How Schools Can Nurture Every Student's Genius | Trish Millines Dziko | TED

翻译人员: Michelle Lin

Let me tell you about the fifth-grade students

让我来和你们聊聊

at Boze Elementary School in Tacoma.

塔科马市博兹小学的 五年级的学生们。

They spend the entire school year

他们花了一整个学年的时间

planning to colonize the planet Alpha Centauri

来制定在半人马座阿尔法星 建立殖民地的计划

to preserve future generations.

以保护人类的后代。

They will get there on a multigenerational spacecraft

他们将乘坐多代宇宙飞船

so that the grandkids of the people on the ship

这样飞船乘客的孙辈

will arrive at Alpha Centauri, ready to start a new civilization.

就可以到达半人马座阿尔法星， 来开启新的文明。

Now projects like these usually start with a guiding question,

像这样的项目通常以指导性问题开始

and theirs is "How do you sustain life for a generation on a spacecraft?"

他们的问题是“一代人怎样在 飞船上维持生命？”

These 10-year-olds get into initial conversations

这些10岁的孩子们开始了讨论

about governance on the spacecraft,

宇宙飞船上的管理方法，

the necessities to have on board.

以及飞船上要携带的的必需品。

Is it even ethical to have a generation live and die on a spacecraft?

一代人的生死都在飞船上， 这样是否符合伦理呢？

And what roles are needed to create a functioning community?

以及创建一个正常运转的社区， 都需要哪些角色呢？

There are some whispers and some head nods

当老师给他们布置了 本学季的任务时，

as the teacher explains to them that this quarter,

他们有人窃窃私语， 有人点头认同，

they're expected to deliver a persuasive essay,

他们被要求准备 一篇有说服力的论文、

a 30-second elevator speech,

一段30秒的快速演讲、

a model of a section of the spacecraft in diorama form,

一张部分宇宙飞船的 的透视图、

a system of government with laws and a constitution,

飞船上的法规和宪法的政府体系、

and a research display demonstrating their knowledge of planets.

以及一个能够证明 他们对阿尔法星的了解的研究。

That's a lot.

作业真的很多。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

But these students aren't fazed, they'd been here before.

不过这些学生并不担心， 因为已经有经验了

What they're interested in is what group they'll be in

他们的兴趣点是如何分组

and what roles they will play.

以及各自的角色。

Now I don't know about you,

我不了解你们

but when I was in fifth grade, I wasn't doing that.

但我五年级的时候， 我可没做这些。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

But for many of these students,

但是这些学生当中有很多人

they have been learning like this since kindergarten.

自幼儿园起就开始学习相关知识了。

You heard that right, kindergarten.

你没听错，幼儿园。

Shoot, when I was in fifth grade ...

天呐，我五年级的时候......

we sat in cemetery rows in academically segregated classrooms,

坐在学术隔离的教室里， 像墓地那样一排排

and sadly, things have not changed.

可惜，情况并没有改变。

In most schools, students are sitting, listening to the teacher,

大部分学校的学生还是坐着听老师讲课

and many of them scared to death

他们当中很多人惧怕死亡

they'll get called on to answer a question.

他们会被点名回答问题。

And too often, students are totally deflated,

学生经常处于完全泄气的状态

because the teacher is spending more time on classroom management

因为老师在课堂管理上花太多时间

than engaging them.

而不是参与他们。

So these students and the generations behind them ...

这些学生和他们的后代们

they are our talent pool

是我们的人才库

for everything from community organizing

从社区管理

to running business, to running government,

到商业经营和政府管理

and everything in between.

以及两者之间的任何事

And as it stands, our public education system

现在看来，我们的公共教育体系

is not cultivating future leaders.

不是在培养未来的领导者。

And in particular,

尤其是，

students of color are constantly devalued and marginalized.

有色人种学生常被贬低和边缘化。

Regardless of background,

无论他们来自于哪儿，

students need to envision themselves as successful in life.

学生们都需要预想自己拥有成功人生。

And how teachers deliver the lessons plays a big role in that.

