How to Design Climate-Resilient Buildings | Alyssa-Amor Gibbons | TED

翻译人员: Yue Zhang 校对人员: suya f.

As a child growing up in Barbados,

我在巴巴多斯长大

there were two things I can count on every summer:

儿时的夏天我必会经历两件事：

school break and the hurricane season.

暑期和飓风季节。

At some point, we would go through this whole routine

有时我们会用防水布胶带

of duct-taping and all the glass doors in these big X patterns,

呈“X”形封住所有玻璃门 封紧全部窗户，

tightly boarding up all the windows, except for one or two --

这成了一种惯例 但我们会留一两扇窗不封

so that, as my mother would curiously put it,

我母亲说这样

we could let the wind come through.

可以透透风。

And putting buckets in the living room to catch the rain

屋顶被风吹得摇摇晃晃时

in a futile attempt to stop our house from flooding

我们把水桶放在客厅接雨水 希望避免家被洪水淹没

when the roof started to billow and sag in the wind.

但一切只是徒然。

I hated it.

我恨。

Because I was terrified the entire time,

因为不论是东风波

whether it was a tropical wave,

雷暴，热带风暴

a thunderstorm, a tropical storm

还是差点击中我们的飓风尾声

or the tail-end of an actual hurricane that barely missed us.

都使我一直以来担惊受怕。

It was all the same to me.

那对我而言都一样。

A possible end.

皆是终结的可能。

No light, no water, no electricity,

没有灯光，没有水源，没有电力

just a simple battery-operated radio waiting for the "all clear."

只有台电池发电的收音机 等着“警报解除”的声音传出。

And in my young eyes,

小时候在我眼里

Mother Nature on a personal mission to destroy us all.

大自然是在执行一项 摧毁我们所有人的私人任务

I never understood why.

我不明白为什么

Why, if we knew this was going to happen every year,

为什么既然明知 每年会上演相同的情形

why couldn't we just do something to make sure that we were safer?

却不采取更能保障生命安全的措施？

Why did I always have to put out buckets and hide?

为什么我总得摆好水桶躲起来？

Fast forward to where we are now,

时间快进到现在，

living through a burgeoning climate crisis

我们处于不断恶化的气候危机中

where my childhood fears have quickly become my adult reality.

我儿时的恐惧迅速地 变成了成年后的现实。

Just last year,

就在去年

my country started to experience freak storms

异常的风暴袭击了我的国家

like none we had ever seen before.

我们从未见过这种风暴。

This is a video of one such event.

影片记录了其中一段

Now, this is a real-time capture,

这是即时拍摄

it is not sped up, there are no special effects.

没有倍速，没有特效

This system seemingly materialized out of nowhere.

这些闪电像凭空而来一般。

Typically, we'd have advance warning, but this time, there was none.

一般来说，我们会提前接到 预警但这次却没有。

We did not know this was coming until it was right on top of us.

直到风暴席卷到头顶上方 我们才知道发生了什么。

Imagine being jolted out of your sleep

想象一下从睡梦中惊醒

to be greeted by this:

发现如此场景：

500 strikes of lightning per minute,

每分钟 500 道闪电

thunder and rain so loud,

雷雨交加，震耳欲聋，

it felt like it was coming from the guts of the Earth.

像从地球深处喷涌而出。

The sky looked like a firework display with no pauses.

空中仿佛上演着 不带停顿的烟花表演。

And while we were still reeling from the impacts of this event,

我们还没从这场天灾中恢复过来，

just a few weeks later, another one hit us.

几周后，又一场灾难来临。

This time a Category 1 hurricane.

这次是一级飓风

It destroyed over 2,000 homes.

超过 2000 个房屋被摧毁

Unpredictable events like this are quickly becoming the norm.

这样不可预测的事件 快速地演变成常态。

And in a small country like mine, of less than 300,000 people

像巴巴多斯一样的小国家 人口不足 30 万

and a mere land area of just 166 square miles,

土地面积仅 166 平方英里

small numbers, small events still mean big loss.

小数目 小事件 也会造成巨大损失。

So for us,

对我们来说

who are already living through some of the repercussions of climate change,

正遭受着气候变化恶劣影响的人，

it is simply no longer enough

我们无法再接受

for architecture to be beautifully passive.

