How to Recognize Privilege — and Uplift Those Without It | Mariam Veiszadeh | TED

翻译人员: sylvia feng 校对人员: Yanyan Hong

Anyone who knows me knows that I love to talk.

了解我的人都知道， 我喜欢跟人说话

I'm a chatterbox, just ask anyone.

我是一个热衷聊天的人， 随便问谁都知道。

I like to think that I'm pretty good at building rapport with my clients.

我认为我很擅长跟我的客户 建立融洽的关系，

And having spent just under a decade working as a lawyer,

作为一名律师，工作将近十年

I tell you, this is one skill that really came in handy.

让我来告诉你， 有一项技能非常实用。

Now, I remember this one interstate client in particular.

我记得我有一个洲际的客户，

We got on like a house on fire.

我们两个人一见如故，

We spent months corresponding over email and chatting over the phone.

我们花了几个月的时间， 通过邮件和打电话互相联络。

And then the day finally came when we would meet face to face.

终于有一天， 我们能够面对面的聊天。

So I walk into the meeting room,

我走进了客房，

and there she is.

然后看见了她。

I say hello,

我对她说了一句你好，

and she kind of gives me this odd look.

然后她看我的眼神怪怪的。

And she says,

后来她说，

"Oh, you must work for Mariam."

“哦，你一定是为 玛丽亚姆工作的吧。”

(Audience murmurs)

（观众唏嘘声）

And I'm thinking, "What does she mean?"

当时我在想， “她到底是什么意思？”

And then it dawns on me.

然后我明白了，

She must think

她一定是在想

I'm the legal secretary or the assistant perhaps.

我是一个法律助理， 或者可能是助手。

Not that there's anything wrong with having those jobs.

这些工作没有什么问题，

But it seems that in her mind,

但是这与她脑海中，

the voice that she's heard on the phone all these months

这与几个月来在电话里听到的声音

doesn't seem to correspond

与现在站在

to the person standing in front of her.

她面前的人不符合。

Rather unconvincingly at that point, I say,

尽管令人不愿相信，但我说，

"No, I am Mariam."

“不，我就是玛丽亚姆。”

And then I start to doubt myself.

然后我开始怀疑自己，

And all those months of rapport building just goes down the drain at that point

这几个月来建立的融洽关系 就在这一刻白白浪费掉，

as I start again from scratch to win her over.

我得从头开始获取她的信任。

I do, of course, eventually win her over,

我这么做了，当然了， 最终我获得了她的信任，

but it was a lot of time and effort wasted

但是花了很多的时间， 也浪费了很多的努力，

and ultimately, yet another hit to my confidence.

最终，另一件事又打击了我的自信心。

And the thing is,

这件事就是，

I have other experiences like that one.

我又遇到了跟这件事类似的事，

And I know plenty of other folks who do too.

我知道很多其他的家伙 也会做这种事情，

So today I want to reflect on how stereotyping,

所以今天我想说一下 刻板印象是如何产生的，

unconscious bias and societal privilege operates in such a way

无意识的偏见和社会的特权 以这种方式运作，

that creates an unequal playing field for diverse minority groups.

建立不公平的竞争环境 来分化少数群体。

Now, let us start with privilege.

现在，让我们谈谈关于特权，

Privilege is basically unearned advantage.

特权基本上是一种不劳而获的优势。

Hey, what the hell, we really didn't do much to earn it.

听着，搞什么，我们什么都没做， 这是与生俱来的。

It's basically access to or enjoying rights

这基本上权限或者享受权力，

because you belong to a particular identity.

因为你天生就有的一个身份。

You're part of a club.

你已经是这个圈子的人了，

And here's the thing.

那么，事情来了。

I am owning up to mine.

我承认我的错误，

I am privileged.

我也享受特权。

Hey, and if you could afford the ticket price,

嘿，如果你能够承担得起 进入这个圈子的票价，

you probably are too.

你可能也享受特权。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And here's the thing.

另外，

Privilege is relative, and it’s ultimately subjective.

特权是相对的， 它从根本上是主观的。

And those who have the most amounts of it,

那些很有特权的的人，

they’re probably not entirely conscious of it.

他们可能没有意识到这一点，

Because for the most part,

因为在大多数情况下，

and as they say, privilege is largely invisible to those who have it.

