5 Values for Repairing the Harms of Colonialism | Jing Corpuz | TED

翻译人员: Lexi Yue 校对人员: Laixi Kang

(Speaking in Kankana-ey)

（坎卡奈语）

And I wish I can continue in my language so that I can make no mistakes.

要是能一直用母语讲就好了， 那样就我不会出错了。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I greet you in the language of my Indigenous Kankana-ey Igorot ancestors.

这是我的祖先坎卡奈伊戈洛特人的语言， 意思是欢迎大家。

And I acknowledge that I am in the homelands of the Lenape people.

我现在站在莱纳佩人的故土上。

I am Jing,

我叫静，

and I come from the central mountain range

我来自菲律宾北部的中央山脉。

of the northern part of the Philippines.

If you've heard of the Banaue Rice Terraces,

也许你听说过巴拿威梯田，

which is one of the wonders of the modern world,

它是现代社会的一大奇观，

that is the region where I am from.

那里就是我的故乡。

My ancestors built these terraces by hand,

我的祖先们历经几百年，

as a community, through the centuries.

共同徒手修建了这些梯田。

It is their intimate knowledge of nature and of the way that the river flows,

他们深知自然与河流之道，

the waters flow and the waters are stored,

了解水的流动与储存，

that enables these terraces to be irrigated

因此找到了灌溉梯田的办法，

without the help of machines.

而完全无需机器的帮助。

The art and science of building and irrigating these terraces is magical.

修建和灌溉梯田的艺术与科学是个奇迹。

They have been sustainably and beautifully irrigated for centuries.

梯田灌溉已经神奇地持续了几个世纪。

Now, my people are also known as one of the unconquered

我的族人在菲律宾的中央山脉

and uncolonized tribes of the Cordillera Mountains.

是出了名的不可征服、不惧殖民的部落。

We successfully resisted more than 300 years of Spanish colonization

我们成功反抗了 西班牙 300 多年的殖民，

because the mountains that we nurtured and cared for protected us in return.

因为我们养护的山脉反过来保护了我们。

Now, to be sure,

确实，

the Spanish attempted. They heard about our gold.

西班牙人听说我们这有黄金， 也不是没尝试过。

So they sent many expeditions into the mountains to mine our gold

所以派了许多考察队到山里挖金子，

and to tax us.

向我们征税。

But the historical records show,

但是历史记载显示，

I kid you not,

没跟大家开玩笑，

members of the expedition were sent back inevitably

考察队的人都被送回去了，

and sometimes without their heads.

有些还没带走他们的脑袋。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

That's right.

是的。

We are --

我们就是，

We were a headhunting people.

或者说我们以前是猎人头的民族。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And the name of my mother’s hometown, Besao, comes from the word “buso,”

我母亲的家乡贝绍（Besao）， 其名字来自于 “buso” 这个词，

which means headhunter.

意为猎头人。

And this is why I'm always joking around with my colleagues,

所以我经常和同事开玩笑说：

“I am a recovering headhunter.”

“我在克服砍人头的毛病。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

When we drove the Spanish out of the Philippines in the late 1800s,

19 世纪晚期， 我们把西班牙人赶出了菲律宾。

they were unfortunately replaced by a more creative colonizer:

但很不幸，又来了个更有创意的殖民者：

the Americans.

美国人。

And the pressure on our homelands increased exponentially.

我们家乡的压力剧增。

They wanted to mine our gold,

他们想开采我们的黄金，

to dam our rivers and to log our forests that we had cared for

在河上筑坝，砍伐我们珍爱的森林，

at the risk of our own lives.

威胁着我们的性命。

When they wanted to dam the Chico River,

奇科河是我们所居山地的命脉，

which is the lifeblood of the mountains where I'm from,

他们想在这条河上筑坝时

they were met with fierce resistance and protests from the people.

遭到了激烈的抵抗和抗议。

Our burial grounds, sacred places and amazing terraces

我们的墓地、圣地和壮观的梯田

would have been drowned and lost forever.