那么老师在课堂上扮演的角色就至关重要。

The most common way to teach

最常见的教学方法

is through a textbook or a series of textbooks

是通过课本或系列丛书

and a scripted curriculum.

以及照稿子念的课程。

And then, let the test decide if the students learned anything.

然后，测试学生是否有所收获。

And while you get coverage,

当你拿到考试范围时

it leaves little room for student voice, exploration, intellectual rigor

学生的表达能力、探索能力、思维严密度

and academic risk-taking.

以及学术冒险能力将大打折扣。

This is schooling, not educating.

这是教学，不是教育。

And the long-term impact

这带来的长期影响

is that students likely won't have that autonomous spirit

就是学生们不具备自主精神

they need in the work environment.

而这种精神在工作环境中是不可或缺的。

This is not what most teachers signed up for.

这并不是大部分老师的初衷

It's not.

不是。

I don't think there's a single teacher candidate

我认为不会有老师候选人这么说：

that said, "I want to be a teacher

“我想要成为一名老师

so I can help kids pass standardized tests."

这样我就能帮助孩子们通过标准化测试。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

Twenty-five years ago, I left my 17-year tech career

25年前，我结束了17年的科技事业

and cofounded a nonprofit

联合创立了一家非盈利机构

that prepared students of color for jobs in the tech industry.

帮助有色人种学生在科技产业做工作准备。

And over time,

这些年

we learned about our students' experiences in the public education system,

我们了解到学生们在公共教育体系的经历

and we began to wonder what would happen if we rebuilt public schools

我们想要知道，如果我们重塑公共学校

to develop the genius in every student

来开发每个学生的天赋

and give them the tools to be critical thinkers,

并且给他们工具以成为批判性思考者、

problem solvers, ideators and leaders.

问题解决者、想法创造者以及领导者， 事情将如何改变？

So we got a bunch of educators to help us answer that question.

一群教育工作者帮助我们回答了这个问题。

Today, my job is to set the vision and strategy

今天，我的工作是为以下内容设置愿景和策略：

for how we partner with public schools

我们和公共学校的合作

to create collaborative, anti-racist learning environments

创造团结协作、反种族主义的学习环境

grounded in equity,

且这种环境基于公平。

where students can actively participate in their own education,

我们希望， 这里的学生可以积极参与他们自己的教育

instead of memorizing for tests,

而不是为考试死记硬背

where the curriculum is delivered

这里的课程

in a way that supports the needs of our students.

能够支持学生需求

Where professionals in the community

这里的社区专业人士

are invited to participate in teaching and learning.

会参与教学和学习过程。

The teaching and learning is built

教学和学习是建立在

on interdisciplinary project-based learning.

跨学科项目学习上的。

One of the most equitable ways to teach.

这是最公平的教学方法之一。

This approach enables teachers to understand how each student learns,

这种方法使老师理解学生怎样学习

use multiple ways to assess their knowledge

用多种方式获得知识

and then make instructional adjustments based on the results.

并且根据结果进行教学调整。

You know, students, they get a chance to set their own goals.

这样学生们有机会设定自己的目标。

They have time to discuss the work.

他们有时间讨论作业。

They take academic risks.

他们承担学术风险。

And along the way,

在这个过程中

they get to discover who they are as learners.

他们能够发现自己作为学习者时的身份。

And speaking of learners,

说到学习者，

let's take a visit to our fifth-grade Alpha Centaurians,

让我们来看看五年级的半人马座阿尔法星

and listen in as their teacher facilitates a discussion

并听他们的老师讨论

about how Native Americans live.

印第安人是如何生活的。

They talk about the logistics

他们讨论了后勤

and the preparation behind the colonizers' move out West,

以及殖民者向西部迁移的准备工作

and how colonizers always had conflicts with Native Americans.

殖民者和印第安人冲突不断的原因。

And the students vow that they will do better

学生们发誓在半人马座阿尔法星上

on Alpha Centauri.

