How to Stop Banks from Investing in Fossil Fuels | Lucie Pinson | TED

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang

When we think about climate change and pollution,

談到氣候變遷及汙染時，

we usually think about oil-soaked birds,

我們通常會想到 全身沾滿石油的鳥類、

fossil gas platforms in the Arctic

北極圈的化石天然氣開採平台，

or black smoke rising above coal plants.

或者燃煤發電廠上空的黑煙。

We never think about banks, insurers and investors.

我們從來不會想到銀行、

保險業者，及投資者。

But we should.

但應該要想想。

Because money is a driving force beyond fossil fuel extraction

因為錢就是背後的推手， 促成化石燃料開採

and environmental destruction.

以及環境破壞。

The most polluting sector on the planet is not fossil fuels.

地球上最會造成汙染的部門 並不是化石燃料部門。

It's finance.

是金融部門。

Sure, you've heard banks are increasingly putting money into green projects,

的確，你聽過

銀行把越來越多資金 投入到綠色計畫當中。

and yes, they are financing green projects,

是的，它們是在資助綠色計畫，

but they are doing it on top of new polluting oil,

但它們一邊做這些， 一邊也還是在推展造成汙染的

coal and gas projects.

石油、煤礦，及天然氣新計畫。

I have been looking at the math for a decade,

我研究相關的數學有十年之久了，

and it's still a green droplet in the ocean of pollution.

但那仍然只是在汙染之海 當中的一滴綠水滴。

I started to campaign to protect the environment

我開始發起運動 以保護環境及人權時，

and human rights

when I was at university,

我還在就讀大學，

and I cannot count how many times I've heard financiers telling me,

我已經數不清有多少次， 我聽到金融家告訴我，

"Sorry, we need coal."

「抱歉，我們需要煤。」

Sometimes they said, "We can make it clean."

有時，他們會說： 「我們能把它變乾淨。」

Mostly I've heard,

我最常聽到的是：

"It's impossible.

「不可能的。

There is nothing we can do."

我們無能為力。」

Rather than be discouraged,

這些挫折沒讓我洩氣，反而 給了我力量去證明他們錯了。

that gave me the strength to prove them wrong.

But how does someone like me, with a small group of partners,

但，像我這樣的人， 只有一小群夥伴，

take on the big banks and insurers?

要如何槓上大銀行和保險業者？

Well, we start by making smart demands.

嗯，我們從提出聰明需求開始。

Then we incentivize action.

接著，我們鼓勵行動。

And finally, we add a spoonful of blackmail

最後，

我們再加上一大堆黑函，

that I like to think of as a friendly nudge.

但我比較想稱之為友善的輕推一把。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

When we set out to solve the issues of the world,

當我們打算起身解決世界的問題時，

we might want too much at once.

我們可能會一次想要太多。

The end of poverty,

想終結貧困、

a peaceful world,

想要和平的世界、

a healthy planet.

想要更健康的地球。

But how do you climb an unscalable mountain

但，你要如何爬上 一座無法攀爬的山？

one step after another?

一步接著一步爬。

The most important thing is to identify the SMART demand.

最重要的是先找出 「SMART（聰明）」需求。

Smart as in S.M.A.R.T.

聰明就是 S、M、A、R、T。

Something that is specific, measurable, achievable,

這個縮寫代表的是明確的（S）、

可測量的（M）、可達成的（A）、

relevant and time-bound.

相關的（R），且有時限的（T）。

Something that you can realistically achieve

它是你可以實際達成的，

based on the resources you have,

根據你手上有什麼資源、

your target and the balance of power between you and your target.

你的目標為何，

以及你和目標之間的 權力平衡來設定它。

You don't want something that requires more than 12 to 18 months to achieve

若要花十二到十八個月 才能達成，就不適合，

because you will lose momentum.

因為這樣會讓你失去衝勁。

Victory sells, defeat does not.

勝利才有賣點，失敗沒有。

However, you don't want your objective to be too easy, either,

不過，目標也不能設得太簡單，

because if it's too easy,

因為，如果太簡單，

it's not likely to change anything in the way the system works.

就不太可能讓體制運作有什麼改變。

And we want the system to change.

而我們想要改變體制。

So you want your objective to be disruptive and transformative

你的目標必須要有顛覆性，

能帶來改變，才能讓你 與最終目的更接近。

to bring you closer to your final goal.

For the past 10 years, my goal has always been

過去十年，

我的目的一直都是要終結 所有提供給化石燃料的資金。

the end of all financing of all fossil fuels.

But back in 2013,

但在 2013 年時，

even the idea that banks could automatically reject

就連銀行可以自動拒絕整個

a whole sector of the economy

經濟部門的想法

也被視為很瘋狂且不開放討論。

appeared as crazy and was not open for discussion.

So at that time, a smart objective was to convince one bank

所以，在那時，聰明目標 就是去說服一家銀行

to withdraw from one project.