本来可能会被淹没，永远消失。

And this was simply a spiritual and cultural price

这种精神和文化代价

that my people were not willing to pay.

是我的族人不愿付出的。

This project was funded by the World Bank.

这个项目是由世界银行资助的。

And because of the fierce resistance of Indigenous peoples,

由于土著人的激烈抵抗，

they were forced to back off in the 1980s

殖民者在 20 世纪 80 年代被赶走了，

and to put in place an Indigenous people safeguard policy

并设置了一个原住民保障计划

to make sure that development aggression doesn't happen again

确保发展侵略不再未经许可地发生在 土著人的居住地。

in Indigenous territories without consent.

OK, so that's a new word and a big word.

这就讲到了一个专业词汇， 也许大家没听过。

(Applause)

（鼓掌声）

Don’t worry, I’ll explain it. (Laughs)

别担心，我会解释的。（笑声）

So what is development aggression?

那么发展侵略是什么呢？

Well, development --

发展，

development is ... physical or economic infrastructure

发展是在一个社会中 建设实体或经济基础设施

that's put in place in a community to help them thrive

从而帮助它繁荣起来并实现其目标。

and reach their goals.

Like, for example,

比如说，

if there is not enough affordable housing in a community

如果一个社会里的很多人买不起房，

or inadequate access to culturally appropriate education,

或没有适合当地文化的教育资源，

development would build affordable houses

那发展就是要建设价格合理的住房，

and enable access to culturally appropriate education.

为人们提供适合当地文化的教育资源。

Simple.

很简单。

But development aggression is the opposite.

但是发展侵略则相反。

It is development that exploits the resources of the community

这种发展会压榨社会的资源，

and not for the purpose of helping the community,

其目的不是帮助这个社会，

but for the developer's gain.

而是为了掠夺者的利益。

It is a manifestation of colonialism,

这是殖民主义的一种表现，

and it is a very colonial worldview

反映了殖民者的世界观，

and comes from top-down decision making.

是一种自上而下的决策方式。

As Indigenous peoples, we perceive it as projects imposed

作为土著人， 发展侵略是强加给我们的社会的，

without the consent of the community

没有取得我们的同意，

and in a manner that violates our rights.

而且侵害了我们的权利。

It falls within the paradigm of overproduction,

这也属于过度生产、

overconsumption and accumulation of wealth by individuals,

过度消费和私人财富积累的范式，

which has proven to be not helpful at all for humanity and for the planet.

事实证明这会危害人类和地球。

(Applause)

（鼓掌声）

Sometimes I wonder and I really think about,

有时我真的会思考一个问题，

you know, why did my ancestors,

为什么我的祖先、

why did my forebears resist the dam so strongly,

我的前辈们如此强烈地反对建水坝，

usually at the cost of their own lives?

甚至不惜献出生命？

You know, the mountains are vast

大家知道，山脉很广阔，

and we could have moved away from the inundated areas.

我们本可以搬到不被淹没的地方。

We could have gone to a different place

我们本可以搬到另一个地方，

that was not poisoned by the mines

没被金矿破坏的地方，

or that was not denuded by the logging.

没被伐木破坏的地方，

But my people explain that the struggle against the dams,

但是我的族人解释说，阻止建坝，

the mining and the logging

阻止开矿和伐木，

is a struggle for our identity and for our cultural survival.

是为了我们的身份 和文化存亡进行的抗争。

It is a struggle to make sure that we have healthy territories

是为了确保我们有健康的土地

to pass on to the future generations.

传承给子孙后代。

And this is what I have discovered

通过旅行，以及和各地的土著人交流， 我发现了这一点。

through all my travels and interactions with other Indigenous peoples.

This is common among Indigenous peoples worldwide.

全世界的土著人都是这样想的。

The notion that we hold our lands, our waters,

我们保护我们的土地、水源、

our territories and our resources

领土和资源，

not just for ourselves but for the future generations.

