How to End Malaria Once and for All | Abdoulaye Diabaté | TED

Translator: Khasan Nishanov

(Mosquitoes buzzing)

(Chivinlar shovillashayotgani)

Mosquitoes.

Chivinlar.

I don't know about you,

Sizni bilmayman,

but I don't have a good relationship with them.

lekin men ularni yaxshi ko‘rmayman.

(Laughter)

(kulgi)

A friend of mine said one day,

Bir do‘stim bir kuni shunday dedi:

if you think that you are too small to make a big difference,

siz o‘zingizni farq yaratish kichik ,

you've never spent a night with mosquitoes in a room.

chivinlar xonada bo‘lganingizni bilmagan

(Laughter)

(kulgi)

But ...

Lekin...

I don't have any mosquitoes in my pocket to release tonight,

kechasi chivinlarim yo‘q,

so it's going to be fine.

hammasi yaxshi bo‘ladi.

So let's start.

Shunday qilib, boshlaylik.

As unbelievable as it may sound, malaria is as old as humankind.

Yuqorida eshitilishi mumkin bo‘lganidek,

And malaria once was a public health issue all over the world.

malariya insoniyat bilan birga eski.

But then it has been successfully tackled in the US and Europe.

Lekin, AQSh va Yevropada muvaffaqiyatli hal etilgan.

And yet, decades later,

o‘nlab yillar o‘tgandan so‘ng

malaria still kills millions of people

malariya milyonlab odamlarni halok qiladi.

in Africa

Afrika

and in Asia.

va Osiyoda

Why?

Nega?

I'm Abdoulaye Diabaté, a medical entomologist

Men Abdoulaye Diabaté,

from l'Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé.

l’Institut de Recherche en Science entomologiman.

I'm here today,

men bu yerdaman

flying all the way from Burkina Faso,

Bugun Burkina-Fasodan uchib kelib,

to tell you that we might be closer than ever

biz oldingidan yaqinroq ekanligimizni aytmoqchiman.

to eliminate malaria in Africa.

Afrikada malariyani yo‘q qilishga

(Applause)

(Qarsaklar)

Thank you.

Rahmat

Malaria is tightly linked to poverty.

Malariya qashshoqlik bilan bog‘liq.

But then you have no idea of how expensive it is to be poor.

kambag’al bo’lish qimmattligin bilamysiz

There are 200 million cases worldwide

Dunyo bo’ylab 200 million holat mavjud

that end up sadly every year with about 600,000 deaths.

taxminan 600,000 o’lim bilan.

And this is not a random collection of statistics on a piece of paper.

bu tasodifiy to’plam emas bir statistika.

Behind each of these 600,000 deaths,

600,000 o’limning har birining orqasida,

there is a personal, tragic story, sometimes behind closed doors.

shaxsiy, fojiali voqea bor,

Most of these deaths happen in Africa.

o’limlarning aksariyati Afrikada bo’ladi.

Children and pregnant women bear the highest burden.

Bolalar va homilador ayollar

And I'm a fortunate childhood malaria survivor.

Va men baxtliman bolalik bezgak survivor.

When I was a kid, I used to think that my dad was a superhero.

Bolaligimda o’ylardim dadam qahramon deb

I could see him leaving the house every morning at six,

Men uning uydan ketayotganini ko’rdim

riding his bicycle to the farm, working very hard all day long.

velosipedini fermaga minib ishga

We did not have much for living.

yashash uchun narsa yo’q edi.

But who said you need more to be happy?

baxt uchun ko’proq kerakligini kim aytdi?

But when happiness hangs by a thread,

Ammo baxt ipga osilganida,

it doesn't take much to turn your life around.

bu ko’p narsani talab qilmaydi

My certainty in my dad got deeply shaken the day I got struck down by malaria.

Dadamga ishonchim silkindi bezgak kunim.

I was three or four years old.

Men uch-to’rt yoshda edim.

As we used to say in my country,

Bizning mamlakatimda aytganimizdek,

kids may not understand the complexity of suffering,

bolalar tushunmaydi azoblanishning,

but pain has no age.

ammo og’riqning yoshi yo’q.

And gosh, I was in pain.

Va gosh, men og’riqda edim.

