Who counts as a speaker of a language? | Anna Babel

70,533 views ・ 2021-01-07

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Transcriber: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Camille MartΓ­nez
0
0
7000
λ²ˆμ—­: Joseph Geni κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ˜€λž˜μ „λΆ€ν„° λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
지ꡬ μƒμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 같은 μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆκ³ 
λͺ¨λ‘ 같은 뢀쑱에 μ†ν–ˆλ‹€κ³ μš”.
μ €λŠ” κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ‹œκ°„μ„ λ„ˆλ¬΄ ν• μ• ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:12
People say that a long, long time ago,
1
12380
2850
μ™œλƒλ©΄ 그듀은 ν•¨κ»˜ μΌν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ κ²°μ •ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
everybody on earth spoke the same language
2
15254
2283
00:17
and belonged to the same tribe.
3
17561
1919
μ‹ μ²˜λŸΌ μœ„λŒ€ν•΄μ§€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμš”.
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그듀은 μ²œκ΅­κΉŒμ§€ 닿을 탑을 μŒ“κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
And I guess people had a little too much time on their hands,
4
19980
2970
00:22
because they decided they were going to work together
5
22974
2542
신은 이것을 보고 ν™”κ°€ λ‚˜μ…”μ„œ
μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μ˜€λ§Œν•¨μ„ μ²˜λ²Œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
00:25
to become as great as God.
6
25540
1283
탑을 νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
So they started to build a tower up into the heavens.
7
27303
3270
그리고 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ 지ꡬ λκΉŒμ§€ 흩어 놓고
00:31
God saw this and was angry,
8
31293
1902
λͺ¨λ‘ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
and to punish the people for their arrogance,
9
33219
2137
이것은 바벨탑에 λŒ€ν•œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
God destroyed the tower
10
35380
1402
00:36
and scattered the people to the ends of the earth
11
36806
2723
이건 μ•„λ§ˆ 기둝 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œμ˜ 역사적 진싀은 μ•„λ‹ˆκ² μ§€λ§Œ
00:39
and made them all speak different languages.
12
39553
2156
μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 무언가λ₯Ό λ§ν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 언어와 μ–Έμ–΄ μ‚¬μš©μžλ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 방식에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œμš”.
00:42
This is the story of the Tower of Babel,
13
42896
2778
00:45
and it's probably not a literal historical truth,
14
45698
3201
ν•œ κ°€μ§€λ‘œ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ’…μ’… λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ
00:48
but it does tell us something
15
48923
1465
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 잘 지내지 λͺ»ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ κ°ˆλ“±μ„ κ²ͺκ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 의미둜 μƒκ°ν•˜κ³ 
00:50
about the way that we understand languages and speakers.
16
50412
4059
같은 μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 같은 그룹에 μ†ν•˜κ³ 
00:54
So for one thing, we often think about speaking different languages
17
54951
3291
ν•¨κ»˜ 일할 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 의미둜 μƒκ°ν•˜μ£ .
00:58
as meaning that we don't get along or maybe we're in conflict,
18
58266
4096
ν˜„λŒ€ μ–Έμ–΄ ν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
언어와 μ‚¬νšŒμ  λ²”μ£Ό κ°„μ˜ 관계가
01:02
and speaking the same language as meaning that we belong to the same group
19
62386
3511
λ’€μ–½ν˜€ 있고 λ³΅μž‘ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ„μš”.
01:05
and that we can work together.
20
65921
1658
그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 방식에 λ§Žμ€ λ¬Έμ œμ μ„ μ•ΌκΈ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
Modern linguists know
21
68768
1431
01:10
that the relationship between language and social categories
22
70223
3098
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ²‰λ³΄κΈ°μ—λŠ” κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έλ„ λ³΅μž‘ν•΄μ§€μ£ .
01:13
is intricate and complex,
23
73345
2159
예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, β€œλ¬΄μ—‡μ΄ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆκΉŒ?”
01:15
and we bring a lot of baggage to the way that we understand language,
24
75528
4039
μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έλ„ 맀우 λ³΅μž‘ν•΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
to the point that even a seemingly simple question,
25
79591
2452
μ €λŠ” μ˜€ν•˜μ΄μ˜€ μ£Όλ¦½λŒ€μ—μ„œ μΌν•˜λŠ” μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄ κ΅μˆ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
like, "What makes a person a speaker of a language?"
