Africa's Path to Clean Mobility -- Driven by Motorcycles | Adetayo Bamiduro | TED

26,827 views ใƒป 2023-01-11

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Josh Ryu ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:04
I join you from Lagos, Nigeria,
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์ €๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ผ๊ณ ์Šค์—์„œ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:08
one of the largest cities in Africa.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ฃ .
00:11
By 2050, Lagos will outgrow many of the largest cities of the world,
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2050๋…„์ด๋ฉด ๋ผ๊ณ ์Šค๋Š”
๋‰ด์š•๊ณผ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์‹œํ‹ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์„ ๋„˜์–ด
00:15
including New York and Mexico City,
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00:17
and will be home to over 32 million people.
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3200๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
By that same date,
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๊ทธ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
Nigeria will be home to more people than the United States.
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00:27
But there is a problem.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
Lagos and other African megacities suffer, or are plagued by,
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๋ผ๊ณ ์Šค์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๋“ค์€
๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๋„๋กœ ์‹œ์„ค, ๊ณตํ•ด, ๊ตํ†ต ํ˜ผ์žก,
00:33
limited road infrastructure, pollution,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
congestion and poor safety conditions.
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00:40
This makes it very difficult for people to get to work,
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์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ผํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
especially in low-income communities,
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ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ
00:46
where poverty infrastructure gaps are pervasive.
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์†Œ๋“์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ .
00:51
Enter the African motorcycle taxi driver.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด ํƒ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
00:54
Driving on two and three wheels,
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์ด๋ฅœ์ฐจ๋‚˜ ์‚ผ๋ฅœ์ฐจ๋กœ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ํ˜ผ์žกํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์„œ
00:56
they race through the congested streets of Africa,
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00:59
getting people and goods to where they need to be.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
Unfortunately, these drivers are excluded from the formal economy.
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์œ ๊ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด ์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ์†Œ์™ธ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
01:08
Unable to afford to buy clean, efficient vehicles,
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01:12
they are left to rent old gas engines from exploitative loan sharks.
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๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€๊ธˆ ์—…์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ก์€ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋นŒ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
Because of this tough situation that these drivers endure,
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ํ—ค์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํž˜๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
01:23
they are often left to fend for themselves.
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์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๊พธ๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
Part of what they also endure and suffer
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ํ†ต๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๊ฒฌ๋ŽŒ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:29
is high cost of operations from these exploitative loan sharks.
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์ฐฉ์ทจ์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€๊ธˆ ์—…์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์šด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
And also, these drivers pollute the environment.
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์ด ์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋„ ์˜ค์—ผํ•˜์ฃ .
01:37
If nothing is done,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋ฉด
01:39
pollution from two- and three-wheeled vehicles in Africa
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์ด๋ฅœ์ฐจ, ์‚ผ๋ฅœ์ฐจ๋Š”
์˜จ์‹ค ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งค๋…„ 17์–ต ํ†ค ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
01:42
will hit 1.7 gigatonnes of emissions every year,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
according to our estimates.
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01:47
This is equivalent to pollution from two million Boeing 737 airplanes,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค๋…„ ๋ณด์ž‰ 737 ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ 200๋งŒ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์˜ค์—ผ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
every single year.
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01:56
I left my engineering job in 2013 to go to MIT,
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์ €๋Š” 2013๋…„ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘๊ณ  MIT์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
where I met my cofounder, Chinedu Azodoh,
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์ €์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋™์—…์ž, ์น˜๋„ค๋‘ ์•„์กฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
02:03
a fellow engineer with similar dreams.
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02:06
We bonded about the realization that Africa was being left behind
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์šด์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์—์„œ
02:10
in the global transition to clean mobility.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ฐ€ ๋’ค์ณ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์— ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ™์ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
Inspired by the work of other innovators around the world,
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ํ˜์‹ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ›์•„
02:18
we chose to embark on a journey to create a three-part solution,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธธ๋กœ ๋‚˜์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
which provides motorcycle taxi drivers in Africa access to electric vehicles,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด ํƒ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ 
02:28
battery swaps and maintenance
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๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ฒด์™€ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋น„์ƒ ์ง€์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
and also emergency assistance.
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02:34
Here is how it works.
