The Real Gold of Our Economy Is in Our Hands | Salvatore Cali | TED

翻译人员: Xiaolu Wang 校对人员: suya f.

Recently, I renewed my daughter's passport.

最近，我去帮女儿续签护照。

I had to go to the police office three times.

我不得不去警察局三次。

Wait for hours in long queues.

排长队等候几个小时。

Pay cash to the post office

向邮局支付现金

and fill out tons of forms of repetitive data.

填写大量的重复信息。

And why?

为什么这么麻烦？

Why did I waste so many hours of my life,

为什么要浪费这么多时间？

when just a few years ago, I went to renew my own passport,

就在几年前， 我去续签自己的护照，

but since I need it immediately for business reasons,

但由于商业原因我需要立即获得护照，

they proposed me the magic solution,

他们向我提出了神奇的解决方案，

the fast track.

即快速通道。

Once I demonstrated urgency and paid the extra,

当我表示我急需拿到护照 并支付额外费用后，

miracle, I got my passport in five minutes.

奇迹般地，我在五分钟内拿到了护照。

Whenever I see a fast track,

每当我看到快速通道时，

I know there is a slow process,

我就知道这整个过程会非常缓慢，

and the slow process often means a lot of wasted time.

而缓慢的过程 通常意味着浪费大量时间。

But what is the impact of all this waste?

那么所有这些浪费会产生什么影响？

With simple calculations,

通过简单的计算，

if every single person would waste one of their 200 working days

如果每个人，在每五年里 的200个工作日里

to renew their passport every five years,

都花费一天去办理护照续签，

that's 0.1 percent of GDP.

那相当于国内生产总值的0.1％。

In a country like Italy, this is 2 billion euros of missed GDP,

在像意大利这样的国家，这相当于 20亿欧元的国内生产总值亏损，

and that’s only for passports.

而这只是人们在护照上花费的时间。

Now imagine the impact of the waste

现在想象一下人们浪费在

from ID and license requests, work permits, tax declarations.

身份证、执照申请、 工作许可和纳税申报上的时间。

That's several points of GDP.

那会是国内生产总值的好几个百分点。

Solving this problem of waste

如果能够解决这个时间的浪费，

would have a greater impact [than] what lawmakers achieve

产生的影响将远远大于

through a typical financial act.

立法者通过一项传统金融举措的影响。

For the last 25 years,

在过去的25年中，

I've analyzed how companies create value for their customers,

我分析了公司如何为客户创造价值，

and my research shows that, on average,

而我的研究表明，平均而言，

only five percent of labor really creates value.

只有5％的劳动力 真正创造了价值。

Five percent.

百分之五。

Can you imagine? Most of our time is wasted.

你能想象吗？

我们的大部分时间都被浪费了。

Five minutes to issue a passport is enough.

五分钟签发护照就足够了。

Companies must analyze their value streams --

公司必须分析其价值流，

which is the sequence of activity to create value for their customers --

也就是为客户创造价值的活动顺序，

and dig inside of each tiny activity,

并深入研究每项微小活动，

questioning its purpose.

质疑其目的。

Which activity really matters and what is just a legacy?

哪些是真正重要的， 哪些只是不加思考地照做？

Are you wasting your labor by overcontrolling,

你的过度控制、

executing redundant tasks or fixing issues?

执行冗余任务 或解决问题是否浪费劳动力？

By rethinking the true purpose of each task,

通过重新思考每项任务的真正目的，

you will discover what is waste

你会发现什么是应该放弃的，

and what is the real gold of your company,

什么是企业的真正金矿，

the creation of value.

能够创造价值的东西。

Here is an example.

举个例子，

What is the difference between a bunch of ears of corn,

一束玉米穗子、

200 grams of flour and a pizza?

200克面粉和披萨之间有什么区别？

Organically, not much,

从有机组成方面来说，差别不大，

but they have different value.

但它们具有不同的价值。

Labor and know-how can transform 20 cents of corn

劳动力和专业知识 可以将20美分的玉米

into two euros of flour

转化成两欧元的面粉，

and then into a 20-euro pizza.

最终转化成20欧元的披萨。

We act like the economy is this big, complicated thing.

我们一直把经济看作 是宏大的、复杂的东西，

But income, dividends,

但是，收入、股息，

the stock of the private equity who owns the pizzeria,

披萨店的私募股权股票、

their futures, forwards, swaps, long and short options,

期货、远期、 掉期合约、做多、做空、

their cost of capital,

资本成本，

even the interest rate of the central banks,

甚至中央银行的利率，

they are all derivatives of the real gold,

它们都是真正金矿的衍生品，

which is the human labor which transformed cheaper corn

而这金矿就是将廉价玉米

into expensive pizza.

转化为具有更高价值披萨的人力劳动。

Without that human labor, none of it exists.

没有这种人类的劳动， 所有这一切都不存在。

And when you add up all the value created by the people in a country,

当你把一个国家人民 创造的所有价值加起来时，

that's the GDP.

