How a dragonfly's brain is designed to kill | DIY Neuroscience, a TED series

843,461 views ・ 2018-09-15

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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λ²ˆμ—­: Joseph Geni κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
κ·Έλ ‰ κ²Œμ΄μ§€(Greg Gage): λ§Œμ•½ μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ μ‚¬λ‚˜μš΄ 맹수λ₯Ό λ– μ˜¬λ¦¬λΌκ³  λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λ©΄
μ•„λ§ˆ μ‚¬μžλ₯Ό μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹€ν…λ°
μ‚¬μžκ°€ 가진 κ·Έ λͺ¨λ“  λ†€λΌμš΄ μ•½νƒˆμ˜ κΈ°μˆ μΉ˜κ³ λŠ”
λ¨Ήμž‡κ° 사λƒ₯에 κ³ μž‘ 20%의 성곡λ₯ μ„ κ°€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
동물계 μ „μ²΄μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 성곡적인 사λƒ₯κΎΌ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”
00:12
Greg Gage: If I asked you to think of a ferocious killer animal,
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ꡉμž₯히 λ†€λΌμš΄λ°μš”,
00:15
you'd probably think of a lion,
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λ°”λ‘œ μž μžλ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
and for all the wonderful predatory skills that a lion has,
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μž μžλ¦¬λŠ” 살상전문가이고
더 μž‘μ€ 파리λ₯Ό 보면
00:19
it still only has about a 20 percent success rate at catching a meal.
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μ•½ 97%의 ν™•λ₯ λ‘œ μž‘μ•„λ¨ΉμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
Now, one of the most successful hunters
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심지어 λΉ„ν–‰ λ„μ€‘μ—μš”.
μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μž‘μ€ 곀좩이 그만큼 μ •ν™•ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
00:25
in the entire animal kingdom is surprising:
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00:27
the dragonfly.
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이번 νŽΈμ—μ„œλŠ” 잠자리의 λ‡Œκ°€
00:28
Now, dragonflies are killer flies,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 치λͺ…적인 사λƒ₯꾼이 λ˜λ„λ‘ μ„€κ³„λλŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
and when they see a smaller fly,
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00:32
they have about a 97 percent chance of catching it for a meal.
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[DIY Neuroscience]
00:35
And this is in mid-flight.
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00:36
But how can such a small insect be so precise?
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λŒ€μ²΄ 무엇이 λ™λ¬Όκ³„μ—μ„œ 잠자리λ₯Ό
κ°€μž₯ 성곡적인 ν¬μ‹μž 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€κΉŒμš”?
00:39
In this episode, we're going to see
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첫째, 잠자리의 λˆˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
how the dragonfly's brain is highly specialized to be a deadly killer.
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거의 360λ„μ˜ μ‹œμ•Όλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ‘˜μ§Έ, 잠자리의 λ‚ κ°œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
[DIY Neuroscience]
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각각의 λ‚ κ°œλ₯Ό λ”°λ‘œ μ‘°μ’…ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
μž μžλ¦¬λŠ” μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ μ–΄λŠ λ°©ν–₯μœΌλ‘œλ“  움직일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
So what makes the dragonfly one of the most successful predators
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 잠자리의 μ§„μ§œ 사λƒ₯ 비결은
00:51
in the animal kingdom?
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λ‡Œκ°€ 눈과 λ‚ κ°œ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•©ν•˜μ—¬
00:52
One, it's the eyes.
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00:54
It has near 360-degree vision.
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00:55
Two, the wings.
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사λƒ₯을 λ‹¨μˆœν•œ λ°˜μ‚¬μž‘μš©μœΌλ‘œ
λ°”κΏ”λ²„λ¦¬λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
With individual control of its wings,
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00:59
the dragonfly can move precisely in any direction.
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이λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ œμ΄λ―ΈλŠ” λ§Žμ€ μ‹œκ°„μ„
01:01
But the real secret to the dragonfly's success
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μž μžλ¦¬μ™€ μ–΄μšΈλ¦¬λŠ” 데 μŸμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ‹€ν—˜μ— 무엇이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
01:04
is how its brain coordinates this complex information
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제이미 슀파λ₯΄(Jaimie Spahr): κ°€μž₯ λ¨Όμ €, μž μžλ¦¬κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
between the eyes and the wings
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μ˜¬λ¦¬λ²„(Oliver): 잠자리λ₯Ό 작기 μœ„ν•œ 망사 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
and turns hunting into a simple reflex.