不仅是为了我们自己， 而是为了子孙后代。

Macli-ing Dulag, who is a pangat, or a peace pact holder,

马克林·杜拉格（Macli-ing Dulag） 是一位领袖，和平守护者，

he famously said to the government bureaucrats

他曾对来到我们的领土上游说建坝的

who came through the territory to push the dam,

政府官僚说过这段著名的话：

"You asked us if we own the land

“你们问我们是否拥有土地，

and mock us by asking, 'Where is your title?'

嘲笑我们说：‘你们的地契呢？’

When we asked the meaning of your words,

我们问你们是什么意思，

you taunt us by saying,

你们就奚落我们说：

'Where are the documents to prove your ownership?

’证明你们所有权的文件在哪呢？

Titles, documents, proof of ownership.′

地契、文件、所有权证明。’

Such arrogance to think that you can own the land

你们如此傲慢， 认为自己可以拥有土地，

when we are instead owned by it.

相反，我们是被土地拥有的。

How can you own something that will outlive you?

你如何拥有一个生命比你漫长的东西？

Only the people own the land

只有土地上的人民百姓才能拥有土地

because it's the people that live forever."

因为他们在土地上永续繁衍。”

As Indigenous peoples,

作为土著人，

we own our past, our present and our future.

我们拥有我们的过去、现在和未来。

Private development for the gain of the few

私人开发为少数人牟利

and to the detriment of the community,

却破坏了社会，

flies against the face of the reality

它无视事实，

of the generational existence of Indigenous peoples.

土著人世代都生存于此的事实。

So development aggression is actually an extension

发展侵略是资本主义的延伸，

of a version of capitalism that pushes overconsumption,

这种资本主义推行过度消费，

overproduction

过度生产，

and has no regard for the future generations.

无视子孙后代。

It’s always “more is better,”

发展侵略永远认为多多益善。

“extract as much value and labor as you can

尽可能多地从土地和人们身上

from the land and from the people

榨取价值和劳动，

without caring for the future.”

不必管未来。

So when I was younger --

我小时候——

Story time. (Laughs)

故事时间到。（笑声）

I grew up with my grandparents and they always told me,

我跟着祖父母长大，他们常对我说：

"Eat everything in your plate."

“把你盘子里的饭吃光。”

I'm sure you've heard that as well.

相信大家都听过这种话。

But there's a deeper undercurrent there.

但是其背后有更深的道理。

Eat everything on your plate in order to honor the hands that planted, nurtured,

把饭吃光是为了尊重

种植、养育、收获和烹饪食物的人。

harvested and cooked the food.

He taught me about the concept of “inayan,”

祖父教了我一个概念叫 “inayan”，

or “do not do anything that might harm others

意思是不要伤害别人，

or things that are bad, evil, taboo or unethical.”

不要做坏事恶事，禁忌或不道德的事。

So getting more than what you need

占有你不需要的东西 就是夺走了他人的资源。

deprives others.

Getting more food than what you can eat

占有你吃不下的食物

deprives the hungry and dishonors those that produced it.

夺走了挨饿的人的食物， 也是对食物生产者的不敬。

He would ask me, when he sees uneaten rice on my plate,

祖父看到我盘子里 有剩下的米饭时就会问：

"Don't you hear the rice crying?"

“你没听到米饭在哭吗？”

And I would hear it crying.

然后我就会听到米饭的哭泣。

So until this day, I can't leave rice on my plate

所以时至今日我也不会剩饭，

because I always hear the cries of the rice.

因为我总能听到米饭在哭。

Another concept that my relatives taught me

我的亲戚还教给我另一个道理，

is (Speaking in Kankana-ey).

（坎卡奈语）

Literally, “Spread the good.”

意为传播善。

Spread the good values, the good virtues, practices,

传播积极的价值观，道德和行为，

even material things.

甚至是物质。

Another way of saying it in my language is

我的母语中对此还有一个说法，

(Speaking in Kankana-ey).