26
82067
3170
μ €λŠ” 주둜 상급 과정을 κ°€λ₯΄μΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
can turn out to be really, really complicated.
27
85261
2321
이 κ³Όμ •μ˜ 학생듀은 4λ…„μ—μ„œ 5λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
λŒ€ν•™κ΅ μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ μˆ˜κ°•ν•΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
I'm a Spanish professor at Ohio State.
28
88717
2884
μ €ν¬λ°˜ 학생듀은 ν•œ ν•™κΈ° λ‚΄λ‚΄ 저와 ν•¨κ»˜ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λ‘œ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
I teach mostly upper-level courses,
29
91625
2020
01:33
where the students have taken four to five years
30
93669
2270
μ œκ°€ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λ‘œ λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λ“£κ³ , μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λ‘œ μ“΄ 과제λ₯Ό μ œμΆœν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
of university-level Spanish courses.
31
95963
2500
그런데 μ œκ°€ ν•™κΈ° μ΄ˆμ— ν•™μƒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 이런 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•œ 적이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
So students who are in my class speak Spanish with me all semester long.
32
98487
4252
β€œμžκΈ° μžμ‹ μ΄ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄ μ‚¬μš©μžλΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμžˆλ‚˜μš”?”
01:42
They listen to me speak in Spanish. They turn in written work in Spanish.
33
102763
3690
손을 λ“  학생은 λ³„λ‘œ λ§Žμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
And yet, when I asked my students at the beginning of the semester,
34
106477
3257
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 정말, 정말 쒋은 μ–Έμ–΄ μ‚¬μš©μžκ°€ 될 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
01:49
"Who considers themselves a Spanish speaker?"
35
109758
3094
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬μ „νžˆ μžμ‹ μ„ ν•΄λ‹Ή μ–Έμ–΄ μ‚¬μš©μžλΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ£ .
01:52
not very many of them raise their hands.
36
112876
2352
01:55
So you can be a really, really good speaker of a language
37
115873
2712
μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ 이건 μ–Έμ–΄ ꡬ사 λŠ₯λ ₯에 λŒ€ν•œ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 아닐 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
01:58
and still not consider yourself a language speaker.
38
118609
3710
μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό 배우기 μ‹œμž‘ν•œ λ‚˜μ΄μ™€ 관련이 μžˆμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆκ³ μš”.
02:03
Maybe it's not just about how well you speak a language.
39
123750
3382
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§‘μ—μ„œλŠ” μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λ₯Ό μ“°κ³ 
ν•™κ΅λ‚˜ 직μž₯μ—μ„œλŠ” μ˜μ–΄λ₯Ό μ“°λŠ” 학생듀을 보면
02:07
Maybe it's also about what age you start learning that language.
40
127156
3695
그듀은 μ’…μ’… 두 μ–Έμ–΄ λͺ¨λ‘ λ‹€ μž˜ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œλ‹€κ³  λŠλ‚λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
But when we look at kids who speak Spanish at home
41
131761
3272
그듀은 λ•Œλ•Œλ‘œ μžμ‹ λ“€μ΄ μ–Έμ–΄κ°€ μ—†λŠ” μƒνƒœμ— μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λŠλΌκΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
but mostly English at work or in school,
42
135057
3707
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 그듀은 ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λ₯Ό μ“°λŠ” 게 μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ νŽΈν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
02:18
they often feel like they don't speak either language really well.
43
138788
3533
μ§‘μ—μ„œ μ˜μ–΄λ₯Ό μ“°λŠ” 것도 μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ νŽΈν•˜μ§„ μ•ŠκΈ° 떄문이죠.
02:22
They sometimes feel like they exist in a state of languagelessness,
44
142345
3732
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 쒋은 이쀑 μ–Έμ–΄ κ΅¬μ‚¬μžκ°€ 되기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
02:26
because they don't feel fully comfortable in Spanish at school,
45
146101
3875
두 단일 μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό ν•œ λͺΈμ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
and they don't feel fully comfortable in English at home.