他们一定会做得更好。

They will ensure that everyone has equal rights and lives well.

他们会确保每个人都有平等权利， 且生活幸福。

And you better believe it will be part of their constitution.

你最好相信这将成为他们宪法的一部分。

And if you poke your head in the classroom next door,

如果你把头伸到隔壁教室

which is rather loud,

会发现声音更大

you will see the kids are in their small groups,

还会看到孩子们分成小组

using their math skills to calculate the human capacity for their spacecraft.

运用数学知识来计算载人飞船的能力。

And another set of students will be working on their planet research.

另一组学生则进行星球研究。

When we visit, a week or so later,

当我们一周或更久后去看时

there might be a visiting engineer

可能会看到一个客座工程师

talking to the students about design specifications.

正跟学生们讨论设计细节

Or the classroom could be empty

或者教室里可能空无一人

because the students are at the Museum of Flight,

因为学生都在飞行博物馆里

sitting in real spacecraft and learning how they work.

坐在真正的飞船里学习其工作机制。

Bringing that authentic context to learning

将真实环境带入到学习中

helps students retain knowledge and generate new ideas.

可帮助学生们在保留知识的同时， 产生新的想法。

After weeks and weeks of working on their projects

这段时间里，学生们进行项目

and giving each other authentic, supportive feedback,

相互给予真实的、支持性的反馈

and doing that fine-tuning,

精雕细琢

the students are ready for the big day --

然后迎来了最重要的一天 --

the exhibition of learning.

学习成果的展览。

This is where hundreds of people from the community,

成百上千来自社区的人们

the most important members being their parents and families,

最重要的成员，他们的父母和家人们

come to see the students present their work.

会来看学生展示作业。

The students are all dressed up.

所有学生盛装出席。

They're a little nervous,

他们是有一点紧张，

they're excited at the same time --

但同时也很激动 --

kind of like me right now.

正如我现在的状态。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And the teachers are beaming with pride

老师们非常骄傲

as they recognize how far each student has come in their learning journey.

因为他们知道每个学生在学习旅程中走了多远。

OK, and the parents?

那么家长们呢？

The parents are high-fiving,

家长们很激动

and "You get it, girl!"

说道：“你成功了，女儿！”

And "That's my baby," and "You go, boy."

“这才是我的宝贝”， “好小子。”

And there's just so much praise.

赞扬声不绝于耳。

And the students feel accomplished and more confident.

学生充满成就感并且更自信了。

This is project-based learning in action.

这是基于项目的实际学习。

These students are developing

学生们发展了其

the advanced critical thinking skills they will use throughout their lives.

卓越的批判性思考能力， 他们一生都将使用这种能力。

They are learning through exploration.

他们通过探索而学到知识

There is confirmation their unique voice matters.

这也是为什么他们的独特声音很重要。

These students have the freedom

这些学生拥有创造世界的自由

to create a world, with their ten-year-old imaginations,

基于其10岁的想象力

that's actually grounded in academic rigor.

这实际上是基于学术的严谨性。

This is educating ...

这才是教育。

versus schooling.

和教学不同。

Yeah?

对吧？

(Cheers and applause)

（欢呼和鼓掌）

There is teacher support,

这是教师支持

diverse interactions ...

多元互动

team-building

团队建设

and practical application of reading, writing, math and science.

以及阅读、写作、数学和科学的实际应用。

An environment where real learning is happening,

这是真正的学习环境

and students are discovering their own genius.

学生们在此发掘自己的天赋。

Plus, I have to say,

我还想说一句，

it's just a lot of fun to learn this way.

这种学习方式也很好玩。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Students who attend our partner schools ...

参加我们合作办学的学生

learn this way in every single stage of their academic career.

在他们学术生涯的每一阶段 都通过这种方式学习

Starting in kindergarten,

从幼儿园开始，

students are encouraged to share their views,

我们鼓励学生分享观点

to ask questions and support each other.

向他人问问题并提供支持。

They are creating a community

他们正在创造一个安全社区

and an environment that is safe

一个安全环境

and their own.