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JS: μž μžλ¦¬λ“€κ³Ό 더 많이 μΌν• μˆ˜λ‘, μ €λŠ” 이듀이 더 λ¬΄μ„œμ›Œμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
To study this, Jaimie's been spending a lot of time
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01:13
socializing with dragonflies.
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μž μžλ¦¬λŠ” 사싀 맀우 λ¬΄μ„­μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 특히 ν˜„λ―Έκ²½ μ•„λž˜μ—μ„œμš”.
01:15
What do you need to do your experiments?
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ꡉμž₯히 λ‚ μΉ΄λ‘œμš΄ ν•˜μ•…κ³¨μ„ 가지고 있고, 일반적으둜 κ½€ κ³΅κ²©μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
Jaimie Spahr: First of all, you need dragonflies.
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이것이 μ•„λ§ˆ 그듀이 맀우 λ›°μ–΄λ‚œ ν¬μ‹μžμΈ 것에 도움을 μ£Όκ² μ£ .
01:19
Oliver: I have a mesh cage to catch the dragonflies.
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GG: λ¨Ήμž‡κ°μ„ λ³΄μ•˜μ„ λ•Œ 잠자리의 λ‡Œ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ
01:22
JS: The more I worked with them, the more terrified I got of them.
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무엇이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ•ŒκΈ° μœ„ν•΄
01:25
They're actually very scary, especially under a microscope.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 잠자리의 눈과 λ‚ κ°œ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜
λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό 엿듀을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
They have really sharp mandibles, are generally pretty aggressive,
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이λ₯Ό ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄, 잠자리λ₯Ό μ–ΌμŒ μœ„μ—μ„œ λ§ˆμ·¨μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
01:31
which I guess also helps them to be really good predators.
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λ‚˜μ€‘μ— 풀어쀄 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ λ‚ κ°œλ₯Ό λ³΄ν˜Έν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
GG: In order to learn what's going on inside the dragonfly's brain
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잠자리의 λ‡ŒλŠ” λ‰΄λŸ°μ΄λΌκ³  ν•˜λŠ” νŠΉν™”λœ μ„Έν¬λ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
when it sees a prey,
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01:38
we're going to eavesdrop in on a conversation
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01:40
between the eyes and the wings,
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이 λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ΄ μž μžλ¦¬κ°€
01:42
and to do that, we need to anesthetize the dragonfly on ice
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 보고 움직일 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
각각의 λ‰΄λŸ°μ€ κΈΈκ³  얇은 μΆ•μ‚­λŒκΈ°λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
01:44
and make sure we protect its wings so that we can release it afterwards.
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μ„œλ‘œμ™€ μ—°κ²°ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 회둜λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜κ³ ,
01:48
Now, the dragonfly's brain is made up of specialized cells called neurons
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이 μΆ•μ‚­λŒκΈ°λ₯Ό 톡해 μ „κΈ°λ‘œ μ†Œν†΅μ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
and these neurons are what allow the dragonfly
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잠자리 μ•ˆμ— μž‘μ€ κΈˆμ† μ„ (μ „κ·Ή)을
01:54
to see and move so quickly.
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01:55
The individual neurons form circuits by connecting to each other
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μΆ•μ‚­λŒκΈ° 경둜λ₯Ό λ”°λΌμ„œ λ°°μΉ˜ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ§„μ§œ 멋진 것은
01:59
via long, tiny threads called axons
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μž μžλ¦¬μ—λŠ” κ³ μž‘ 16개의 λ‰΄λŸ°λ§Œ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
and the neurons communicate over these axons using electricity.