46
150000
3088
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–Έμ–΄ν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이쀑언어가 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μž‘λ™λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŒμ„ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
We have this really strong idea that in order to be a good bilingual,
47
153847
3954
μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” 일반적인 ν˜„μƒμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ „λ¬Έν™” λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
we have to be two monolinguals in one body.
48
157825
2711
즉, ν•œ μž₯μ†Œμ—μ„œλŠ” ν•œ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  λ‹€λ₯Έ μž₯μ†Œμ—μ„œλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ£ .
02:41
But linguists know that's not really how bilingualism works.
49
161239
3574
02:44
It's actually much more common for people to specialize,
50
164837
3465
이건 항상 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μžμ‹ μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ³΄λŠ”μ§€μ— κ΄€ν•œ 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
to use one language in one place and another language in another place.
51
168326
4493
λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 우리λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ³΄λŠ”μ§€μ— κ΄€ν•œ 것일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
μ €λŠ” λ³Όλ¦¬λΉ„μ•„μ—μ„œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
Now, it's not always only about how we see ourselves.
52
174453
3654
λ‚¨μ•„λ©”λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—μ„œ μžˆλŠ” κ΅­κ°€μΈλ°μš”.
02:58
It can also be about how other people see us.
53
178131
3151
λ―Έκ΅­κ³Ό λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ, λ³Όλ¦¬λΉ„μ•„μ—μ„œλ„
μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬νšŒ 집단과 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ―Όμ‘± λ²”μ£Όκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
I do my research in Bolivia,
54
182179
2178
03:04
which is a country in South America.
55
184381
2450
κ·Έ λ―Όμ‘± λ²”μ£Όλ“€ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 케좔아라고 μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
And in Bolivia, as in the United States,
56
186855
2189
그듀은 ν† μ°©λ―Όλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
there are different social groups and different ethnic categories.
57
189068
3644
그리고 케좔아인듀은 μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λ₯Ό 쑰금 λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
One of those ethnic categories is a group known as Quechua,
58
193233
4034
ν‰λ²”ν•œ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄ μ‚¬μš©μžμ— λΉ„κ΅ν•˜λ©΄μš”.
특히, μ’€ 더 λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ λ“€λ¦¬λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬λ“€λ„ μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
who are Indigenous people.
59
197291
1650
03:19
And people who are Quechua speak Spanish a little bit differently
60
199441
3175
λ§Žμ€ μΌ€μΆ”μ•„ μ–Έμ–΄ μ‚¬μš©μžλ“€μ΄ μ‚¬μš©ν•  λ•Œ κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
than your run-of-the-mill Spanish speaker.
61
202640
2245
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 제 λŒ€ν•™ λ™λ£Œμ™€ μ €λŠ” 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ„€κ³„ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
In particular, there are some sounds that sound a little bit more alike
62
204909
3464
μ €ν¬λŠ” 맀우 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ λ‚˜λŠ” 단어 μŒμ„ μ°Ύμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
when many Quechua speakers use them.
63
208397
1928
그리고 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ‚΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ˜‘κ°™μ€ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œμš”.
03:31
So a colleague and I designed a study
64
211741
2750
03:34
where we took a series of very similar-sounding word pairs,
65
214515
4848
μΌ€μΆ”μ•„ 인듀이 μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•  λ•Œ μ’…μ’… λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ‚΄λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌμ΄μš”.
03:39
and they were similar-sounding in exactly the same sorts of ways
66
219387
3521
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ²­μ·¨μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ λ“€λ¦¬λŠ” 단어 μŒλ“€μ„ λ“€λ €μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
that Quechua speakers often sound similar when they speak Spanish.
67
222932
4783
그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 절반의 μ²­μ·¨μžλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν‰λ²”ν•œ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄ μ‚¬μš©μžκ°€ λ§ν•˜λŠ” κ±Έ 듀을 κ²ƒμ΄λΌκ³ μš”.
03:48
We played those similar-sounding word pairs to a group of listeners,
68
228628
3849
λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ μ ˆλ°˜μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 케좔아인듀이 λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것을 듀을 거라고 λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
and we told half of the listeners that they were going to listen
69
232501
3079
사싀 λͺ¨λ“  μ°Έκ°€μžλ“€μ€ 같은 λ…ΉμŒμ„ λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
to just your normal run-of-the-mill Spanish speaker
70
235604
2504
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ°œκ²¬ν•œ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ”
ν‰λ²”ν•œ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄ μ‚¬μš©μžμ˜ λ°œν™”λ₯Ό λ“£κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
03:58
and the other half of the listeners that they were going to hear a Quechua speaker.