（坎卡奈语）

It means no one person should own what is good.

意思是没有人应该占有善，

It is to be shared with the community.

善是要与社会分享的。

It is an expression of reciprocity and honor for the collective,

这是一种集体的互惠和荣誉，

and it teaches us to care for the common good.

教育我们关心公共利益。

So these values,

那么这些价值观——

reciprocity,

互惠，

spirituality,

精神性，

not taking more than you need,

不占有自己不需要的东西，

obligation to future generations

对后代的义务，

and collective decision making,

和集体决策，

all of these values are now finding their way into scientific studies

这些价值观正在进入科学研究，

and global scientific assessments

进入有关生物多样性的全球科学评估，

on the status of biodiversity and ecosystem services,

还有对生态系统，

climate change and land degradation.

气候变化和土地退化的评估。

So what we all need to do now

所以我们现在需要做的

is what Indigenous peoples have always known

就是学习土著人传承下来的理念，

and have always done.

和土著人一直以来的做法。

As we face the negative effects of biodiversity loss,

面临生物多样性减少，

climate change, extreme weather events

气候变化，极端天气，

like the flooding, the wildfires, the droughts --

如洪水、山火、干旱，

the scientists, they are slowly moving towards the conclusion

科学家正在得出一个结论，

that it is only through Indigenous wisdom and values

那就是只有借助土著人的智慧和价值观，

and ways of caring for territory

土著人对领土的呵护，

that we see the path towards our salvation.

我们才能找到拯救人类的途径。

The path towards our salvation is not through more development,

拯救人类的途径不是更多的发展，

it's not through more consumption or more production.

不是更多的消费和生产。

Overconsumption, development aggression, overproduction,

过度消费，发展侵略，过度生产，

are all manifestations of destructive colonialism

都是破坏性的殖民主义，

that has harmed the planet

它们已经伤害了地球，

and that has undermined the Indigenous wisdom

破坏了土著人的智慧，

that the scientists acknowledge

而科学家已经承认 我们需要土著人的智慧。

that we all need.

So think about it.

所以想一想。

In spite of everything,

尽管有各种不利因素，

all the challenges we have faced,

土著人面临过挑战，

more than 500 years of colonization,

经历过 500 多年的殖民，

all of the development aggression, we are still here.

还有各种发展侵略， 但我们依然生存至今。

Indigenous peoples and our values have thrived and have endured.

土著人和我们的价值观 蓬勃发展，历久不衰。

We have survived,

我们生存了下来，

and the least we can do is to honor this resistance

我们至少可以尊重这种坚韧，

by decolonizing our structures,

可以去殖民化我们的体制，

decolonizing the way we think,

去殖民化我们的思考方式，

decolonizing our practices,

去殖民化我们的行为，

so that we can stop the destruction of the planet.

这样才能阻止对地球的破坏。

Colonization and its tentacles has always deprived people and planet

殖民及其触角一直在抢夺

人们和地球正当所需的东西。

of the things that we naturally and rightfully need.

It is only by decolonizing our understanding of history

只有去殖民化我们对历史的认识，

that we will understand

我们才能理解

how we have arrived at this planetary crisis.

我们是如何走到环境危机这一步的。

And it is only through honoring Indigenous peoples

只有尊重土著人，

and being inspired by the values,

从土著人的价值观中汲取灵感，

providing the support and the resources

为土著人提供支持和资源，

in order for Indigenous peoples to continue to resist

帮助其继续抵御

development aggression and colonialism

发展侵略和殖民主义，

that we can save ourselves and save the planet.

我们才能拯救自己和地球。

So I invite us,

所以我希望大家

let's listen,

去倾听，

let's be inspired,

去汲取灵感，

let us learn,

去学习，

and let us support the struggles of Indigenous peoples.

去支持土著人的奋斗。

This is the only path forward.

这才是唯一的前进道路。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（鼓掌声）