Can We Hack Photosynthesis to Feed the World? | Steve Long | TED

44,737 views ใƒป 2023-11-30

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Seung Mi Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : JY Kang
00:04
Today, nearly one in 10 is food insufficient.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  10๋ช… ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ๊ตถ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:10
That number has been rising every year since 2014,
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2014๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๋งค๋…„ ์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
00:16
and it's forecast to become considerably worse
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ํ–ฅํ›„ 20~30๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋”
00:19
over the next two to three decades.
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์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
This is especially true for the poorer countries of Africa and Asia,
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ํŠนํžˆ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ €๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ๋ฐ์š”.
00:28
where the rise in demand
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ
00:31
is outpacing the rise in our ability to supply.
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๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
I want to tell you how the most important process
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์ธ
00:40
on the planet,
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00:41
boosting that process, photosynthesis,
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด์„œ
00:45
could alleviate this problem.
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์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๋ ค ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
How photosynthesis works
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ž‘์šฉ์€
00:50
is that plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere,
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์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€
00:55
then they use sunlight energy to convert that into our food,
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ํƒœ์–‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์–‘๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
00:58
releasing our oxygen at the same time.
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๋™์‹œ์— ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
Photosynthesis is the most studied of all plant processes,
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์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
01:08
and from that knowledge,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
01:09
we realize that even our most productive crops
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์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์ด์–ด๋„
01:13
are only achieving about one fifth
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์‹ค์ œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜
01:15
of the potential efficiency of that process.
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5๋ถ„์˜ 1์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
As the most studied of plant processes,
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์‹๋ฌผ ์ƒ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
01:22
we realize that the efficiency is low.
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ํšจ์œจ์ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
Now, if we look at other genetic improvements of plants,
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์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
01:33
these have typically involved one or two genes,
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๋Œ€๊ฐœ๋Š” ํ•œ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
for example, the shortening of the stems of rice and wheat,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์Œ€์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ€์˜ ์ค„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์งง๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ผ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์„œ
01:40
allowing more of the plant's biomass to go into the grain that we harvest,
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์ˆ˜ํ™•ํ•  ๊ณก์‹์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹์ด์ฃ .
01:46
was at the core of the Green Revolution.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
That involved mutations in just a few genes.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:53
But photosynthesis is a process of over 100 steps,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ 100๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:58
each of these facilitated by a different protein
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๊ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด‰์ง„๋˜๋ฉฐ
02:02
and in turn coded for by many genes.
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๋งŽ์€ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
So where do you start?
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๊ณผ์—ฐ ์–ด๋Š ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†์„ ๋ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
02:09
Well, you can envisage this like a car production line.
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์šฐ์„  ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ผ์ธ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:13
Imagine you've got a thousand workers.
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์ž‘์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ ๋ช…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:16
Where do you place them on your line
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์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ด๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋””์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
02:18
to get the most output?
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02:20
Similarly, if you consider the amount of protein in a leaf,
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์žŽ์— ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์–‘์„
02:24
how do you distribute that between all these steps
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ํ•ด์•ผ
02:27
to get the maximum efficiency?
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ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:29
If you could work that out,
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ์„ ์˜ ์‹ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
then maybe you could make progress.
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02:33
However, to do this experimentally with all these permutations
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
02:38
may take decades.
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
So instead, we built a digital twin of the process
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
in which every one of these reactions
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„
02:47
was described by a differential equation
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๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:50
producing a system that we could then numerically integrate and optimize
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
02:55
to pick out where should we be making changes.
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๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:59
So after three years of building this system,
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  3๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ
03:02
we are now ready to do our numerical integration.
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๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:05
And it failed.
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ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
It failed miserably.
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์•„์ฃผ ํญ์‚ญ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:10
Fortunately, another scientist at our computer center
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๋‹คํ–‰์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ €ํฌ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€
03:14
heard us talking about our problems
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
and said, "Oh, I had exactly the same problem with my work
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โ€œ์•„, ์ €๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์€ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
๋กœ์ผ“ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:23
on balancing rocket motors,
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03:25
and here's how I solved it."
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
03:28
So he looked at our problem and he said,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ €ํฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋”๋‹ˆ
03:30
"Oh, this is more challenging than what I'm doing."
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โ€œ์•„, ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์–ด๋ ต๋„ค์š”.โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
03:33
And he worked with us.
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์ €ํฌ ํŒ€์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
And using his methods,
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ
03:37
we were now able to numerically integrate our system,
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์ˆ˜์น˜ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๊ณ 
03:40
and we could optimize that,
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์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
03:42
and we could start to see places
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
03:44
where we might be able to improve photosynthesis.
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์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
So that's just to tell you
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”
03:49
that photosynthesis isn't rocket science.
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋กœ์ผ“ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์›์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด์ฃ .