71
238132
4354
단어 쌍의 차이λ₯Ό λͺ…ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ κ΅¬λΆ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
Everybody heard the same recording,
72
242510
2271
반면 μΌ€μΆ”μ•„μΈλ“€μ˜ λ°œν™”λ₯Ό λ“£κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
04:04
but what we found was that people who thought they were listening
73
244805
3150
정말 λͺ…ν™•ν•œ 차이λ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμ£ .
04:07
to a run-of-the-mill Spanish speaker
74
247979
1766
04:09
made clear differences between the word pairs,
75
249769
2305
μ‹œκ° μžλ£Œκ°€ 도움이 λœλ‹€λ©΄
04:12
and people who thought they were listening to a Quechua speaker
76
252098
3161
여기에 저희 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ—¬κΈ° 맨 μœ—μ€„μ— λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것은 μ•½κ°„μ˜ μ•„μΉ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘μΈλ°μš”.
04:15
really didn't seem to make clear differences.
77
255283
2520
이런 λͺ¨μ–‘μ˜ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ”
04:18
So if a visual would help,
78
258445
2128
단어 쌍의 차이λ₯Ό λͺ…ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œμ„œ μ˜ˆμƒλ˜λŠ” νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄κ³ 
04:20
here are the results of our study.
79
260597
2027
04:22
What you see here in the top line is a little bit of an arch.
80
262648
3048
그리고 이것은 μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄ μ‚¬μš©μžμ˜ λ°œν™”λ₯Ό λ“£κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ”
μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œμ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” νŒ¨ν„΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
That's what you would expect
81
265720
1724
μ•„λž˜μͺ½μ— λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것은 μ•½κ°„ 더 ν‰ν‰ν•œ μ„ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
from people who are making clear differences between the word pairs,
82
267468
3263
이건 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 단어 쌍의 차이λ₯Ό
04:30
and that's what you see for people
83
270755
1661
λΆ„λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄μ§€ λͺ»ν•  λ•Œ μ˜ˆμƒλ˜λŠ” νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄κ³ 
04:32
who though they were listening to a Spanish speaker.
84
272440
2451
λ°”λ‘œ 케좔아인듀을 λ“£κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” κ·Έλ£Ήμ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ κ²°κ³Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
What you see on the bottom is a little bit more of a flat line,
85
274915
2979
04:37
and that's what we expect to see
86
277918
1556
이제, λ…ΉμŒ λ‚΄μš©μ€ λ³€κ²½λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μœΌλ―€λ‘œ
04:39
when people are not making clear differences,
87
279498
2113
μ΄λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ œκ³΅ν•œ μ‚¬νšŒ λ²”μ£ΌλΌλŠ” 것을 μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
and that came from the group that thought they were listening to a Quechua speaker.
88
281635
3923
이것이 μ²­μ·¨μžλ“€μ΄ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” 방식을 λ°”κΎΌ 것이죠.
04:45
Now, since nothing about the recording changed,
89
285582
2203
이것은 λ³Όλ¦¬λΉ„μ•„μ—μ„œλ§Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” μž¬λ―Έλ‚œ 일이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
that means that it was the social categories that we gave the listeners
90
287809
3379
μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œλ„ μˆ˜ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°
04:51
that changed the way they perceived language.
91
291212
2876
μΊλ‚˜λ‹€μ™€ λ‰΄μ§ˆλžœλ“œμ—μ„œλ„
04:54
This isn't just some funny thing that only happens in Bolivia.
92
294586
3534
λ˜ν•œ λ˜‘κ°™μ€ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 언어에 λŒ€ν•œ 이해에 μ‚¬νšŒμ  λ²”μ£Όλ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
Research has been carried out in the United States,
93
298144
2768
05:00
in Canada, in New Zealand,
94
300936
2352
λ―Έκ΅­ λŒ€ν•™μƒλ“€μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•œ 연ꡬ도 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
showing exactly the same thing.
95
303312
1976
05:05
We incorporate social categories into our understanding of language.