I can still clearly see myself

hali ham o’zimni aniq koraman

laying down there on the bed with high fever and suffering.

u erda to’shakda yotish

I could not eat anything.

yuqori isitma va azob-uqubatlar bilan.

Throwing up all the time.

Men hech narsa yeyolmadim.

Will I survive? Will I not?

Har doim otish.

The psychological trauma my parents were going through

Men omon qolamanmi? Men qilmaymanmi?

was unbearable.

chidab bo’lmas edi.

But against all odds, I survived.

Lekin urinishmasin, men omon.

But can we say today that we are done with malaria

Lekin bugun ayta olamizmi

because Diabaté survived and made it all the way down to Vancouver?

va Vankuver pastga barcha yo’l qildi?

If I say yes, no one can blame me.

Ha desam, hech kim meni ayblay olmaydi.

But it’s a lie, because many children are still dying of malaria.

Lekin bu yolg’on, chunki ko’p bolalar

The real question then is:

Keyin haqiqiy savol:

Why have we not been able to defeat it so far?

Nega biz qila olmadik?

Well because malaria is a complex parasitic disease

Xo’sh, chunki bezgak

that plays on three grounds.

bu uchta asosda o’ynaydi.

Plasmodium, the pathogen;

Plazmodium, patogen

anopheles, the vector;

anofel, vektor;

and human, the victim.

va inson, jabrlanuvchi.

Each of these elements is very complex on its own,

elementlarning har biri o’zidan murakkab,

and the interactions make it even more complex

va o’zaro ta’sirlar

to devise interventions that are really effective.

bu haqiqatan ham samarali.

But of course we are trying.

albatta, biz harakat qilamiz.

Currently, there are two vaccines to immunize people,

Hozirda immunizatsiya uchun ikkita vaktsina bor.

but the heavy logistics to deliver this vaccine

logistika vaktsinani etkazib berish uchun og’ir vazifa

may not allow us to reach their full potential.

ruxsat bermasligingiz mumkin salohiyatiga erishish bilan.

Bed nets and first-hand treatment

Chivinli tarmoqlar davolanadi

are both threatened by insecticide and drug resistance,

Qarshilik qilish pestitsidlar va dorilar,

meaning that our best interventions have started to fail.

Bu bizning muvaffaqiyatsizlikka anglatadi.

And there is a general consensus today that without additional new tools,

Bugun shu haqida umumiy konsensus mavjud Qo’shimcha yangi vositalarsiz,

we may never cross the last mile of malaria elimination.

biz hechqacon qila olamsligimiz mumkin

And this is exactly where I come in.

Va bu siz kelgan joy.

My colleagues and I at Target Malaria,

Mening hamkasblarim va men Target bezgak,

and are working on something called gene drive:

Va biz genetik haydovchi narsa ustida ishlayapmiz:

a way to control mosquito population and halt malaria transmission.

Raqamlarni boshqarish usuli Chivinlar va bezgaklarni to’xtatish.

So what is gene drive?

Xo’sh, gen haydovchisi nima?

It's a natural molecular mechanism

Bu tabiiy molekulyar mexanizm

that augments the frequency of a certain gene in the population

Populyatsiyada ma’lum bir genning chastotasini oshiradi

beyond the normal Mendelian inheritance.

Oddiy Mendel merosidan tashqari.

So what does it mean?

bu nimani anglatadi?

If you take any gene,

Agar siz biron bir genni olsangiz,

in natural circumstances,

Oddiy sharoitlarda,

it has only a 50 percent chance of being transmitted to the next generation.

U 50% imkoniyatga ega bo’ladikeyingi avlodga o’tish uchun foiz.

Meaning that if the parents have 100 babies, like in mosquitoes,

agar ota-onalar 100 ta farzandli bo’lsa Chivinlarda bo’lgani kabi,

only 50 of them will get the gene and the other 50 will not.

Ulardan faqat 50 nafari genni oladi Qolgan 50 kishi buni tushunmaydi.

But not all genes behave this way in nature.

Ammo hamma genlar ham harakat qilmaydi Tabiatda shunday.

Some genes have found a very clever way to bypass this law,

Ba’zi genlar yo’l topdilar Bu qonunni chetlab o’tish juda aqlli,

and can augment their own prospect to up to 90 percent.