这就是国内生产总值。

Unproductive labor has no real impact on GDP.

非生产性劳动对国内 生产总值没有实际影响。

So here is the exciting part.

现在，这是令人兴奋的部分。

If five percent of the labor generates today the entire GDP,

如果今天百分之五的劳动力 创造了整个国内生产总值，

imagine if we could increase it just to 10 percent.

想象一下我们能否将其仅提高到10％。

10 percent of your workday is what?

你工作日的 10% 是多少？

Forty-five minutes?

四十五分钟？

With these 45 minutes we could double the GDP.

工作这45分钟，我们可以将 国内生产总值翻一番。

The challenge is first to discover this real gold

困难的点在于要先发现真正的金矿，

because it is hidden in an ocean of wasted labor.

因为大多数都是在浪费劳动力。

Where do we look first?

我们从哪里找起呢？

Well, one of the best places to find waste is in company's processes,

一个浪费劳动力的最佳方式 就是公司的流程，

because they usually reflect your company's past

因为它们通常更能反映 公司的过去，

more than its present or future.

而不是现在或未来。

These legacies are massive waste generators.

这些按班照做的流程 能浪费大量的劳动力。

[An] accountant matching purchase orders with the invoices

[一个] 会计师将 采购订单与发票进行匹配

is a legacy of offline transactions.

是线下交易留下的早该废除的东西。

Submitting your time sheet online

在线提交考勤表

is a legacy of punching into work with a physical stamp.

是实体打卡机所留下的。

My bank keeps sending me account balances as a PDF,

我的银行一直以PDF格式 向我发送账户余额，

so not only I waste my time by logging in, downloading, opening the PDF,

因此我不仅在登录、 下载、打开PDF上浪费时间，

but searching a specific transaction

而且搜索特定的交易

is as difficult as it was 40 years ago, on paper.

也像40年前在纸面形式 的记录中寻找一样困难。

Instead of carrying these legacies into the future,

我们不应该将这些早该 废除的旧习带到未来，

we should take a step back.

而应该退后一步。

When a company analyzes each and every activity of their value streams,

当企业分析其价值流 的每一项活动时，

they should ask,

应该问自己：

"Why am I doing this?

“我为什么要这样做？

Is it still necessary?

这还有必要吗？

Can I use today's technology to make it more efficiently?"

我能否使用当今的技术 来提高效率？”

Another consequence of this legacy

这种旧习的另一个后果就是

is that we spend a large portion of our life

我们一生中的大部分时间

filling out the same useless data over and over again.

都在反反复复地填写同样的无用信息。

To buy a plane ticket online,

要在线购买机票，

some airline companies require name, family name,

一些航空公司需要 名字、姓氏、

date of birth, ID number, expiration date,

出生日期、身份证号码、 身份证到期日期、

country, gender,

国籍、性别、

with the distinction “Miss” and “Mrs.”

区分 “小姐” 还是 “夫人”

For what?

这些都有什么用？

So someone with my same name cannot use my ticket?

所以和我同名的人 不能用我的票？

So my wife can't give her boarding pass

所以我妻子不能把她的登机牌

to another lady with her same name,

交给另一位同名、

born on her same date, but still unmarried,

在同一天出生 但仍未结婚的女士，

so “Miss” and not “Mrs.“?

那所以应该是“小姐” ， 而不是 “太太”？

And today you shouldn't need the gender in the passport or a ticket.

而且，现在应该不再需要护照 或者一张票上显示的性别。

This is a legacy of a time

这是旧时代留下的旧习，

where men and women didn't have the same rights.

那时男人和女人还不拥有相同的权利。

So take a closer look at the data you collect.

因此，请仔细 看看您收集的信息。

For each piece of information, consider

对于每条信息，请想一想

is it really necessary?

是否真的有必要？

And do we already have it?

我们是否已经拥有了这些信息？

I remember one company's database showing

我记得一家公司的数据库显示

that 30 percent of their customers were Afghan accountants.

他们的客户中有 30％是阿富汗会计师。

What are the odds of that?

发生这种情况的几率是多少？

Why so many accountants from Afghanistan?

为什么有这么多来自阿富汗的会计师？

Obviously the first job listed alphabetically in the drop-down menu

显然，下拉菜单中 按字母顺序列出的第一份工作

was accountant

是会计师，

and the first country was Afghanistan.

第一个国家是阿富汗。

But what this tells me is that the company didn't need this information,

但这告诉我，这家公司 不需要这些信息，

and the customer didn't want to spend the time filling it.

客户也不想花时间 填写这些信息。

Another likely source of waste is overcontrollership.

另一个可能的浪费时间 的点是控制过度。

I worked with a company whose procurement process

我曾经工作的一家公司里，它的采购流程

required 23 control checkpoints.

需要23个确认点。

Now, how many of these 23 people were looking closely, do you think?