96
305312
4148
그듀은 λŒ€ν•™ κ°•μ˜λ₯Ό λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
절반의 ν•™μƒλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 백인의 사진을 보여주며
05:10
There have even been studies carried out with American college students
97
310100
3904
강사라고 μ†Œκ°œν–ˆμ£ .
λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ 절반의 ν•™μƒλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ•„μ‹œμ•„μΈμ˜ 사진을 λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όλ©΄μ„œ
05:14
who listen to a university lecture.
98
314028
2141
강사라고 μ†Œκ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
Half of the students were shown a picture of a Caucasian face
99
316774
3111
μ•„μ‹œμ•„μΈμ˜ 얼꡴을 λ³Έ 학생듀은
05:19
as the instructor.
100
319909
1358
κ°•μ˜κ°€ 덜 λͺ…ν™•ν•˜κ³  μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ μ–΄λ €μ› λ‹€κ³  λ³΄κ³ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:21
Half of the students were shown a picture of an Asian face
101
321291
3103
05:24
as the instructor.
102
324418
1794
λͺ¨λ“  학생듀은 같은 κ°•μ˜λ₯Ό λ“€μ—ˆμŒμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ μš”.
05:26
And students who saw the Asian face
103
326236
2314
05:28
reported that the lecture was less clear and harder to understand,
104
328574
5012
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ‚¬νšŒμ  λ²”μ£ΌλŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 방식에 λ§Žμ€ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:33
even though everybody listened to the same recording.
105
333610
3470
이것이 μ €μ—κ²Œ 개인적으둜 νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μ΄μŠˆκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:39
So social categories really influence the way that we understand language.
106
339621
5157
제 μžλ…€λ“€μ΄ 학ꡐλ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ„λ•Œμš”.
제 아이듀은 λΌν‹΄κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ§‘μ—μ„œ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λ‘œ λŒ€ν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:44
And this is an issue that became especially personal to me
107
344802
2770
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ 전세계에 μžˆλŠ” μΉœκ΅¬λ“€κ³ΌλŠ” μ˜μ–΄λ₯Ό λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:47
when my children started school.
108
347596
1677
μ‘°λΆ€λͺ¨μ™€λ„ μ˜μ–΄λ‘œ λŒ€ν™”ν•˜μ£ .
05:50
My children are Latino,
109
350131
2186
제 아이듀이 학ꡐλ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
05:52
and we speak Spanish at home,
110
352341
1618
저희 κ΅μœ‘κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μ΄μ™Έμ˜ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ°€μ‘± ꡬ성원이 μžˆμ„ 경우
05:53
but they speak mostly English with their friends out in the world,
111
353983
3161
아이듀은 ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό λ°›μ•„μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:57
with their grandparents.
112
357168
1362
05:59
When they started school,
113
359129
1232
μ˜μ–΄λ₯Ό 제2μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ ν•™μŠ΅ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ ESL μˆ˜μ—…μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•œμ§€ ν™•μΈν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμš”.
06:00
I was told that the district requires
114
360385
1792
06:02
that any household that has a member who speaks a language other than English,
115
362201
4167
그리고 μ €λŠ” β€œκ·Έλž˜, λ‚΄ 아이듀은 이 μ‹œν—˜μ„ 잘 λ³Ό 거야” 라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
06:06
the children have to be tested
116
366392
1596
06:08
to see if they need English as a second language services.
117
368012
3116
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 일은 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
And I was like, "Yes! My kids are going to ace this test."
118
371683
4134
제 뒀에 화면에 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것이 제 λ”Έμ˜ ESL λ°°μΉ˜κ³ μ‚¬ κ²°κ³Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 5점 λ§Œμ μ— 5점을 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
But that's not what happened.
119
377563
2355
06:19
So you can see behind me the results from my daughter's ESL placement exam.
120
379942
4447
이해λ ₯, 읽기, 그리고 λ“£κΈ° λͺ¨λ‘μ—μ„œμš”.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ§ν•˜κΈ°μ™€ μ“°κΈ°μ—μ„œλŠ” 5점 λ§Œμ μ— 3점을 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:24
She got a perfect five out of five for comprehension,
121
384413
4721
μ €λŠ” μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ . "이건 정말 μ΄μƒν•˜λ„€.