美丽却不能积极应对 气候变化的建筑。

In the face of these looming new realities,

面对逼近的全新现况

we need to create architecture that genuinely performs.

我们所需的建筑 要能真正抵御气候变化。

So that's what I do.

作为建筑设计师

I’m an architectural designer,

这就是我的工作

and I create structures that have a deep reverence

我设计的构造 对自然有深切的敬畏

and awareness of nature, yet protect us from it.

和认知 同时也保护我们免受其害。

I draw on those deceptively simple micro lessons

多年来 那些看似简单微小的经验

that we as communities have been inspired by over the years

不断启发我们族群 教我们以传统的方式应对环境

that dealt with how we traditionally handle the environment

不是驱逐自然与其抗争

and how we, rather than fighting to keep nature out,

而是拥抱驾驭自然视其为庇护所

learned how to harness it and embrace it for a shelter.

我借鉴了这些经验。

Now, I'm sure there are countless examples

我相信如今有许多例子

of traditional building methodologies that have stood the test of time

阐释经受住时间天气考验的

and weather.

传统建筑方式。

Stories of inherent resilience.

建筑本身具有复原力的故事。

But I want to share with you a story from my own country,

但我想谈谈巴巴多斯的故事，

one that has shaped my perspective as I lived through

经历过气候变化 也设计过顺应气变的建筑

and designed for our changing climate reality.

我的想法随之改变。

After the abolition of the enslavement

巴巴多斯的奴隶制被废除后

of African and Indigenous peoples in Barbados,

非洲和当地族群重获自由，

my ancestors, newly freed,

但我的祖先

couldn't just go and find land to build their homes.

找不到打造自己家园的土地。

Their lands, unlike them, were still property or "chattel"

我们祖先的土地依旧被掌控 被视作“私人财产”

of the former enslavers.

为奴隶主所有。

So out of this conundrum

遗留问题十分复杂

the Bajan chattel house was born.

巴巴多斯可移动木屋便诞生了。

Chattel houses were modest homes built entirely of timber,

房屋建在密度极大的珊瑚石上，

with no nails mind you,

造型简朴

and sat on tightly packed coral stone.

仅需木材不用一颗钉子。

The dilemma was that they had to be robust enough

难点在于房屋得够坚固

to survive the harsh temperaments of our tropical weather,

耐热带气候高温

yet somehow temporary,

又能移动

so that inevitably, when there was some kind of "dispute"

如此一来，前奴隶主和新解放的人

between a former enslaver and a newly freed man or woman,

若有不可避免的“纠纷”

he or she could quickly grab a couple of friends and family,

后者就可以迅速和家人朋友

pack up and move at a moment's notice for safety.

立即收拾搬家以保安全。

So how?

怎么做到这点

How, despite being so low-tech and temporary,

技术含量较低的“暂时”居所

could these endemic designs survive often to see another day?

和本地使用的建筑设计 如何保持生命力？

Unlike many of the more established, robust and permanent homes.

和更坚固持久的房屋不同

Well, since these were made from whatever timber was readily available,

因为使用的是现有的现成木材

there were no fancy proprietary systems used.

建筑体系和精美不搭边

So rather than trying to create some kind of impenetrable force field

我们打造的房屋 不是要与风对抗

against the wind,

坚不可摧

we had to get creative and figure out how to work with the wind

而是利用创造力设法顺应风向

instead of against it.

而非对抗。

And when the wind is blowing at incredible force against a home

房屋被狂风猛烈吹打的时候

that simply does not have the adequate means to brace itself,

无法有效抵挡如此势头

options are limited.

选择很有限，

Gets kind of simple.

但也不难，

Like my mother used to tell me, you let the wind come through.

如我母亲以往所说 “让风吹过”。

Now, the trick to doing this lies unexpectedly in the arrangement

如今意外的难题是如何排列

of the timber facade,

木制房屋的正面

with windows such as these called "jalousie" windows.

需要用到像百叶窗这样的窗户。

And a quick side note,

简单说下

jalousie actually comes from the French word “jalousie”

百叶窗的英文 源于法语“jalousie”

meaning "jealousy."

意为嫉妒

So originally,

最初

these angled horizontal slats called louvers

倾斜横板条组成的百叶窗

were meant to keep jealous, peering eyes from seeing into your home.

旨在阻挡满心嫉妒的人 盯着你家。

But architecturally,

但建筑层面上看

what they did was allow wind to filter through

百叶窗作在于透风

while still keeping rain out.