当他们说，特权对于那些 有特权的人是无形的。

Now, I work as a diversity and inclusion consultant,

现在，我作为一个 多元化和包容性顾问，

so I do spend a hell of a lot of my day thinking about these concepts.

所以我会花一天中的大多时间 去想这些概念，

Think about this.

试着这么想一下，

Whose faces do you see reflected back at you

你在电视屏幕上

on your television screens?

看到的是谁的脸？

Who holds the top positions in the top ranks of society?

是谁把持着这个社会 最顶层的职位？

Now, except for the few examples here or there,

现在，除了这些例子。

notice the general lack of cultural diversity?

有人注意到文化多样性的缺乏了吗？

Now, of course,

现在，当然了,

the photos that you're seeing up there are some of our top CEOs,

你们看到在这面看到 这些 CEO 们的照片。

chancellors of universities,

这些大学的校长们，

federal cabinet and TV personalities in particular.

联邦内阁官员和电视名人们

Now, what we're actually exposed to every day

现在，我们每天都能接触到的东西

feeds the assumptions that we make about people.

会助长我们对人的假设。

We all tend to possess a strong tendency towards people

我们都会倾向于选择

who physically resemble ourselves.

和自己长得像的人接触，

It's called affinity bias.

这被称为亲和力偏见。

Now experiments have shown us

现在实验向我们展示出

that the brain actually categorizes by race in less than 100 milliseconds.

大脑会在一百毫秒的时间内 对于种族进行分类。

Now, according to Nobel Peace Prize recipient neuroscientist Eric Kandel,

现在，根据诺贝尔和平奖获得者 神经科学家埃里克·坎德尔（Eric Kandel），

he argues that up to 90 percent of the brain's behavior

他提出 90% 的大脑活动

is actually unconscious.

事实上是无意识的。

So these little shortcuts that the brain makes,

所以这些大脑选择的捷径，

these little implicit associations, these biases,

这些小的和含蓄的联想， 这些偏见

for the most part, they are done unconsciously.

大部分来说他们都是在 无意识的情况下形成的，

And here's the thing.

那么问题来了。

Inherent societal privilege

固有的社会特权

means that some of us are given a head start

意味着我们一些人占据了先机，

in what I like to call the race of life.

这被我称之为生命的竞赛。

And it's because of that head start,

正是因为有了这样的领先优势，

not just because we worked extra, extra hard,

而不仅仅因为我们都 非常非常努力的工作，

that they'll always be miles ahead,

所以他们总是遥遥领先，

even if all the participants are running at the same speed

即使所有的参赛者 都是以同样的速度跑，

and with the same ability.

都有一样的能力，

So that's code for the same amount to merits,

这是相同的标准， 在这种情况下跑相同的距离，

or in this case,

或者说在这种情况下，

running the same distance.

跑一样的距离。

Now, it's well documented

这是真的有据可查的，

that women of minority groups face even greater hurdles,

少数群体的女人面对更多的障碍，

as you can see.

你可以从图上看到。

They face both social and institutional barriers to full equality,

她们面临着社会和制度上的障碍， 无法实现完全的平等，

not just because they're chicks,

不仅因为她们是女孩，

but because of things such as race, religion, sexuality or disability.

还因为种族、宗教、 性取向或残疾等问题。

They basically have a double whammy.

她们基本上受到双重打击。

And that concept is referred to as intersectionality.

这个概念被称为交叉性。

Now, as an Australian woman who's originally from Afghanistan

现在，作为一名 来自阿富汗的澳大利亚女性，

and a Muslim,

和一名穆斯林，

I get the triple whammy.

我受到了三重打击。

I get sexism, I get racism, and I get Islamophobia.

有性别歧视，种族歧视， 还有伊斯兰恐惧症。

You know, some people boast about having a fan base.

你知道，有些人吹嘘自己有粉丝群。

Well, ladies and gentlemen, I have a troll base.

女士们先生们，我有一个“喷子”群。

(Laughter)

(笑声）

Such a clever bunch,

这么聪明的一群人，

they've totally mastered the art of intersectional insults.

他们完全掌握了“交错式侮辱”的艺术。

That's not easy to do.