U o’z istiqbollarini oshirishi mumkin 90 foizgacha.

Such genes are said to drive, and so the name "gene drive."

Bunday genlar aytiladi Drayv, shuning uchun “gen haydovchi” nomi.

Our most promising strain affects female fertility

Bizning shtamimiz ayollarning tug’ilishiga ta’sir qiladi

by targeting a gene called doublesex.

Doubleseks genni nishonga olish orqali.

This gene is responsible for the sex determination in mosquitoes,

Bu gen mas’uldir Chivinlarda jinsni aniqlash,

and so disrupting the doublesex gene

Demak, ikki jinsli genning inaktivatsiyasi

may affect the sexual development for adult mosquitoes

jinsiy rivojlanishga ta’sir qilishi chivinlari uchun

and their reproduction.

Va uning ko’payishi.

Now

hozir

it may sound counterintuitive to affect female fertility

Bu mantiqsiz tuyulishi mumkin Ayollarning tug’ilish qobiliyatiga ta’siri

and spread a gene of interest in mosquito population at the same time.

Va qiziqarli genni tarqald iBir vaqtning o’zida chivin raqamlari.

But it's working.

Lekin ishlaydi.

And let me show you how.

Keling, sizga qanday qilib ko’rsataman.

We target a specific region of the gene called doublesex

Biz genning ma’lumbir hududini nishonga olamiz; (ikkilamchi jinsiy aloqa)

that affects only females.

Bu faqat ayollarga ta’sir qiladi.

Males bearing this modified gene are not affected at all.

Homilador bo’lgan erkaklar ta’sir qilmaydiBu gen mutlaqo o’zgartirilgan.

Females with just one copy of the altered gene are fully fertile.

Ayollarda faqat bitta nusxa borTo’liq unumdorlikka ega o’zgartirilgan gendan.

However, females bearing two copies

Biroq, ayollar ikkita nusxani olib yurishadi

of the modified gene

O’zgartirilgan gendan

cannot lay eggs,

tuxum qo’ya olmaydi,

fail to bite

Va tishlamaslik

and also have the physical characteristics of both male and female.

U ham xususiyatlarga ega Erkaklar va ayollar uchun fizioterapiya.

It's called a suppression strategy.

Bu bostirish strategiyasi deb ataladi.

Once these mosquitoes are released in the field,

Bu chivinlar dalaga qo‘yib yuborilgach,

they're going to spread the gene of interest to the wild population,

Bu genni tarqatadiyovvoyi hayvonlarning qiziqishini tortadi,

and this is going to reduce dramatically their reproductive capacity.

Bu sezilarli darajada kamayadi Katta reproduktiv salohiyat.

Fewer mosquitoes means less malaria transmission

Kam populyatsiyasi anglatadi Bezgakning tarqalishini kamaytirish

until it stops.

To’xtaguningizcha.

Mathematical models predict

Matematik modellar bashorat qiladi

that releasing such mosquitoes in the field

Bunday chivinlarni dalaga qo’yib yuborish orqali

is going to stop malaria transmission in just 20 generations.

Bu bezgakning tarqalishin i to’xtatadiFaqat 20 avlodda.

That means in two years.

Bu ikki yil ichida degani.

And the technology is sustainable,

Bu texnologiya ham barqaror va samarali hisoblanadi

cost-effective and easy to deploy,

Tejamkorlik va joylashtirish oson,

as the released mosquitoes will do the job themselves

Bu chivinlar tushirilgan bo’lsa, u ishni o’zi bajaradi

by finding the last hiding pocket of wild mosquitoes to convert.

Oxirgi cho’ntakni topib Yovvoyi chivinlar ularni ichiga yashirinadi.

Fantastic.

ajoyib.

The only problem,

Yagona muammo

gene drive has never been tested anywhere in Africa.

Gen drayv sinovdan o’tkazilmagan Afrikaning istalgan joyida.

And while the technology brings a lot of hope,

Garchi texnologiyako’p umid keltiring,

it also carries its share of fear and skepticism.

Biroq, u ham olib yuradi Uning qo’rquv va shubha ulushi.

The pathway from the bench to the field

Skameykadan maydongacha bo’lgan yo’l

is not straightforward and is full of pitfalls.

Bu oddiy emas va tuzoqlarga to’la.