退出一個計畫。

And it didn’t take me long to come across one of the most insane projects:

沒多久，我就遇到了 最荒唐的計畫之一：

a huge coal mine that could open the way to eight other coal projects

一個大型煤礦計畫，它可以 為其他八個煤礦計畫開路，

and destroy the Great Barrier Reef,

且會摧毀世界遺產之一：大礁堡。

a UNESCO site.

This was Alpha Coal mine in Australia,

這就是澳洲的 Alpha 煤礦計畫，

supported by French bank Societe Generale.

由法國興業銀行資助。

Our first SMART objective was to get this bank out of this project,

我們的第一個聰明目標，就是 要讓這家銀行退出這個計畫。

and we succeeded after a year of relentless campaigning.

經過一整年不眠不休的 推動，我們成功了。

Today --

現今——

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Today, the coal of the Alpha Coal mine is still in the ground.

現今，Alpha 煤礦中的煤 仍躺在地下未被開採。

And from there, we moved on to our second objective.

接著，我們繼續去進行 我們的第二個目標。

To get French banks to commit

要讓法國銀行承諾不要資助

not to finance any of the projects located in the same basin

和 Alpha 煤礦位在 同盆地中的任何其他計畫。

of the Alpha Coal mine.

We succeeded,

我們成功了，接著邁向第三個目標，

moved on to our third objective,

to get French banks to commit not to finance any new coal mines,

讓法國銀行承諾不要資助

全世界任何新的煤礦， 任何新的燃煤發電廠。

any new coal plants worldwide.

We did one bank, two banks, three banks, four banks,

我們找了一家銀行、兩家銀行、 三家銀行、四家銀行，

until we convinced all French banks,

直到我們說服了所有法國銀行，

the fourth-biggest banking sector worldwide,

全世界第四大的銀行部門，

to reject all project financing for the coal sector.

拒絕所有資助煤礦部門的計畫。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

And from there, we carry on until reaching our final goal:

接著我們繼續邁進， 直到達成我們的最終目的：

to get French financial institutions,

要讓法國金融機構，

not only the banks but also the insurers,

不僅是銀行，還有保險業者、

investors, AXA and Amundi,

投資者、安盛，及東方匯理，

to exit from the coal sector entirely.

完全脫離煤礦部門。

Not just say "no" to projects,

不僅是對計畫說「不」， 還有所有已在採煤的公司。

but also to companies with existing coal operations.

This goal seemed completely impossible a few years ago,

幾年前，這個目的似乎是遙不可及，

and yet it's currently happening.

但現在卻在實現中了。

Today, six trillion dollars of assets managed by French financial institutions

現今，法國金融機構 所管理的資產當中

有六兆美金

are covered by a coal exit policy.

都是向脫煤的保險業者投保。

It helps if we think from the position of the person we try to convince.

如果能站在我們試圖說服的 對象的立場來思考，會有幫助。

It will make my life a lot easier if my job was to convince every banker

我的人生會輕鬆很多，

如果我的工作是要說服每個銀行業者

of the moral necessity to stop financing fossil fuels.

在道德面上，必須要 停止資助化石燃料。

But that's not my job.

但那不是我的工作。

My job is to make sure they stop no matter the reasons.

我的工作是要確保不論理由 為何，它們都得停止資助。

As campaigners,

身為活動家，我們的 第一個責任是要思考

our first responsibility is to think who needs to be convinced,

該說服誰、

what kind of arguments are they likely to listen to the most.

他們最可能聽進去的論點是什麼？

Bankers, insurers,

銀行業者、保險業者，

these people don't live in a bubble.

這些人不是活在泡泡裡的人。

They have seen the fires and the floods of the past months,

在過去幾個月， 他們見過大火和洪水，

and as many of us,

且和我們很多人一樣，

most of them are getting worried for themselves and for their kids.

他們大多數人也開始為自己 及自己的孩子擔心了。

But the world is driven by digits,

但這個世界是由數字驅動的，

ruled by a system that demands profits.

由追求利潤的體制所管轄。

So when I meet with the head of investment of a big financial institution,

所以，當我會見大型 金融機構的投資主管時，

I don't bang on the table and say, "Our planet is on fire," which it is.

我不會一邊敲桌子一邊說： 「我們的地球在水深火熱中！」

雖然事實是如此。

I say, "Have you thought about your long term risk profile?

我會說：

「你有思考過你的長期風險概況嗎？

The project that your client is developing might be forced to close down

你的客戶在開發的計畫，

有可能會被迫終止， 因為會有新的氣候規定，

because of a new climate regulation

or because a green alternative has become cheaper.

或者因為某種綠色 替代能源變得更便宜。

Not only you might not profit from it,

你不但可能無法從中獲利，

but you might actually lose money."

你可能還會損失錢。」

Bankers and financial institutions are slowly realizing

銀行業者和金融機構慢慢開始了解

that this climate issue

他們可能得要關心這個氣候議題。

is something they need to care about.