这并不容易做到。

Now, if only I had a dollar for every time someone said,

现在，如果每次有人说，“但所有的任命

"But all appointment should be on merit."

都应该根据水平来决定”， 我就能得到一美元就好了。

Well, of course they should be.

不错，他们理应如此。

But here's the thing.

但问题是。

Are we assuming that the existing status quo

我们是否认为现有的现状

is somehow based entirely on merit?

在某种程度上完全是基于能力?

I'm not convinced that it is.

我不相信这是真的。

But hey, don't take my word for it.

但是，别相信我的话，

Plenty of other people think that, too.

很多人也这么认为。

Now, I recall a conversation I was having with two senior managers.

现在，我想起了我 和两位高级经理的一次谈话。

It was about corporate Australia’s shift

这是关于澳大利亚企业的转变，

to start focusing on cultural diversity within its leadership ranks,

开始关注其领导层的文化多样性，

now that we're doing better around gender diversity.

现在我们在性别多样性 方面做得更好。

One of them was a woman of Asian-Australian heritage

其中一位是亚裔澳大利亚女性，

and she was a former colleague of mine.

她是我以前的同事。

The other, a colleague of hers, a man of Anglo-Celtic origin.

另一个是她的同事， 盎格鲁-凯尔特白人男性。

Now it's in the context of this discussion in which he turns to her,

现在在这个话题背景下，

the Asian-Australian woman, and says,

他转向她，那个亚裔澳大利亚女人，

"There you go.

说，“你看。

Another leg up for people like you."

对于想你这样的人又多了一次机会。”

Now she's shocked because they're colleagues,

现在她很震惊，因为他们是同事，

so she says nothing.

所以她什么也没说。

But I can't stay silent.

但我不能保持沉默。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I literally put hand out like this.

我把手像这样伸出来。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Got up from my pedestal and I said,

从我的讲台上站起来，我说:

"When you extend a hand to a group of people,

“当你向一群人伸出手， 他们在很长一段时间里，

who, for far too long, have been effectively walking in the gutter

实际上一直在阴沟里行走，

while others comfortably stroll the streets,

而其他人则在街上舒适地漫步，

that ain't no leg up.

这算不上帮助。

That certainly is not a handout,

这当然不是施舍，

that's simply leveling the playing field."

这只是在创造公平的竞争环境。”

Now, studies have shown us

现在，研究表明，

that to simply obtain the same number of interviews

为了获得与名字听起来像

as someone with an Anglo-Saxon sounding name,

盎格鲁-撒克逊一样多的面试机会，

candidates from Indigenous, Middle Eastern and Asian-sounding names

名字听起来像土著、 中东和亚洲人的候选人

have to submit a ridiculous amount of more applications.

必须提交多得多的申请。

So in this case, when compared to Lisa and Andrew,

所以在这种情况下， 与丽莎和安德鲁相比，

and these are the real names used in the study,

这是研究中使用的真实名字，

Nadine and Hassan have to submit 64 percent more applications,

纳丁和哈桑必须多提交 64% 的申请，

while Ming and Hong have to submit 68 percent more applications.

而明和洪必须多提交 68% 的申请。

Guys, we're be talking about getting a callback to secure an interview.

伙计们，我们在讨论 争取回电机会来获得面试。

We're not even talking about the kind of biases that will kick in

我们甚至还没有讨论一旦你真正坐在

once you're actually at the interviewing table.

面试桌上就会出现的那种偏见。

Now, I can't tell you the number of crappy dad jokes I've had to make

在我职业生涯的早期，

to make interviewers feel comfortable when they first meet me

为了让面试官第一次 见到我时感到舒服，

early on in my career.

我不得不开了多少蹩脚的笑话。

Thanks for laughing.

谢谢各位的笑声。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Now, despite the fact that up to 40 percent of Australians

现在，尽管高达 40% 的澳大利亚人，

have at least one parent born overseas,

至少有一位父母出生在海外，

no doubt that's probably true of this arena,

毫无疑问，这可能是这个 领域的真实情况，

that general diversity is not reflected in the top ranks of society.

但这种普遍的多样性并没有 反映在社会的顶层。

Now, of course, I'm not suggesting there's anything wrong with this,

当然，我并不是说这有什么不对，

assuming it is truly based on a meritocracy.