Maybe the mosquitoes in the field

chivinlarni rivojlanishi mumkin

will develop resistance to the spread of the transgene.

Maydondagi qarshilik Transgenlarning tarqalishi.

Or maybe two countries don't agree,

Yoki ikki davlat rozi bo’lmasa,

but released mosquitoes do not respect the human borders.

Lekin mutlaq chegaralarini hurmat qilmaydi.

Or also, maybe there are risks to the environment.

Yoki u erda ham bo’lishi mumkin Atrof-muhit uchun xavflar.

And finally, the community that we are working with

Nihoyat, jamiyat kerak

need to feel comfortable about this technology

Va harakat qilishimiz uchun yashil chiroq yoqing.

and give us the green light to operate.

bizga ruhsat berish shart

And so for such,

Shunday qilib,

Target Malaria has adopted an incremental approach, step by step,

Maqsad bezgak yondashuvni qabul qildiAsta-sekin, bosqichma-bosqich,

whereby we will start releasing first non-gene-drive mosquitoes,

Birinchi ishga tushirishni boshlaymizgen qo’zg’atuvchisi bo’lmagan chivinlar

meaning that the gene of interest here cannot self-propagate

Bu degani, bu genBu erda u o’z-o’zidan tarqala olmaydi

and will just go extinct in a few generations.

U yo’q bo’lib ketadi Bir necha avlodlar ichida.

The gene drive, the exposure of this gene to the environment

Genetik harakat, ta’sir qilish kuchayadi

is incrementally augmented

Bu gen asta-sekin atrof-muhitga ta’sir qiladi

in a way that we start first with small cages

Biz birinchi navbatda kichik kataklardan boshlaymiz

and big indoor cages in Europe,

Va Evropada katta yopiq qafaslar,

and then these mosquitoes are sent to Burkina Faso,

Bu keyin yuboriladi Burkina-faso uchun chivinlar,

where they are tested in a contained facility first,

sinovdan o’tkaziladi Cheklangan muassasada birinchi bolib,

and subsequently in a big indoor small cage field release.

Va keyin yopiq qafasdaKattasi kichik maydonga chiqariladi.

Now the gene drive mosquitoes are going to be tested in an open field

Endi chivinlar sinovdan o’tkaziladi Ochiq maydonda gen drayveri

only after this preliminary step

Faqat bu bosqichdan keyin

and the potential risks have been looked at very carefully.

Dastlabki ko’rib chiqild iPotentsial juda ehtiyotkorlik bilan.

And also additional research questions have been developed

U ham ishlab chiqilgan Qo’shimcha tadqiqot savollari

to address these risks, if any.

ushbu xavflarni bartaraf etish uchun.

Now the question, how far are we from releasing gene drive?

savol , biz qanchalik uzoqmiz? Gen drayverini ishga tushirishdan uzoqmi?

Four to five years.

To’rt yildan besh yilgacha.

But let me tell you this.

Lekin buni sizga aytaman.

Gene drive mosquitoes are already in the lab,

Genetik haydovchiga ega chivinlarallaqachon laboratoriyada,

and releasing them in the field

Va uni maydonga qo’yib yuboring

is not going to take us more than 30 minutes.

Bu 30 daqiqadan ko’proq vaqt talab qilmaydi.

But we need five years to get ready for these 30 minutes.

Ammo bizga besh yil kerakmUshbu 30 daqiqaga tayyorgarlik ko’rish uchun.

And why is that?

Nima uchun bu?

The answer is simple.

Javob oddiy.

Because we need to engage the community

Chunki biz jamiyatni jalb qilishimiz kerak

and get the social license to operate.

Ishlash uchun ijtimoiy litsenziya olish.

And so if there is one thing that you cannot afford the luxury to miss,

Shunday qilib, agar bitta narsa bo’lsa Siz uni sog’inishingiz mumkin emas,

it's the stakeholder engagement.

Bu manfaatdor tomonlarning ishtiroki.

I cannot just pop up in a village with a bucket of mosquitoes

Men qishloqda ko’rinmayman Bir chelak chivin bilan

on the assumption that I'm a scientist working for the public good.

Men olimman deb faraz qilsam Umumiy manfaat uchun ishlaydi.