03:52
It's harder.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:55
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
03:59
Well, of course, models can look very attractive.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฝค ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
But when you now have to go into a muddy crop field
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑธ ์งˆ์ฒ™ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฐญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€์„œ
04:09
to show that you can actually do this,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
04:12
it doesn't look quite so pretty.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊น”๋”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
But despite these challenges,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
04:17
we were able to get together a team of experts
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๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค๋กœ ํŒ€์„ ๊พธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
from Australia, Britain, China and the United States
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ํ˜ธ์ฃผ, ์˜๊ตญ, ์ค‘๊ตญ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ
04:25
to work together on this.
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์ด ์ผ์— ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ ธ์ฃ .
04:27
And this is how we work.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
We use this digital twin to say, well,
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
04:32
what is the easiest change we might make that would have a big impact?
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์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋„ ํฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
Then we engineer that into a crop.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ•ด์„œ
04:43
If in the greenhouse,
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์‹คํ—˜ ์˜จ์‹ค์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•œ ๋’ค
04:45
we can see that the genetically modified plant is yielding more
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๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด
04:51
than the unmodified one,
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๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹๋ฌผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:53
then we have the acid test saying,
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์ตœ์ข… ๊ฒ€์ฆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
does this actually provide a higher yield on our experimental farm?
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๋†์žฅ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฒ” ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ™•๋Ÿ‰์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์ฃ .
05:02
Now we've now made three different changes to photosynthesis,
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์—ฌํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๊ณ 
05:07
each individually increasing yield by over 20 percent.
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๊ฐ ์š”์†Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ˆ˜ํ™•๋Ÿ‰์„ 20% ์ด์ƒ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
And I'll just tell you about --
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๊ทธ์ค‘ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜...
05:15
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
05:17
A couple of these in a little more detail.
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์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
05:20
In one case, the digital twin said
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
05:23
a protein we call SBPase
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SBPase๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด
05:26
should be far more abundant in the leaf than it is.
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์žŽ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
So we put in extra copies of the genes coding for that protein.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ๋Š˜๋ ค์„œ
05:34
We made more of it, we got more photosynthesis,
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๊ทธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ
05:36
we got a higher yield.
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์ˆ˜ํ™•๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋Š˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
Well, this was a bit of a mystery because ...
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์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
05:42
This protein is a tiny fraction of the leaf's total protein.
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์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ์žŽ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ค‘ ๊ทนํžˆ ์ผ๋ถ€์˜€์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:47
So why hadnโ€™t evolution already done this?
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์™œ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋งŽ๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:50
A colleague pointed out to us that the ancestors of our crops
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ํ•œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹น์‹œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋†๋„๋Š”
05:54
evolved in the carbon dioxide concentration
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05:57
that is about half what it is today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
Aha!
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์•„ํ•˜!
06:01
So we reran the model at this past CO2 concentration,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋†๋„๋กœ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
and we found now that the model was saying
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ์ด๋ฒˆ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋Š”
๊ทธ SBPace ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ํ•„์š” ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜์™”์ฃ .
06:10
well you don't need any more of this protein.
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06:12
So then we got curious, what about the future?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ถ๊ธˆ์ฆ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
06:15
In 2050, we're predicting
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2050๋…„์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
06:18
a considerably higher carbon dioxide concentration.
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋†’์•„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
When we ran it at that higher concentration,
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋” ๋†’์—ฌ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ
06:24
it said the benefit of increasing this protein was even greater.
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SBPase ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”์ฃ .
06:29
Well, we couldn't easily remove carbon dioxide
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๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธด ์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋งŒ
06:33
from the air around our crop,
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06:34
but we could add it.
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๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ๋”ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:36
And when we did this,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:37
the model prediction was proved that we did indeed get
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๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•˜์ž
06:41
an even bigger boost in yield.
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์ˆ˜ํ™•๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
So this told us that evolution has just not had time
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์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋น ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ
06:48
to keep pace with the changes we have made
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
in crop environments.
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06:54
Now, another change we've made in crop environments
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š”
06:57
is to grow our crops at ever-increasing densities.
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๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ์ข€ ๋” ๋ฐ€์ง‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
This means that there's a lot of shading within the crop.
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๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐ€์ง‘ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ทธ๋Š˜์ด ๋” ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
07:05
So over the course of a day,
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์žŽ์€ ๊ทธ๋Š˜์— ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
the leaves are going in and out of shade due to clouds,
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ํ•˜๋Š˜์˜ ํƒœ์–‘์„ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:11
due to the passage of the sun across the sky,
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07:14
but most importantly,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด
07:16
shadows cast by other leaves.