现在，你觉得这23个人 中有多少人在仔细检查？

And is it more likely that none of them were paying careful attention,

而且，相比起假设有22个人没在注意， 只有1个人在认真检查，

assuming that at least one of the other 22 were?

他们之中没有人在认真 检查的可能性是否会更大？

Too often overcontrollership kills controllership

过度控制往往会扼杀控制权，

because it kills accountability.

因为它扼杀了问责制。

I was listening to a legal department complain

我之前听到一个法律部门抱怨，

that in addition to checking every contractor for compliance,

除了检查每个承包商的合规性外，

they were fixing grammar and spelling

他们还在修改语法和拼写，

because people drafting the contract knew that the lawyer would fix it.

因为起草合同的人 知道律师会修改这些。

But come on, a lawyer to check spelling?

但是说真的，找个律师来检查拼写吗？

That's expensive, isn't it?

有点贵，不是吗？

Instead, we should ask ourselves,

相反，我们应该问问自己，

is that control check really necessary?

这种控制检查真的必要吗？

The answer is quite simple, just math.

答案很简单，只是数学。

Does it cost more to do the check or to fix the mistake if it occurs?

如果出现错误，进行检查 或改正错误会产生更多成本吗？

This gets tricky with very low probability,

事情变得棘手的概率非常小，

very high cost of failure event.

但是如果失败，代价非常高

People tend to overmitigate.

人们往往不重视这种情况。

And in many cases this creates even more problems.

在许多情况下， 这会带来更多问题。

In the UK, all commercial fire alarm systems must be tested weekly,

在英国，所有商用火灾报警 系统必须每周进行一次测试，

and you often see inside the building signs like,

而且你经常能在建筑物内看到诸如

“Fire test every Tuesday at 3pm.”

“每周二下午3点进行 消防测试” 之类的标志。

Now, if you were a criminal,

现在，如果你是罪犯，

at what time and which day would you commit your crime

你会在哪一天的什么时候实施犯罪，

without worrying too much about alarms?

而那个时候你不用担心警报会响？

Overmitigation creates also a lot of waste.

过度缓解也会 造成大量时间的浪费。

First, because of false positives,

首先，会有误报的可能，

like a credit check continuously blocking orders

例如在没有支付风险时，

with no real risk on payment.

信用卡持续地拦截订单。

Second, because of pure overprocessing.

其次，由于纯粹的过度处理。

My cinema app requires I change my password every three months.

我的电影票购买APP要求我 每三个月更改一次密码。

Six to eight letters, uppercase, lowercase,

要有六到八个字母， 大写，小写，

special signs, numbers.

特殊符号，数字。

Whenever I need to use it,

每当我需要使用，

I spend ten minutes to log in.

都要花十分钟登录。

But this is to avoid what?

但这是为了避免什么？

That a hacker goes to the cinema [in] my place?

哪个黑客 【在我家】用我的应用？

If they go, I hope they enjoy the movie,

如果他们用了，我希望 他们喜欢看的电影，

because the real risk to the cinema company

因为电影公司面临 的真正风险

is that I buy fewer tickets.

是我不再会买那么多电影票了。

Logging in was so inconvenient that I stopped using the app.

登录非常不方便， 以至于我都不用这个APP了。

Companies should not sacrifice their customer journey

公司不应为了缓解过度估计的风险

for the sake of over-risk mitigation.

而牺牲其客户体验。

And by the way, making something difficult for your customers,

而且，这给你的客户带来了不便，

it does not mean it'll be difficult for a professional hacker.

但这并不意味着会给专业黑客带来不便。

More likely, it'll mean less sales and less value created.

更有可能的是，

这将意味着更少的销售额， 能创造的价值也更少。

Altogether, these small changes to your company's processes

总而言之，公司流程的这些微小变化

can have a profound effect.

可能会产生深远的影响。

Entrepreneurs and managers

企业家和经理人

should refocus their priority into the real gold.

应该将优先事项重新 集中在真正重要的事情上。

Attract talent.

吸引人才。

Help them grow, channel their energy

帮助他们成长，将他们的能量

into the real value creation.

引导到真正的价值创造中。

But there is another reason, arguably more important.

但还有另一个原因， 可以说更重要。

A world with less waste and more time dedicated to true value creation

一个浪费更少时间而花费更多时间 用于真正价值创造的世界

is a more sustainable world,

是一个更可持续的世界，

where people can enjoy their work more.

人们可以更享受工作的乐趣。

Free from time-wasting frustration and distraction,

摆脱浪费时间的 挫败感和干扰，

they would have more time with their family and friends.

他们可以有更多时间 陪伴家人和朋友。

They would enjoy more art, more entertainment.

他们会享受更多的艺术， 更多的娱乐。

The real gold of our economy is in your hands.

我们经济的真正金矿掌握 在你手中。

Please, for a better world, strive to create more value.

请为了一个更美好的世界， 努力创造更多价值。

Thank you.

谢谢。