If they don't deal with it,

如果他們不把它處理掉，

climate change will deal with them.

氣候變遷就會把他們處理掉。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Yet even the argument of the financial risk

但，就連財務風險的論點

doesn't always hit the mark.

也不見得都能成功。

But there is one argument which is stronger than any other:

但有一個論點，比其他論點都強：

the reputational risk.

商譽風險。

Financial institutions spend millions and millions

金融機構會花上數百萬美金

to appear as green as possible,

讓自己盡可能看起來很環保，

and they would not want that good PR money to go to waste.

它們不會希望用在公關的 大把銀子被浪費掉。

A good reputation takes years to build,

要花好多年才能建立好商譽，

but it can be lost in a week.

但一週就可以把它毀掉。

And we can use that to our advantage.

我們可以把這一點變成我們的優勢。

If you don't do the right thing and have your dirty financing revealed,

如果你不去做對的事， 把你骯髒的資助計畫揭露出來，

you might lose clients, current employees, new talents.

你可能會失去客戶、

現有員工、新的人才。

Where will your next generation of employees come from

如果大家覺得為你工作 是很丟臉的事，

if people feel embarrassed to come work for you?

你要從哪裡找到你的下一代員工？

Once I wrote a report about a big French bank's hypocrisy on climate.

有一次，我針對一家大型 法國銀行的氣候偽善

寫了一篇報導。

This bank had stopped financing coal mines

這家銀行已經停止資助煤礦了，

and claimed it was for climate reasons.

它聲稱是為了氣候才這麼做。

But the same bank was actively supporting the building of new coal plants.

但同一家銀行也主動提供資金， 建造新的燃煤發電廠。

What a hypocritical stand, right?

很偽善的立場，對吧？

So I wrote the report, but I didn't publish it straight away.

所以我寫了那篇報導， 但我沒有馬上刊出。

Instead, I sent it to the bank

我反而把它寄給銀行，

and gave them two options.

並給他們兩個選項。

Either I can throw the report away,

我可以把報導丟掉，

or I could send it to the press,

或者我可以寄給媒體，

depending on the bank's decision to meet my demands

就看銀行是否會在明確的時限前

after a specific deadline

滿足我的要求，

and stop financing coal plants on top of new coal mines.

除了不要資助新煤礦之外， 也要停止資助燃煤發電廠。

(Laughter and applause)

（笑聲及掌聲）

It's not a ransom, not a trap.

那不是勒贖，不是陷阱，

Just a friendly nudge.

只是友善的輕推一把。 我只是想幫忙。

I'm only here to help.

As long as the bank is ready to consider my demands and give it a try.

只要銀行準備好 考量我的要求並一試。

(Laughter and applause)

（笑聲及掌聲）

We help by providing information and data,

我們的協助方式是提供資訊和資料，

sometimes better than private data providers.

有時比私人的資料提供商還好。

And we are not just here to mourn and criticize.

我們不是只是來哀悼和批評的。

When things are headed in the right direction,

如果一切朝向對的方向前進， 我們會全力支持。

we are all supportive.

And when finally, financial institutions publicly commit

最後，當金融機構公開承諾

退出造成汙染的部門，

to withdraw from a polluting sector,

we celebrate.

我們就會慶祝。

In less than 10 years,

在不到十年間，

25 global financial institutions are phasing out coal financing for good.

有二十五家金融機構逐步停止

對煤礦的資助，且是永遠停止。

In 2017, AXA was the first insurer to stop insuring new coal projects

2017 年，

安盛成為第一家停止接受 新煤礦計畫投保的保險業者，

and stop investing in companies that developed new coal plants.

也不再投資任何開發 新燃煤發電廠的公司。

In 2019, Crédit Agricole became the first global bank

2019 年，農業信貸銀行

成為第一家採用

to adopt a comprehensive coal exit policy.

全面脫煤政策的全球銀行。

Step by step,

一步接著一步，

we are climbing this unscalable mountain,

我們正在爬上這座無法攀爬的山，

and it's working.

且這是行得通的。

Today, coal companies are struggling to secure the financing

現今，煤礦公司很難取得它們營運

and the coverage needed for their operations.

所需要的資金以及保險。

Today, the small group of people has become a much bigger crowd,

現今，本來的一小群人，

變成了更大的一票人，

and these people are taking on

這些人要槓上

European, American and Asian financial institutions.

歐洲、美洲，以及亞洲的金融機構。

It's no longer only about coal, but also about oil and gas.

也不只是針對煤礦，

還有石油和天然氣。

To decarbonize finance, to solve the climate issues

要讓金融去碳化以及解決氣候問題，

is not just about voting with your wallet

重點不只是用你的錢包來投票

and moving your money to an ethical bank.

以及將你的錢搬到有倫理的銀行。

It's about joining these people

重點是要加入這些人，

and marching through the front doors of big banks and insurers

走進大銀行和保險業者的大門，

to demand the impossible.

提出不可能的要求。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）