同时防雨。

So these intentionally aligned apertures

所以对齐的缝隙设计

would allow you to open all the slats on the windows and doors

在拉开所有门窗的板条时

to literally let the hurricane pass through,

能让飓风穿堂而过

channeling that wind through the building's interior,

让风从房屋内部穿过

instead of building up destructive pressure on the facade.

避免风挤压破坏房屋表面。

The result was that the weather,

如果我在家

as I might say, if I was at home,

可能会这么形容恶劣天气的影响

“might ’lick down ya house, but it aint gine mash it up.”

“可能会痛揍你家房子 但不会摧毁它”

Translation for those who need it:

其实也就是说

the compound effect of these micro solutions

这些微观方案

was a house that might ...

打造的房子...

it might bend,

可能会弯，

but it wouldn't totally break.

但不会塌。

Drawing on examples such as this,

有如此典范，

I quickly realized that as a region,

我很快意识到一个地区，

we really need to depart from this more global convention

需要脱离全球惯例

of designing our buildings to close themselves off from nature

不应将建筑与自然隔离开

so that architecture, for us,

这样 建筑于我们而言

becomes less about the external expression,

就不仅在于建筑的外观

aesthetic and shape of the building,

美学和形状

but more about its holistic performance in concert with the environment.

而是融于环境的整体表现。

Like those jalousie windows,

像百叶窗一样，

it's about those micro solutions,

关键是微观解决方案，

those little details that quite literally make or break a building.

决定建筑成败的就是小细节。

For example,

举个例子，

after the passage of Hurricane Maria through the Caribbean in 2017,

2017 年加勒比海 遭遇飓风玛利亚

many properties suffered devastating loss.

众多房屋损失惨重。

As designers,

身为建筑设计师，

we were faced with that now common question:

我们面临这一常见的问题：

How do we build back better?

怎么把房屋建得更好？

The answer?

答案？

Simple.

很简单。

You take what works, discard what doesn't,

去之糟粕，取之精华。

and apply it to modern designs.

应用到现代设计中。

In one instance,

有一次，

the wind-dispersing capabilities of those traditional louvers

我和当时的团队设计了木质鳍片外墙

became a modern interpretation.

传统百叶窗的散风功能。

So my team and I at the time designed a timber fin facade

被赋予现代的设计诠释

that would do the same thing:

效果不变：

break up the wind against the building's exterior

风散在建筑外部

while still allowing light to penetrate to the building's interior,

光线能透到建筑内部，

all while protecting the exposed glass from wind

同时避免风和被风带起的物体

and wind driven missiles.

破坏外部玻璃。

So no more duct tape.

不再需要防水胶带。

In another instance,

另一次

we designed a sacrificial central core

我们设计的中心的牺牲核心区

that allowed wind to penetrate through the interior of the building

可以让风穿透建房屋部

while preserving adjacent,

又保留相邻的

locked-down watertight bunkers zones

上锁水密掩体区

for people to retreat from the wind and the rain.

以便人们避风躲雨。

So no more buckets.

不再需要水桶。

And many of my colleagues in island nations, such as my own,

我许多同事生长的岛国 例如巴巴多斯，

are in the process of integrating this similar strategy

都在整合相似的策略

of taking traditional designs and applying them to modern approaches.

将传统设计应用于现代设计。

And this is not just limited to hurricanes,

不仅飓风，例如洪水

but address issues such as floods, earthquakes, landslides,

地震，山体滑坡等问题都能解决

where traditional, stilted designs help to keep us elevated

传统的高跷设计帮我们

above torrential downpour and inundation

远离倾盆大雨 不被淹没

and where cross-brace lattice elements

“X”型的格子框架

make sure our buildings are flexible enough

确保房屋的灵活度

to withstand the Earth moving and shaking beneath them.

承受得起脚下的地震。

We are at a point now where we model an intelligent digital twin

我们现在所处的阶段 可以在虚拟现实中为每个设计

of each design in virtual reality.

建立智能数字孪生题模型

Think of it as a sort of computerized 3D carbon copy of each micro solution,

把建模视作每个微观解决方案的 计算机3D碳式副本

so that we can stress-test it.

用于压力测试。

We can throw real-world climate scenarios its way.