06:29
for reading and listening.
122
389158
2075
λ‚΄ 딸은 λ‚΄ κ·€κ°€ 떨어지도둝 μˆ˜λ‹€λ₯Ό 잘 λ– λŠ”λ°.”
06:31
But she only got three out of five for speaking and writing.
123
391919
5264
(μ›ƒμŒ)
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ €λŠ” 이것은 ν•˜λ£¨μ— ν•œλ²ˆ μžˆλŠ” ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈμΌ 뿐
06:37
And I was like, "This is really weird,
124
397207
1981
큰 λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:39
because this kid talks my ear off all the time."
125
399212
2800
제 아듀도 λͺ‡ λ…„ 후에 학ꡐ에 λ‹€λ‹ˆκΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:42
(Laughter)
126
402036
1116
06:43
But I figured it's just one test on one day, and it's not a big deal.
127
403525
4400
제 μ•„λ“€ λ˜ν•œ μ‹œν—˜μ—μ„œ μ˜μ–΄κ°€ λͺ¨κ΅­μ–΄κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  νŒλ‹¨λ˜λŠ” 점수λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:48
Until, several years later, my son started school,
128
408699
3152
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
β€œμ΄κ²ƒμ€ 정말 μ΄μƒν•˜λ‹€. 그리고 μš°μ—°μ΄ μ•„λ‹Œ 것 같닀”
06:51
and my son also scored as a non-native speaker of English
129
411875
3897
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ„ μƒλ‹˜κ»˜ νŽΈμ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄λƒˆμ£ .
06:55
on the exam.
130
415796
1300
μ„ μƒλ‹˜μ€ μ•„μ£Ό μΉœμ ˆν•˜μ…¨μ£ .
제 아듀이 μ™œ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ°°μΉ˜λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” κΈ΄ 메세지λ₯Ό λ³΄λ‚΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:58
And I was like, "This is really weird,
131
418160
2322
07:00
and it doesn't seem like a coincidence."
132
420506
2049
κ·Έλ…€κ°€ ν•œ 말 쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ” 정말 제 관심을 λŒμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:02
So I sent a note in to the teacher,
133
422579
1677
07:04
and she was very kind.
134
424280
1270
07:05
She sent me a long message explaining why he had been placed in this way.
135
425574
4226
μš°μ„ , 이 μ‹œν—˜μ—μ„œ μ˜μ–΄ 원어민도 κ³ κΈ‰ μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ 점수λ₯Ό 받지 λͺ»ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:10
Some of the things that she said really caught my attention.
136
430354
3076
μ–΄λ–€ μžμ›μ΄λ‚˜ 지원을 κ°€μ •μ—μ„œ λ°›μ•˜λŠ”λƒμ— 따라 λ‹¬λΌμ§€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
07:14
For one thing, she said that even a native speaker of English
137
434173
3497
07:17
might not score at advanced level
138
437694
1830
이것은 ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈκ°€ λ³„λ‘œ μ˜μ–΄ λŠ₯λ ₯을 μΈ‘μ •ν•˜λŠ”λ° νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:19
on this test,
139
439548
1439
07:21
depending on what kinds of resource and enrichment they were getting at home.
140
441011
4215
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ°€μ •μ—μ„œ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 지원을 λ°›λŠ”μ§€λŠ” 츑정이 됐을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:26
Now, this tells me that the test wasn't doing a great job
141
446797
3224
이 경우 κ·Έ 아이듀은 ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 지원이 ν•„μš”ν•œ κ±°μ£ .
07:30
of measuring English proficiency,
142
450045
2189
07:32
but it may have been measuring something like how much resources
143
452258
3197
κ·Έ 아이듀은 μ˜μ–΄ 보쑰가 ν•„μš” μ—†λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:35
kids are exposed to at home,
144
455479
1548
μ–Έμ–΄ ν•™μžλ‘œ 제 관심을 끈 λ‹€λ₯Έ 것은 μ„ μƒλ‹˜μ΄ λ§μ”€ν•˜μ‹  κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
07:37
in which case, those kids need different types of support at school.
145
457051
4213
07:41
They really don't need English language assistance.