It will not take anyone a PhD to understand

chunish uchun Phd kerak emas

if we are respectful of their values or not.

Biz ularning qadriyatlarini hurmat qilamizmi yoki yo’qmi.

We need to engage the community

Biz jamiyatni jalb qilishimiz kerak

and then co-develop the technology with them.

texnologiyani ishlab chiqishda ishtirok ettik.

And so for that,

Shu sababli,

we've built our engagement strategy on the pyramidal structure,

strategiyasini ishlab chiqdik Bizning ierarxik tuzilmamiz,

starting with the villages where we operate

Biz ishlayotgan qishloqlardan boshlab

all the way to the top with the government officials.

eng yuqori darajaga qadar Hukumat amaldorlari bilan.

The engagement is done step-by-step.

Ulashish bosqichma-bosqich amalga oshiriladi

It’s done in an inclusive way

Bu keng qamrovli tarzda amalga oshiriladi

and also is done in full transparency.

Bundan tashqari, to’liq shaffoflik bilan amalga oshiriladi.

Ladies and gentlemen,

Xonimlar va janoblar,

there is one more thing that needs to be done

Yana bir narsa qilish kerak

before gene drive can be released in the field in Africa.

Gen drayverini ishga tushirishdan oldin Afrikadagi dalada.

That is capacity building.

Bu salohiyatni oshirish.

Gene drive holds a lot of promises,

Gen diski juda ko’p va’da beradi,

but it will not take us anywhere

Ammo bu bizni hech qaerga olib ketmaydi

if we Africans aren’t enabled to run it on our own.

Agar biz kuchga ega bo’lmasak afrikaliklar yolg’iz boshqara olamiz.

Sadly,

Afsuski,

the technical platform in Africa is really very poor,

Texnik platforma ichida Afrika juda yomon,

and this has to be solved before we can really beat malaria.

Buni oldin hal qilish kerak, Bezgakni yengish mumkin.

And so for that, we've set up in Burkina Faso

Buning uchun Burkina-Fasoda tashkil etdik

a World Bank-funded center of excellence on vector-borne diseases, like malaria.

Jahon banki moliyalagan, Bezgak kabi kasalliklar uchun.

And also with additional funds from the Gates Foundation,

Geyts jamg’armasi mablag’ bilan,

we are building a critical mass of next generation scientists

Yangi avlod olimlariButun qit’ada

all over the continent

Butun qit’ada

to fill the knowledge gap and the know-how gap as well.

Bilim bo’shliqni to’ldirish uchun.

In April 1969, a child was born in a remote village of Burkina Faso.

1969 yil aprelida o’g’il bola tug’ildi, Burkina-Fasodagi uzoq qishloqda.

Like any other child of the world,

Har bir bola kabi,

he had dreams and expectations.

Uning orzulari bor edi.

Sadly, however, as he came to learn,

Ammo tug’ilgan joyingiz

the place where you are born in on this planet

Hayotga ta’sir qiladi

very often affects your perspective on life,

Bu yo’lni belgilashi mumkin

and may even set the path you need to walk through into your future.

Yo’lni belgilashi mumkin

That shouldn't be the case.

Bunday bo’lmasligi kerak.

We are all citizens of the world.

Biz dunyo fuqarolarimiz.

Our dreams and aspirations should not be constrained

Orzularimiz tug’ilgan joy bilan cheklanmasligi kerak.

by the place where we are born.

Shuning uchun men olim bo’ldim,

And this is the reason why I became a scientist.

umini yo’q qilishi kerak ammo maqsadli buni tuzatishi kerak.

To offer endless possibility to any child anywhere on this continent,

Bezgakdan xoli dunyo bizning maqsad, Va men aytaman, ha, qila olamiz.

so that they can see the future with hope.

Har bir bolaga cheksiz imkoniyat uchun.

But there is no hope if you are cut short with malaria.

Bezgak umidni yo’q qilishi mumkin,

But Target Malaria is here to fix that.

Ammo maqsadli bezgak buni tuzatishi kerak.

A world free of malaria is our vision.

Bezgakdan xoli dunyo bizning qarashimiz,

And I will say, yes, we can.

Va men aytaman, ha, qila olamiz.

Thank you for your attention.

Etiboringiz uchun rahmat.

(Applause)

(qarsaklar)