假设它真的是建立在 精英统治的基础上。

And for culturally diverse women like me,

对于像我这样文化多元化的女性来说，

well, you know that glass ceiling?

你知道玻璃天花板吗?

It's double glazed for people like me.

对我这种人来说是双层玻璃的。

And that's why I've got heels like this, to be able to crack through it.

这就是为什么我有这样的高跟鞋， 可以穿过它。

Only a tiny percentage of ASX directors are culturally diverse women.

在澳交所董事中，只有一小部分是 来自不同文化背景的女性。

At a CEO level, it is even worse.

在 CEO 层面，情况更糟。

So think about all those stats that I've been telling you about,

所以想想我告诉你们的所有这些数据，

all those biases that we know about.

所有我们知道的偏见。

What message does this send

这对文化多元化的一代

to a generation of top HSC graduates who are culturally diverse?

顶尖 HSC 毕业生传递了什么信息?

I'm hoping that by this point,

我希望到目前为止，

some of you are convinced on the moral case

你们中的一些人已经在道德上确信

for why change is required to level that damn playing field.

为什么需要改变来公平竞争。

But then there'll be others who won't be convinced

但如果我们不拿出具体数字，

unless we show them the dollar figures.

就会有人不相信。

Hey, don't worry, I've got it covered.

别担心，我已经搞定了。

There is a thing called the diversity dividend,

有一种叫做多元化红利的东西，

that gender diverse companies are 15 percent more likely

性别多元化的公司

to outperform their industry average,

比行业平均水平高出 15% ，

while culturally diverse companies,

而文化多元化的公司，

they're 35 percent more likely to outperform theirs.

比行业平均水平高出35%。

So diversity brings with it a competitive advantage.

因此，多样性带来了竞争优势。

And here's the thing, anyone at this point who's thinking,

事情是这样的， 在这一点上，任何人都在想，

"Oh, she means tokenistic, visible diversity."

“哦，她指的是 象征性的、可见的多样性。”

No.

不。

I'm not asking you to whack on photos

我不是让你把长得像我的人的

of people that look like me onto your website and tick a box.

照片放到你的网站上， 然后算是完成任务。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Although that might be nice.

虽然这可能很好。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

No, that's not what I'm talking about.

但不，我说的不是这个。

Real diversity brings about diversity of perspective,

真正的多样性 带来的是视角、

diversity of views and diversity of thought.

观点和思想的多样性。

Ultimately, and of course, the inevitable flow-on effect

最终，当然， 不可避免的流动效应是，

is that Australian businesses will be able to better reflect

澳大利亚企业将能够更好地反映

and understand the needs of a multicultural Australia

和理解一个多元文化澳大利亚的需求，

who is ultimately their customer base.

这是他们最终的客户基础。

So with everything I've said,

说了这么多，

I want us to pause at this point.

我想让我们暂停一下。

And I'm going to ask each of you to please stand.

我要请你们每个人都站起来。

Yes, please stand.

是的，请起立。

If you can't stand,

如果你站不起来，

then I'll ask you to please raise one hand instead.

请举起一只手。

And you get to stretch your legs.

你可以伸展你的腿。

No, we're not doing a yoga lesson.

不，我们不是在上瑜伽课。

OK.

好的。

I'm going to ask you a series of questions.

我要问你一系列问题。

If the answer to the question is yes,

如果答案是肯定的，

I want you to remain standing or with your hand up.

我希望你保持站着或举起手来。

If the answer to the question is no,

如果你的答案是否定的，

then I want you to take a seat

那么我希望你坐下

and the rest of the questions

来剩下的问题

will be directed at those people who are still standing.

会问那些还站着的人。

Please be as honest as you can.

请尽量诚实。

Question one.

第一题：

Did you have a job during high school?

你在高中有工作吗?

If yes, keep standing,

如果有，请保持站立，

if no, please take your seat.

如果没有，请就座。

I quite like the power of ordering all 4,000 of you to do things.

我很喜欢命令 在座四千人做事的权力。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

This is cool.

这很酷。

Question two.

第二个问题。

Have you been discriminated against,

你是否因为无法改变 自己的某些方面而受到歧视、

vilified or abused because of something you cannot change about yourself?

诋毁或虐待?

