How to Stop Banks from Investing in Fossil Fuels | Lucie Pinson | TED

翻译人员: Grace Man 校对人员: Yip Yan Yeung

When we think about climate change and pollution,

当我们谈到气候变化与污染时，

we usually think about oil-soaked birds,

通常我们想到的是满身石油的鸟，

fossil gas platforms in the Arctic

北极的化石天然气开采平台，

or black smoke rising above coal plants.

或者燃煤工厂上空升起的黑烟。

We never think about banks, insurers and investors.

我们从来不会联想到银行、 保险业与投资者。

But we should.

但我们应该去想一想。

Because money is a driving force beyond fossil fuel extraction

因为钱其实是化石燃料开采

and environmental destruction.

和环境破坏的幕后推手。

The most polluting sector on the planet is not fossil fuels.

在这地球上造成污染最大的行业 并非化石燃料行业，

It's finance.

而是金融业。

Sure, you've heard banks are increasingly putting money into green projects,

当然，你应该听说了银行 在环保项目上投的钱越来越多。

and yes, they are financing green projects,

的确，银行确实是在 资助绿色能源项目，

but they are doing it on top of new polluting oil,

但银行在做这些的同时， 它们也在资助会污染环境的

coal and gas projects.

石油、煤炭和天然气新项目。

I have been looking at the math for a decade,

过去十年里， 我一直在追踪计算这些数据。

and it's still a green droplet in the ocean of pollution.

但它仍然只是像在一片污染的大海中 滴入一滴绿色水滴。

I started to campaign to protect the environment

在读大学的时候，

and human rights

我开始发起活动，

when I was at university,

呼吁保护环境与人权。

and I cannot count how many times I've heard financiers telling me,

我已经数不清有多少次金融家同我说：

"Sorry, we need coal."

“对不起，我们需要煤炭。”

Sometimes they said, "We can make it clean."

有时他们会说： “我们可以将它变干净。”

Mostly I've heard,

大多数时候我听到的是：

"It's impossible.

“这不可能。

There is nothing we can do."

我们无能为力。”

Rather than be discouraged,

我并没有泄气。

that gave me the strength to prove them wrong.

反而这激发了我去证明他们错了。

But how does someone like me, with a small group of partners,

然而像我这样的人， 只有很少一部分的同行者，

take on the big banks and insurers?

该如何去对抗大银行与保险业呢？

Well, we start by making smart demands.

我们要先提出 “聪明”（SMART）需求。

Then we incentivize action.

然后我们激励行动。

And finally, we add a spoonful of blackmail

最后，我们再加一点点“勒索”。

that I like to think of as a friendly nudge.

当然，我把它当做友善的轻推助澜。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

When we set out to solve the issues of the world,

当我们开始着手 解决世界的问题时，

we might want too much at once.

我们可能一次性想要太多。

The end of poverty,

我们想要终结贫困、

a peaceful world,

世界和平

a healthy planet.

和一个健康的地球。

But how do you climb an unscalable mountain

但是我们应该如何

一步步攀登这座无法逾越的高山呢？

one step after another?

The most important thing is to identify the SMART demand.

最重要的事是 找到 SMART（聪明）需求。

Smart as in S.M.A.R.T.

SMART（聪明） 就是 S.M.A.R.T。

Something that is specific, measurable, achievable,

这个缩写代表的是明确具体的（S）， 可衡量的（M），可达成的（A），

relevant and time-bound.

相关的（R）和有时限的（T）。

Something that you can realistically achieve

它是根据你手上的现有资源、

based on the resources you have,

你的目标、你与目标之间的力量平衡，

your target and the balance of power between you and your target.

而能够实际达成的目标。

You don't want something that requires more than 12 to 18 months to achieve

你不应该设定一个需要 12 个月至 18 个月才能达到的目标，

because you will lose momentum.

因为你会失去动力。

Victory sells, defeat does not.

只有成功才有卖点， 失败是没有的。

However, you don't want your objective to be too easy, either,

但你也不应该设定 太过简单的目标。

because if it's too easy,

因为太过简单的话，

it's not likely to change anything in the way the system works.

它便不会为体制带来 任何实质改变。

And we want the system to change.

我们希望改变体制。

So you want your objective to be disruptive and transformative

你的目标应该是具有颠覆性的， 可以带来实质改变的，

to bring you closer to your final goal.

进而拉近你与最终目标的距离。

For the past 10 years, my goal has always been

过去十年里， 我的目标始终是

the end of all financing of all fossil fuels.

终结所有对化石燃料的投资，

But back in 2013,

2013 年的时候，

even the idea that banks could automatically reject

银行可以自动拒绝

a whole sector of the economy

我们经济体中的一整个行业，

appeared as crazy and was not open for discussion.

这件事听起来太不可思议了， 大家也无法公开谈论这个话题。

So at that time, a smart objective was to convince one bank

那个时期，“聪明”目标是

to withdraw from one project.