以及他们自己。

In middle school,

中学时，

the students are starting to become socially aware.

学生们开始对社会有所认知。

They care about things like world hunger, immigration and homelessness.

他们关注世界上的饥饿、移民和无家可归的问题。

One year,

一年后，

the seventh-graders at TAF at Saghalie in Federal Way

联邦大道萨格里TAF的七年级学生

turned their classrooms into an immigration museum

将他们的教室改造成移民博物馆

exploring the historic and contemporary issues of immigration.

探索过去和当代的移民问题。

And the sixth-graders use food to learn about each other's cultures.

六年级学生用食物来了解各自的文化。

They created cookbooks

他们创造了食谱

with recipes and stories from their countries of origin.

食谱背后蕴含的是他们祖先的秘方和故事。

And then on exhibition night, they cooked for everybody,

在一个展览之夜，他们大展厨艺

and it was actually pretty good.

这可真是太棒了。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

By the time students get to high school,

当学生进入高中时，

they have enough experience

他们早已经验丰富

that they can address a wide range of issues and opportunities.

可以处理一系列问题和机遇

A group of 10th-graders created wearable technology

一组是年级学生创立了可穿戴技术

that detected the flare-up signs in sickle-cell anemia.

该研究检测到了镰状细胞性贫血的爆发迹象。

Experiencing gentrification in their own neighborhoods,

在自己的社区经历了中产阶级化后，

11th-graders created plans and models

十一年级的学生开始规划和设计模型

for equitable, financially sustainable urban neighborhoods.

为的是建立平等的、经济可持续的城市社区。

The list goes on and on.

这份列表还在继续。

This ...

这

This is how we develop the strong,

这是我们为未来发展强大的

the strong leaders and critical thinkers of tomorrow.

强大领导者和批判性思考者的方式

Our students deserve to learn

我们的学生渴望学习

in an environment that includes and understands their unique voice,

渴望在包容和理解他们独特声音、

their individual genius.

个人天赋的环境里学习。

If we are going to rebuild public education,

如果我们重塑公共教育

we have to be on a continuous cycle

我们将进入该持续循环：

of recognizing, intentionally undoing,

认识到问题、有意识地取消、

and, ultimately, replacing the institutional practices

并且最终取代因教育不足

that undereducate and harm our children.

而伤害我们的孩子的制度实践。

And there are a couple of things that we can do right now.

我们现在就可以做一些事情。

We could reallocate the tens of millions of dollars

我们可以筹集千万美元

each state spends on standardized tests every year.

为每个州每年标准化的考试投入资金。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

Alright.

如何？

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

And we can invest the majority of that in teacher professional development

我们可以把其中大部分都投资在教师专业发展上

so that our teachers can continually hone their instructional and assessment skills.

这样老师们就能够磨练他们的教学和评估技能

And then, we could take the rest

然后，我们可以将剩余部分

and invest it in a national effort to curate authentic assessment methods

投入到一项全国性事业

and projects from teachers all over the country.

从全国各地的教师中策划真实的评估方法和项目。

I believe that this will bring joy

我相信这将会给教学

and respect

带来幸福

back to teaching.

和尊重。

We also need to embed racial equity in the DNA of how we operate schools.

我们还需要将种族平等嵌入到我们运营学校的DNA中。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

Achieving racial equity is a journey

实现种族平等是一场旅程

that requires dedication, consistency and accountability.

需要奉献，一致性和问责制。

It needs to be normalized

它需要被规范化

as part of the daily practice of principals, administrators,

作为校长、管理者、老师和员工

teachers and staff.

日常实践的一部分

We can do this.

我们可以做到的。

We can.

我们可以。

All it takes is political will.

实现这些的基础是政治意愿。

Education either functions as an instrument

教育可以带来的

to bring about conformity

要么是循规蹈矩

or freedom.

要么是自由。

Let’s give our children

让我们赋予孩子们

freedom.

自由。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Cheers and applause)

（欢呼和鼓掌）