146
461288
2702
μ•„λ“€μ—κ²Œ λ¬Έμž₯을 λ°˜λ³΅ν•΄λ³΄λΌκ³  ν–ˆλ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
β€œλˆ„κ°€ 제인의 연필을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμ„κΉŒ?”
07:45
Another thing that she mentioned caught my attention as a linguist.
147
465167
3896
그러자 아듀은 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. β€œλˆ„κ°€ 제인 연필을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμ„κΉŒ?”
07:49
She said that she had asked my son to repeat the sentence,
148
469696
3100
07:52
"Who has Jane's pencil?"
149
472820
2259
이것은 μ˜μ–΄κ°€ λͺ¨κ΅­μ–΄κ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜λŠ” ν”ν•œ 였λ₯˜λΌκ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:56
And he repeated, "Who has Jane pencil?"
150
476476
3362
λͺ¨κ΅­μ–΄μ— λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ ꡬ쑰가 μ—†λŠ” 경우죠.
08:00
She said this is a typical error made by a non-native English-speaking student
151
480716
5013
κ·Έ μ΄μœ κ°€ μ €μ˜ 관심을 끈 것은
μ œκ°€ μ•ŒκΈ°λ‘œ
08:05
whose native language does not contain a similar structure for possessives.
152
485753
4456
μ˜μ–΄λŠ” κ·œμΉ™μ΄ μ§€λ°°ν•˜λŠ” 체계적인 λ³€ν™”ν˜•μ΄ μžˆλŠ”λ°
이런 μ†Œμœ κ²© ν˜•νƒœκ°€ μ™„μ „νžˆ 문법적이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:11
The reason this caught my attention
153
491282
1827
08:13
is because I know
154
493133
1933
08:15
that there is a systematic, rule-governed variety of English
155
495090
4084
그런 λ³€ν™”ν˜•μ€ β€œμ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄κ³„ 미ꡭ식 μ˜μ–΄β€œλ‘œ μ–Έμ–΄ν•™μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:19
in which this possessive construction is completely grammatical.
156
499198
4236
아프리카계 미ꡭ식 μ˜μ–΄λŠ” 사싀 λ°©μ–ΈμœΌλ‘œ
λ―Έκ΅­ μ „μ—­μ—μ„œ κ΅¬μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
08:24
That variety is known to linguists as "African-American English."
157
504406
4068
λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ 아프리카계 미ꡭ인 κ³΅λ™μ²΄μ—μ„œμš”.
08:29
And African-American English is actually group of dialects
158
509284
2831
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이것이 μ•„λ“€μ˜ ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ λ²Œμ–΄μ‘ŒλŠ”λ°
아프리카계 미ꡭ인이 μ•½ 60%인 κ³³μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:32
that's spoken across the United States,
159
512139
2017
08:34
mostly in African-American communities.
160
514180
2559
이런 λ‚˜μ΄μ—λŠ”
아이듀이 μΉœκ΅¬λ”°λΌ λ°°μš°λŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œμ£ .
08:37
But it just so happens that my son's school
161
517648
2040
08:39
is about 60 percent African-American.
162
519712
2405
μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•˜κ³ 
λ‹€λ₯Έ λ§₯λ½μ—μ„œ κ·Έκ±Έ μ”λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:42
And we know that at this age,
163
522840
2270
μ„ μƒλ‹˜μ΄ 제 아듀을 봀을 λ•Œ
08:45
children are picking things up from their friends,
164
525134
2493
08:47
they're experimenting with language,
165
527651
1850
아프리카계 미ꡭ식 μ˜μ–΄λ₯Ό 말할 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 보지 μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ κ±°μ£ .
08:49
they're using it in different contexts.
166
529525
2165
08:52
I think when the teacher saw my son,
167
532394
3847
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 μ˜μ–΄ 방언을 μŠ΅λ“ν•œ
08:56
she didn't see a child who she expected to speak African-American English.
168
536265
5058
그런 μ•„μ΄λ‘œ 보기 λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
ν‘œμ€€ μ˜μ–΄κ°€ λΆ€μ‘±ν•œ μ•„μ΄λ‘œ ν‰κ°€ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:02
And so instead of evaluating him as a child who was natively acquiring
169
542156
4176
09:06
multiple dialects of English,
170
546356
2575
09:08
she evaluated him as a child whose standard English was deficient.
