Seed Club,
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像 MetaCartel 及 Seed Club 這些 DAO
08:22
members review submissions from promising start-ups and projects
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成員要審核很有前景的新創公司 提交的資料及專案計畫,
08:26
and decide on which ones to fund.
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決定要資助哪些。
08:28
VitaDAO is funding research,
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VitaDAO 資助研究,
08:31
and more recently, UkraineDAO raised over six million dollars
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更近期則有 UkraineDAO 募得了超過六百萬美金,
08:34
to donate towards the Ukrainian defense effort.
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捐贈做烏克蘭國防用途。
08:40
It’s still early for DAOs,
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現在還是 DAO 的初期,
08:42
and they certainly aren't for everything.
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且它們並非無所不能。
08:45
They require a level of consensus building
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它們需要某種程度的共識建立,
08:47
and might move slower than a company
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且在動作上可能會比 由老闆決定一切的公司更慢些。
08:49
who has a boss who can just call the shots.
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08:52
After all, ConstitutionDAO was outbid at Sotheby's auction house
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畢竟,在蘇富比拍賣上, ConstitutionDAO 的出價
被城堡公司的執行長超過。
08:56
by the CEO of Citadel.
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08:58
And some say the transparency and decentralization
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有些人說,透明度和分散式架構
09:01
made it hard for the DAO to coordinate and win the auction.
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讓該 DAO 很難協調好 在那次拍賣上獲勝。
09:07
And while traditional corporate structures are battle-tested,
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傳統的公司架構是經過實戰考驗的,
09:10
DAOs are a new type of entity
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而 DAO 則是新型的實體,
09:12
that can find themselves in uncharted regulatory waters.
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在管理上,有可能會 落入到未知的海域。
09:16
To help solve some of these issues,
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為了協助解決這類議題,
09:18
states like Wyoming are putting laws on the books that recognize DAOs.
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懷俄明等州都有新增 承認 DAO 的法規。
09:23
And we actually used one of these laws to buy our first piece of land at CityDAO,
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而我們就利用了其中一條法規
來購買 CityDAO 的第一塊地,
09:27
that's why it's in Wyoming.
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那就是為什麼它位在懷俄明。
09:31
Once we work out the kinks,
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我們把這些結都解開之後,
09:33
DAOs have the potential to increase economic opportunity
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DAO 就有潛力
增加經濟機會,
09:37
and allow more people to share in the upsides of ownership.
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讓更多人以有利的方式分享所有權,
09:42
Things like real estate, sports teams, fine art.
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比如房地產、運動隊伍、藝術這些東西
09:45
These are things that would typically be owned
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通常是由單一個淨值很高的人擁有,
09:48
by a single, high net-worth individual
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09:50
that today DAOs are buying and democratizing.
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現今 DAO 在購買這些東西, 並將它們大眾化。
09:55
Imagine if the next social network or ride-hailing app were a DAO.
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想像如果下一個社群網路 或隨叫隨停的 APP 是 DAO。
10:01
And each time you posted valuable content or put in late-nights driving,
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每當你張貼出有價值的內容 或提供夜間駕駛服務,
10:04
you got little pieces of ownership in that platform.
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你就能分到那平台的 一小部分所有權。
10:08
And since ownership means voting rights in DAOs,
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在 DAO 裡,所有權意味投票權,
10:11
you can use your new voting power to propose changes to the platform
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所以你就能用你的新投票權力
提議改善該平台,
10:15
if you think that there's a fairer or better way to do things.
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提出你覺得更公平或更好的做法。
10:19
Agriculture enabled us to live in cities.
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農業讓我們能夠居住在城市中。
10:23
The internet let us share information globally.
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網際網路讓我們能與全球分享資訊。
10:27
And today, DAOs let us work together,
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現今,
DAO 讓我們能協同合作,
10:31
trust each other
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信任彼此,
10:32
and coordinate in a fairer way
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並用比較公平的方式協調,
10:34
on larger-scale problems than ever before.
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處理比以前規模更大的問題。
10:38
And maybe a DAO can even build the next great city.
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也許 DAO 也能建造出 下一個偉大的城市。
10:43
Thank you.
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謝謝。
10:44
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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