测设真实世界的气候状况

And because we’re in that virtual environment,

既然是虚拟环境，

there's no loss of human life,

就没有人员伤亡，

there's no costly damage to infrastructure,

没有代价高昂的 基础设施损毁，

and we can pick a building apart

还能细细检验建筑设计

and figure out what it actually takes to make a more resilient structure.

思考究竟怎样让框架变得 更能应对天气。

We can, say, throw a Category 5 hurricane wind simulation its way,

举个例子 在安全坏境中试验建筑，

and if it fails in that safe environment, we can fix it.

能否抵御五级飓风 失败了也能修复建筑物。

We can tweak it, we can improve it,

改进，改善，

we can optimize the design,

优化设计，

and we can do that iteratively until we get it right.

不断重复直到成功。

And because we have started from these Indigenous references,

因为借鉴了当地原有的建筑，

we end up with well-performing,

最后的建筑成品性能优良，

modern, yes,

现代化，

but accessible architecture

又能够普及 还能顺应

that is not alien to its cultural or climatic context.

所在地的文化和气候条件。

Architecture that is not alien --

建造和居住者

(Applause)

（掌声）

Architecture that is not alien

建造和居住者

to the people who must build and live in it.

不会觉得这样的房屋格格不入。

Architecture that by testing and design is more resilient

气候会越变越糟 但通过测试的建筑设计精良

as we prepare for harsher weather.

更有韧性。

Now, I've said a lot.

我谈了很多。

But nothing ...

但是...

Nothing prepares you for the mental uncertainty

你无论如何 都无法准备好经历飓风

of experiencing, and hopefully living through, a hurricane.

并祈愿自己能活下来的不定性。

That feeling of total vulnerability.

赤裸裸的脆弱感

Of being fully exposed to the elements and at the absolute mercy ...

完全暴露在大自然中

of nature.

任其摆布。

The sound of the wind ripping a building to pieces.

风把建筑物撕碎的声音转来

The sound of your neighbors’ screams being carried away

邻居的尖叫声

in that same wind.

随风远去。

The “What if?”

那些“要是”？

"What if they don't make it?"

“要是他们遇难了？”

"What if we don't make it?"

“要是我们遇难了？”

"What if I don't make it?"

“要是我遇难了？”

"What if?"

“要是？“

But what if we could design away some of that uncertainty

但要是我们能通过设计 消除这种不定性

and shelter in place with a sense of confidence

就地避难时能有信心

that we have given ourselves the best chance at surviving,

已经有最大的生存几率。

the best chance at weathering each storm?

挺过每场风暴的最大几率呢

Across the world, as humans, we are doing amazing things.

在世界各地 作为人类 我们正在做着令人惊叹的事情

We are putting people into space for leisure.

把人送上太空是为了娱乐。

(Applause)

（掌声）

We are searching and figuring out how to live in and survive

试图寻找并弄清 如何在遥远行星的极端气候下

the extremes of distant planetary climates.

生活和生存

Yes, that's amazing.

是很惊人。

However, on this planet,

但在地球上，

so many of us still live in constant fear

我们当中许多人 活在持续的恐惧中

that the next event will be the big one

害怕下一场灾难会毁灭所有

that either dramatically changes or outright claims our existence here

害怕发生剧变 害怕在这个星球上

on planet Earth forever.

再无人类。

You've probably heard this a million times,

可能大家听过无数次重复的话

but we as small island nations are living in our present,

但我们这些小岛国 正在经历的灾难

the future that you all are poised to face.

未来可能降临在每一寸土地。

So we need to know now what works and what does not

所以我们需要知道 在特定环境下

in our specific contexts,

什么可行什么不可行

because it is a true, immediate, cyclical matter of life and death for us.

这真实直接的生死问题 事关所有人。

So.

所以。

As we step into this new era,

我们步入新时代，

as we design and build our future cities and communities,

设计未来城市和社区的方法

the approach, again, is so simple.

其实很简单。

We must do so no longer leaving the most vulnerable of us to guess

必须要确保最脆弱的群体不必再猜测

and hope for the best.

不用再担惊受怕。

But based on tried, tested, traditional knowledge

利用好久经考验的传统知识

and lived experience,

和实际经验

designing for the absolute worst.

根据最糟的情形做好设计。

Thank you.

谢谢大家。

(Applause and cheers)

（掌声和欢呼声）