171
548955
4524
언어와 μ‚¬νšŒμ  λ²”μ£ΌλŠ” λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ²Œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ 있고
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ§Žμ€ 짐을 μ§€μ›λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:16
Language and social categories are intricately connected,
172
556765
3766
제게 이런 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•˜μ‹ λ‹€λ©΄
β€œλˆ„κ΅¬λ₯Ό μ–Έμ–΄ κ΅¬μ‚¬μžλ‘œ μ—¬κΈΈκΉŒμš”?”
09:20
and we bring so much baggage to the way that we understand language.
173
560555
4236
κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 닡을 ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬μžλ©΄
09:25
When you ask me a question like,
174
565415
1561
μ‚¬λžŒμ€ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μ°ΎμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:27
"Who counts as a speaker of a language?"
175
567000
2781
μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 정보 μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ
09:29
I don't really have a simple answer to that question.
176
569805
3051
점을 μ—°κ²°ν•  방법을 μ°ΎμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:32
But what I can tell you
177
572880
1245
09:34
is that people are pattern seekers,
178
574149
2429
이게 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 될 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
09:36
and we're always looking for ways to connect the dots
179
576602
3100
이면의 편견이 언어에 νˆ¬μ˜λ˜λ©΄μš”.
09:39
between different types of information.
180
579726
2689
제 아이듀 같은 아이듀을 보면
09:43
This can be a problem
181
583886
1283
09:45
when our underlying biases are projected onto language.
182
585193
4245
κ°€μž₯ μΉœμ ˆν•˜κ³  쒋은 의미둜 λ°”λΌλ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:50
When I look at children like my own,
183
590929
2800
λͺ¨κ΅­μ–΄ κ΅¬μ‚¬μžκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  μΈμ’…μ μœΌλ‘œ λ²”μ£Όν™” ν•΄μ„œμš”.
09:53
and I see them in the gentlest and most well-meaning of ways
184
593753
4862
μ €λŠ” κΆκΈˆν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
무슨 일이 μƒκΈΈκΉŒμš”?
09:58
being racially profiled as non-native speakers of English,
185
598639
4005
초,쀑,고등학ꡐ, λŒ€ν•™κ΅λ‘œ κ°€μ„œ 첫 직μž₯을 μž‘μ„ λ•Œ
10:04
it makes me wonder:
186
604215
1645
10:05
What's going to happen
187
605884
1252
면접에 λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ„œ 마주 앉은 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄
10:07
as they move from elementary school
188
607160
2195
10:09
onto high school and college and onto their first jobs?
189
609379
4438
피뢀색, 성을 보고 슀페인 μ–΅μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄λ₯Ό λ“£λŠ”λ‹€λ©΄
10:13
When they walk into an interview,
190
613841
2155
10:16
will the person sitting across the table from them
191
616020
3152
μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ•ˆ 쒋은 μ˜μ–΄λ₯Ό λ“£λŠ”λ‹€λ©΄μš”.
10:19
look at their color or their last name
192
619196
3120
이런 것듀이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 였래 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” νŒλ‹¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:22
and hear them as speaking with a Spanish accent
193
622340
2846
μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μ‚Άμ—μš”.
10:25
or as speaking bad English?
194
625210
2674
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜μ„œ
10:28
These are the kinds of judgments that can have long-reaching effects
195
628576
3305
κ·€ν™”ν•˜μ—¬ μ μ‘ν•œ 것에 λŒ€ν•΄ 생각해 λ³΄μ‹œκΈ° λ°”λž˜μš”.
10:31
on people's lives.
196
631905
1568
언어와 μ‚¬νšŒμ  λ²”μ£Ό μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œμš”.
10:35
So I hope that that person, just like you,
197
635094
3242
그리고 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 가정에 μ˜λ¬Έμ„ μ œκΈ°ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:38
will have reflected on the naturalized links
198
638360
2821
μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ‚¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것이 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 바에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œμš”.
10:41
between language and social categories
199
641205
2663
κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
(λ°•μˆ˜)
10:43
and will have questioned their assumptions about what it really means
200
643892
3418
10:47
to be a speaker of a language.
201
647334
2202
10:50
Thank you.
202
650121
1328
10:51
(Applause)
203
651473
1770
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7