劝说一家银行退出一个项目。

And it didn’t take me long to come across one of the most insane projects:

可是没多久我就遇到了 最疯狂最荒唐的项目之一：

a huge coal mine that could open the way to eight other coal projects

一个大型煤矿计划。 它可以为其他八个煤矿计划铺路，

and destroy the Great Barrier Reef,

并且摧毁一处联合国教科文组织

a UNESCO site.

世界遗产——大堡礁。

This was Alpha Coal mine in Australia,

这就是澳大利亚的 阿尔法煤矿项目。

supported by French bank Societe Generale.

它由法国兴业银行 （Societe Generale）赞助。

Our first SMART objective was to get this bank out of this project,

我们的第一个聪明目标 就是让这家银行退出这个项目。

and we succeeded after a year of relentless campaigning.

经过一整年夜以继日的努力， 我们成功了。

Today --

今天，

(Applause)

（掌声）

Today, the coal of the Alpha Coal mine is still in the ground.

直至今日，阿尔法煤矿项目中的煤 仍旧未被开采。

And from there, we moved on to our second objective.

从那以后，我们就 前进到了第二个目标，

To get French banks to commit

让法国各银行承诺不会赞助

not to finance any of the projects located in the same basin

与阿尔法煤矿项目处于同一盆地的

of the Alpha Coal mine.

任何其他项目。

We succeeded,

我们成功了，

moved on to our third objective,

然后前进到第三个目标，

to get French banks to commit not to finance any new coal mines,

让法国各银行承诺在世界范围内 不会赞助任何新的煤矿

any new coal plants worldwide.

以及任何新的燃煤发电厂。

We did one bank, two banks, three banks, four banks,

我们得到了一家银行的承诺， 两家，三家，四家，

until we convinced all French banks,

最后我们说服了全法国所有的银行。

the fourth-biggest banking sector worldwide,

全世界第四大的银行部门，

to reject all project financing for the coal sector.

拒绝了所有煤矿部门的资助项目。

(Applause)

（掌声）

And from there, we carry on until reaching our final goal:

从那以后，我们继续向前进发， 直至到达到我们的终极目标：

to get French financial institutions,

使法国所有的金融机构，

not only the banks but also the insurers,

不仅仅是银行， 还有保险行业、

investors, AXA and Amundi,

投资者、安盛（AXA） 以及东方汇理（Amundi）

to exit from the coal sector entirely.

完全退出煤矿部门。

Not just say "no" to projects,

不仅仅是对项目说“不”，

but also to companies with existing coal operations.

还包括那些已经在开采煤矿的公司。

This goal seemed completely impossible a few years ago,

几年前这个目标听起来遥不可及，

and yet it's currently happening.

但现在它正在进行中。

Today, six trillion dollars of assets managed by French financial institutions

如今，由法国金融机构管理的 六兆美金的资产

are covered by a coal exit policy.

投保了“退出煤矿险”。

It helps if we think from the position of the person we try to convince.

如果我们站在我们试图说服的对象的 角度去换位思考，会很有帮助。

It will make my life a lot easier if my job was to convince every banker

如果我的工作是说服每个 银行从业者在道德层面上

of the moral necessity to stop financing fossil fuels.

停止资助化石燃料， 我的生活会容易太多。

But that's not my job.

但那并不是我的工作。

My job is to make sure they stop no matter the reasons.

我的工作是确保他们无论如何 都要停止资助。

As campaigners,

作为活动家，

our first responsibility is to think who needs to be convinced,

我们的首要责任是去思考 谁是我们需要去说服的对象，

what kind of arguments are they likely to listen to the most.

以及他们最可能 听得进去的论点是什么。

Bankers, insurers,

银行从业者，保险从业者，

these people don't live in a bubble.

这些人没有生活在泡泡里。

They have seen the fires and the floods of the past months,

像我们中的很多人一样，

在过去的几个月里， 他们见过大火和洪水，

and as many of us,

most of them are getting worried for themselves and for their kids.

他们中的大部分人正在为 他们自己以及他们的孩子焦虑。

But the world is driven by digits,

但是这个世界 是由金钱驱动的，

ruled by a system that demands profits.

是由一个利润需求的系统统治的。

So when I meet with the head of investment of a big financial institution,

所以当我与这些大的金融机构的 投资部门领导见面时，

I don't bang on the table and say, "Our planet is on fire," which it is.

我不会敲着桌子说：“我们的地球 正处在水深火热之中。”虽然这就是事实。

I say, "Have you thought about your long term risk profile?

我会说：“你有思考过 你的长期风险概况吗？

The project that your client is developing might be forced to close down

你的客户正在发展的项目 有可能会因为新的气候管理政策

because of a new climate regulation

而被迫关停，

or because a green alternative has become cheaper.

也有可能因为其他绿色能源替代项目 而变得不值钱。

Not only you might not profit from it,

你有可能不仅无法从中获益，

but you might actually lose money."

还会因此赔钱。”

Bankers and financial institutions are slowly realizing

银行从业者与金融机构 正在逐渐意识到

that this climate issue

气候问题

is something they need to care about.