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์žŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Š˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
Now, for photosynthesis,
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด ์žŽ์ด ๊ทธ๋Š˜์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์€
07:21
when the leaf goes into the shade,
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07:23
it's rather like you coming out of the sunshine,
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‡๋น›์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Š˜์ง„ ์‹ค๋‚ด๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ
07:26
going into the shade of a room,
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07:29
and it takes time for your eyes to adjust to that change.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ˆˆ์ด ๋น›์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋“ฏ
07:33
The same is true of photosynthesis,
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ ์‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
except it adjusts rather more slowly than your eyes.
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๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ˆˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
Over the course of the day,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ๋™์•ˆ
07:42
this slow adjustment costs productivity an estimated 20 to 40 percent.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ ์‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝ 20~40% ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
07:49
So again, using our digital twin and also other information,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•„
07:55
we identified three proteins that we should regulate.
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์ด ์ ์‘ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ๊ณ 
07:59
So we added extra copies of the genes for those proteins,
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๊ทธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ๋Š˜๋ ค์„œ ๊ทธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ž
08:03
got more of them,
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08:04
the leaves adapted faster to fluctuations in light.
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์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์žŽ์ด ๋น›์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ ์‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
And in soybean on our farm
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋Œ€๋‘๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋†์žฅ์— ์‹ฌ์—ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ
08:12
we got more than 20 percent increase in seed yield.
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์ข…์ž ์ˆ˜ํ™•๋Ÿ‰์ด 20% ์ด์ƒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
08:22
So how do we now get from these improvements
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์ด์ œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰๋œ ์ข…์ž๋ฅผ
08:27
to seed
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์•ผ
08:29
which will give greater yields where it is most needed?
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์‹๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณณ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:34
And I'll just give you one ongoing example.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
We've been working with TJ Higgins,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ‹ฐ์ œ์ด ํžˆ๊ธด์Šค ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
08:42
a plant biotechnologist from Australia,
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๊ทธ๋ถ„์€ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™์ž๋กœ
08:45
who's been working in Nigeria really for almost 20 years,
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๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ 20๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ
08:51
developing insect-resistant cowpea.
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๊ณค์ถฉ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ์ฝฉ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
Cowpea is probably not what you think it is.
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๊ทธ ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ์ฝฉ์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
Cowpea is actually a nitrogen-fixing crop
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๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ์ฝฉ์€ ๋Œ€๋‘์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ์†Œ ๊ณ ์ • ์ž‘๋ฌผ์ด๋ฉฐ
09:04
related to soybean,
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09:07
and it produces, like soybean, a protein-rich seed.
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๋Œ€๋‘์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
It is, in fact the most important vegetable protein source in West Africa,
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๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ์ฝฉ์€ ์„œ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์ด๋ฉฐ
09:16
and it is often referred to as the โ€œpoor manโ€™s meat.โ€
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์ข…์ข… โ€œ๊ฐ€๋‚œ๋ฑ…์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ๊ธฐโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
A problem with cowpea is that a pod boring insect
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๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ์ฝฉ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•ด์„œ
09:25
can completely destroy a family's entire crop.
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๊ผฌํˆฌ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋šซ๋Š” ํ•ด์ถฉ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†์žฅ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ๋ง์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:30
So TJ's ...
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ‹ฐ์ œ์ด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”
09:34
genetically modified cowpea that is insect-resistant
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๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ์ฝฉ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณค์ถฉ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
09:38
is very powerful,
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09:40
and TJ and his colleagues work with governments in West Africa
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ํ‹ฐ์ œ์ด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง„์€ ์„œ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ
09:45
to put in place regulatory frameworks for genetically modified crops.
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์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
And now this insect-resistant cowpea is available to farmers in Nigeria,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ณค์ถฉ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ์ฝฉ์ด
๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด ํฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
09:57
where it's become very popular.
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09:59
This year, it was also released in Ghana.
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์˜ฌํ•ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์—๋„ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
So what we are now doing with TJ
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ‹ฐ์ œ์ด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์™€ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
10:06
is stacking our photosynthetic improvements
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„
10:09
on top of his insect resistance --
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ํ•ด์ถฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ 
10:12
this is all royalty-free --
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ํŠนํ—ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ ์—†์ด
10:15
so that these farmers will have access to seed,
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๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ์ข…์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋ฐ›์•„์„œ
10:19
which will produce a crop which is insect-resistant
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๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์— ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ™•๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„
10:23
and delivers a higher yield.
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์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:26
So I hope I've shown to you that ...
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
10:31
by boosting photosynthesis
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋ฉด
10:34
we can relieve the risk of food insufficiency
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์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ณ 
10:40
for some of the most vulnerable.
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10:42
We can protect the environment
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
by preventing the need to go onto yet more land
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์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋•…์ด ํ•„์š”์น˜ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
10:50
to produce our food.
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10:51
And the possibility that we might even be able to remove carbon dioxide
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
from the atmosphere.
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10:59
A 21-century Green Revolution,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ˜๋ช…์ด
11:02
one we so urgently need.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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