And let's watch the room as we start to see people sit.

让我们看看这个房间， 我们开始看到人们坐着。

Question three.

第三个问题，

At some point in your life,

在你生命中的某个时刻，

you have felt like you've been one of the few or the only persons

你是否觉得自己是一个房间里， 在教育或专业环境中，

of your gender, race, faith,

与你的性别、种族、信仰、

sexual orientation or disability

性取向或残疾相同的少数

in a room, in an educational or professional setting?

或唯一的人之一?

And final question.

最后一个问题。

Have you attended a public school for the majority of your education?

你大部分的教育 是在公立学校完成的吗?

Whoa.

哇。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Knew that would get a few of us.

我就知道会有几个人被影响到。

OK.

好的。

Thank you for being brave enough to participate by the way.

顺便说一句， 谢谢你勇敢地参与进来。

If I answered those questions,

如果是我回答这些问题，

I would be standing at this point with those of you that are still standing

我就会和那些仍然站在那里的人

in the arena.

站在一起。

I want us to reflect on our own levels of privilege

我希望大家反思一下 自己的特权水平，

and what that means for each of us.

以及这对我们每个人意味着什么。

I want you to reflect on who's standing and who's sitting

我想让你回想一下谁站着谁坐着，

without making anyone feeling uncomfortable.

而不让任何人感到不舒服。

But let's think about that.

但是我们想一下。

Thank you for being brave and please take a seat now.

谢谢各位的勇气，现在请坐。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Thank you.

谢谢。

I want to tell you this.

我想告诉你这个。

There's never been a more important time

现在是我们意识到自己，

for us to be conscious of our unconscious biases and societal privileges.

无意识的偏见 和社会特权的最重要时刻。

You know, when you're driving and you know you've got a blind spot back here,

你知道，当你开车的时候， 你知道后面有一个盲点，

you know it exists, but you can't see it.

你知道它的存在，但你看不到它。

But you make a concerted effort to turn your head each and every time

但你每次都要努力转头去看，

to look and to adjust.

去调整。

It's not enough to know that we've got these biases

仅仅知道我们有这些偏见，

and that we have these levels of privilege.

我们有这些等级的特权是不够的。

You've got to do something about it.

你得做点什么。

We're living in an era where divisive politics

我们生活在这样一个时代， 分裂政治成功地

has successfully otherized diverse minority groups

将不同的少数群体隔离开来，

and normalized xenophobia against them.

并将针对他们的仇外心理正常化。

We're constantly reading derogatory headlines

我们经常读到贬低

about diverse minority groups.

不同少数群体的头条新闻。

And what's worse is some of these remarks are made by our elected officials.

更糟糕的是，其中一些言论是 由我们选出的官员发表的。

Now, I believe that when you excuse bigotry in words,

现在，我相信， 当你为言语上的偏见开脱时，

you lay the framework to give bigotry in action a free pass.

你就为行动上的偏见 提供了自由通行证。

We know that we have an urgent issue of disenfranchisement amongst the youth,

我们知道，我们面临着一个 紧迫的问题，即青年人，

particularly those of diverse backgrounds.

特别是那些有着不同背景的人， 被剥夺了公民权。

We want them to reach for the stars.

我们希望他们能摘星采月。

But the thing is, you can't aspire to be someone that you can't see.

但问题是，你不能渴望成为 你看不见的人。

You can't address inequality equally.

你不可能平等地解决不平等问题。

You can't.

你不能。

This is why I believe targets are required across industries

这就是为什么我认为 在缺乏这种多样性的

where diversity of this kind is lacking.

行业都需要制定目标。

Now, why, you ask, why targets?

现在，你会问，为什么是目标?

Because the definition of insanity

因为精神错乱的定义，

is doing the same thing over and over again

就是一遍又一遍地做同一件事，

and expecting different results.

却期待不同的结果。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）

The existing status quo has not allowed us to reach a true meritocracy.

现有的现状使我们 无法实现真正的精英统治。

So we need additional measures to give us a bit of a nudge.

所以我们需要额外的措施来推动我们。

Because let’s face it:

因为让我们面对现实吧：

what gets measured ultimately gets done.

被在意的事项，最终才会被完成。

Thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen.

女士们和先生们，非常感谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）