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์‹คํ–‰ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
Drivers sign up on the platform
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์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์ด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์— ๋“ฑ๋ก์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฆ‰์‹œ
02:39
and instantly, they get access to an electric motorcycle
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์ „๊ธฐ ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด์™€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
and a full battery swap.
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02:45
So therefore, they're able to save up
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ๊ทธ ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
and earn money to buy those vehicles.
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02:51
In addition, we also help lower their risks
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
by providing them access to emergency response,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋น„์ƒ ๋Œ€์‘๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ณดํ—˜,
02:57
health insurance and maintenance plans.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:00
This represents an integrated approach
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ๊ธˆ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š”
03:03
to the design, manufacturing,
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03:06
financing and operations of an electric mobility platform
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์ „๊ธฐ ์šด์†ก ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์˜
03:09
targeted at highly vulnerable, informal and unbanked people groups.
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๋””์ž์ธ, ์ œ์กฐ, ๊ธˆ์œต, ์ž‘๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
The revenue from the drivers
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์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ˆ˜์ž…์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ์™€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋น„์šฉ์— ์ถฉ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ 
03:18
covers the cost of the electric fleet and the batteries,
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03:21
while the cost of R and D and technology is covered by our partners,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋น„์šฉ์€
์žฌ๋‹จ, ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด, ํˆฌ์ž์ž ๋“ฑ ์ €ํฌ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
including foundations, nonprofits and investors.
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03:29
Meet Baba Gbenro, one of our drivers.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์šด์ „์ž ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ธ ๋ฐ”๋ฐ” ๋ฒค๋กœ๋Š”
03:33
Before signing up on our platform,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€
03:34
he was a smallholder farmer, earning three dollars a day
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๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์„œ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ”๋ฌด๋ฐ”๋ฌด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ
ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 3๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋†์žฅ ๋†๋ถ€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
in the Gbamu Gbamu community in southwestern Nigeria.
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03:41
Tragedy struck when Baba Gbenro lost his first son.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฒซ์งธ ์•„๋“ค์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋น„๊ทน์ด ์ฐพ์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
Without help, he struggled to transport farm produce
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๋„์™€์ค„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†์–ด์„œ ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ ์šด์†ก์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:49
and therefore could not make ends meet.
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์ƒ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
After signing up on our platform,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ
03:54
he immediately got access to an electric motorcycle
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด์™€ ์™„์ถฉ๋œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
03:57
plus a fully charged battery on a daily basis.
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๋งค์ผ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
This enabled him to be able to transport people in his community,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ํƒœ์›Œ ์ฃผ๊ณ 
04:05
make a little bit more money
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๋ˆ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
04:06
and also meet his obligations,
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์ž‘์€ ์•„๋“ค์„ ํ•™๊ต์— ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํ•  ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
including sending his younger son to school.
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04:11
Our platform enabled him to increase his net income,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜์ž…์„
04:13
on a daily basis,
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04:14
from three dollars to six dollars.
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๋งค์ผ 3๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์—์„œ 6๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ ค ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
To date, our platform has served a network of over 15,000 drivers,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์€ ๋งŒ์˜ค์ฒœ ๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์„ ๋„์™”๊ณ 
04:23
and our data shows that the average driver has about five dependents,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์šด์ „์ž์— ์‹๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ช… ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
04:26
meaning that our work has likely impacted over 75,000 livelihoods.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์ด ์น ๋งŒ์˜ค์ฒœ ๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:32
By 2025,
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2025๋…„๊นŒ์ง€
04:34
our goal is to provide electric mobility solutions
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์šด์ „์ž 15๋งŒ ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ
04:36
to over 150,000 of drivers.
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์ „๊ธฐ ์šด์†ก ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
And if this idea really takes off,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‹คํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:42
electric mobility innovators and climate entrepreneurs in Africa
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ์ „๊ธฐ ์šด์†ก ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ํ˜์‹ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€
04:46
could jointly impact over 10 million motorcycle taxi drivers.
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ํž˜์„ ํ•ฉ์ณ์„œ ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด ํƒ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค ์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
By doing this,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
04:55
we will be helping to move the world's youngest
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์–ด๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์ด
04:58
and fastest-growing continent
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05:00
towards a more sustainable and a prosperous future,
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์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ๋„์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
05:05
and we will be creating jobs and reducing emissions.
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์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜จ์‹ค ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์„ ์ค„์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
(Cheers and applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)(ํ™˜ํ˜ธ)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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