是他们需要去关注的。

If they don't deal with it,

如果他们不去处理气候问题，

climate change will deal with them.

气候变化以后会处理掉他们。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Yet even the argument of the financial risk

但是连金融风险的论点

doesn't always hit the mark.

也不是每次都会奏效的。

But there is one argument which is stronger than any other:

但有一个论点， 比其他的都要强：

the reputational risk.

商誉风险。

Financial institutions spend millions and millions

金融机构花了数百万美金

to appear as green as possible,

让它们看起来尽可能绿色环保。

and they would not want that good PR money to go to waste.

他们不希望将花在公关上的 大把钱财付之东流。

A good reputation takes years to build,

好的商誉往往需要数年 才能积累起来，

but it can be lost in a week.

但是只需要一周， 它就足以被毁掉。

And we can use that to our advantage.

我们可以利用这一点。

If you don't do the right thing and have your dirty financing revealed,

如果你不想做对的事情， 不去揭露航脏的资助计划，

you might lose clients, current employees, new talents.

你就有可能会失去客户、 现有的员工和未来的人才。

Where will your next generation of employees come from

如果人们觉得为你工作很丢脸，

if people feel embarrassed to come work for you?

那你以后的员工从哪里来呢？

Once I wrote a report about a big French bank's hypocrisy on climate.

我曾经针对一个大型法国银行的 “气候伪善”写过一篇报道，

This bank had stopped financing coal mines

这家银行已经停止资助煤矿，

and claimed it was for climate reasons.

并声称是这样做是为了气候。

But the same bank was actively supporting the building of new coal plants.

但是这家银行却非常积极地 支持燃煤发电厂的建设。

What a hypocritical stand, right?

这样的立场非常伪善，对吗？

So I wrote the report, but I didn't publish it straight away.

所以我写了报道， 但并未直接刊出。

Instead, I sent it to the bank

我反而将它寄给了银行，

and gave them two options.

并给他们两个选项。

Either I can throw the report away,

我可以扔掉这篇报道

or I could send it to the press,

或者把它发给媒体。

depending on the bank's decision to meet my demands

这就要看银行是否能在 一个明确的截止日期前

after a specific deadline

满足我的要求：

and stop financing coal plants on top of new coal mines.

除了不去资助煤矿， 还要停止资助燃煤发电厂。

(Laughter and applause)

（笑声和掌声）

It's not a ransom, not a trap.

这不是勒索，不是陷阱。

Just a friendly nudge.

这就是友善地轻推一把。

I'm only here to help.

我只是来帮忙的，

As long as the bank is ready to consider my demands and give it a try.

只要银行准备好考虑我的要求 并且为此一试。

(Laughter and applause)

（笑声和掌声）

We help by providing information and data,

我们协助提供信息和数据，

sometimes better than private data providers.

有时我们所提供的会好于 私人数据提供商所提供的。

And we are not just here to mourn and criticize.

我们不只是来哀悼和批判的。

When things are headed in the right direction,

如果事情向着正确的方向前进，

we are all supportive.

我们全力支持。

And when finally, financial institutions publicly commit

最后，当金融机构公开承诺

to withdraw from a polluting sector,

会退出造成环境污染的行业之时，

we celebrate.

我们会庆祝。

In less than 10 years,

在不到 10 年的时间里，

25 global financial institutions are phasing out coal financing for good.

25 家全球性金融机构 逐步永久性退出资助煤矿项目。

In 2017, AXA was the first insurer to stop insuring new coal projects

2017 年，安盛成为首家停止接受 新煤矿计划投保的保险公司。

and stop investing in companies that developed new coal plants.

安盛也停止投资 那些开设新燃煤发电厂的公司。

In 2019, Crédit Agricole became the first global bank

2019 年，法国农业信贷银行 （Crédit Agricole）

to adopt a comprehensive coal exit policy.

成为首家采取全面退出 煤炭政策的全球性银行。

Step by step,

一步步地，

we are climbing this unscalable mountain,

我们正在攀登这座 高不可攀的山峰，

and it's working.

并且是行得通的。

Today, coal companies are struggling to secure the financing

如今，煤炭公司很难取得

and the coverage needed for their operations.

运营所需的资金与保险。

Today, the small group of people has become a much bigger crowd,

如今，那一小部分人 已经变成了更大的一群人。

and these people are taking on

而这群人正在对峙

European, American and Asian financial institutions.

欧洲的、美洲的和亚洲的金融机构。

It's no longer only about coal, but also about oil and gas.

我们所针对的也不再只是在煤炭， 还有石油和天然气。

To decarbonize finance, to solve the climate issues

为了通过金融来实现去碳化 进而解决气候问题，

is not just about voting with your wallet

大家需要做的不是 仅仅用你的钱包投票，

and moving your money to an ethical bank.

将你的钱挪到更有伦理的银行，

It's about joining these people

重要的是要加入这群人，

and marching through the front doors of big banks and insurers

向前行进，走进大银行和 保险行业的大门

to demand the impossible.

提出不可能的要求。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）