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즉 눈 ν•œ 개 λ‹Ή 8κ°œκ°€
λ‚ κ°œμ—κ²Œ λͺ©ν‘œκ°€ μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ 어디에 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
In the dragonfly, we're going to place little metal wires, or electrodes,
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λˆˆμ„ λ‚ κ°œμ™€ μ—°κ²°μ‹œν‚€λŠ” λ‰΄λŸ°μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
02:08
along the axon tracks,
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기둝을 얻을 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ 전극을 λ°°μΉ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
and this is what's really cool.
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λˆˆμ—μ„œ λ‚ κ°œλ‘œ μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ 전달될 λ•Œ λ§ˆλ‹€
02:11
In the dragonfly, there's only 16 neurons;
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ°°μΉ˜ν•œ 전극이 κ·Έ λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό μ „λ₯˜μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ 쀑간에 κ°€λ‘œμ±„μ„œ
02:13
that's eight per eye
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02:14
that tell the wings exactly where the target is.
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μ¦ν­μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
We've placed the electrodes so that we can record from these neurons
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이제 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό κ°€μ‹œ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ λͺ¨λ‘ μ‹œμ²­κ°€λŠ₯ν•œλ°,
02:20
that connect the eyes to the wings.
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이것을 ν™œλ™ μ „μœ„λΌκ³ λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
Whenever a message is being passed from the eye to the wing,
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ν•œ 번 λ“€μ–΄ λ³΄μ‹œμ£ .
02:24
our electrode intercepts that conversation in the form of an electrical current,
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μ§€κΈˆ, μž μžλ¦¬λŠ” 거꾸둜 λ’€μ§‘ν˜€ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
λ°”λ‹₯을 쳐닀보고 μžˆλŠ” μƒν™©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
and it amplifies it.
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02:29
Now, we can both hear it and see it in the form of a spike,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ©ν‘œ(먹이)λ₯Ό 가지고 μ˜€κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
which we also call an action potential.
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이번 κ²½μš°μ—, λ¨Ήμ΄λŠ” κ°€μ§œ νŒŒλ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
Now let's listen in.
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02:36
Right now, we have the dragonfly flipped upside down,
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잠자리의 μ‹œμ•Ό μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ 움직여 λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
so he's looking down towards the ground.
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(μ™±μ™±)
02:42
We're going to take a prey, or what we sometimes call a target.
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였!
μ €κ±Έ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
02:45
In this case, the target's going to be a fake fly.
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02:48
We're going to move it into the dragonfly's sights.
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ν•œ λ°©ν–₯μœΌλ‘œλ§Œμ΄λ„€μš”.
02:52
(Buzzing)
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μš°μ™€!
02:54
Oh!
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ 갈 λ•ŒλŠ” κ°€μ‹œκ°€ μ—†λŠ”λ°,
02:56
Oh, look at that.
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μ „λΆ€ λ’€λ‘œ 올 λ•Œλ§Œ κ°€μ‹œκ°€ μžˆλ„€μš”.
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œ
잠자리의 λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ΄ 먹이가 ν•œ λ°©ν–₯으둜 움직일 λ•ŒλŠ” λ°˜μ‘ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
03:02
Look at that, but it's only in one direction.
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λ°˜λŒ€ λ°©ν–₯으둜 움직일 λ•ŒλŠ” λ°˜μ‘ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
Oh, yes!
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μ™œ κ·ΈλŸ΄κΉŒμš”?
03:06
You don't see any spikes when I go forward,
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μž μžλ¦¬κ°€ 거의 360λ„μ˜ μ‹œμ•Όλ₯Ό
03:08
but they're all when I come back.
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가지고 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦° 것을 κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜λ‚˜μš”?
03:10
In our experiments,
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λˆˆμ—λŠ” 쀑심와라고 ν•˜λŠ” 뢀뢄이 μžˆλŠ”λ°
03:12
we were able to see that the neurons of the dragonfly
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이 뢀뢄이 κ°€μž₯ λšœλ ·ν•œ μ‹œκ°μ„ 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
fired when we moved the target in one direction but not the other.
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마치 μ‹­μžμ„ μ΄λΌκ³  생각을 ν•  수 있죠.
03:17
Now, why is that?
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03:19
Remember when I said that the dragonfly
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μž μžλ¦¬κ°€ 각각의 λ‚ κ°œλ₯Ό μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ μ‘°μ ˆν•œλ‹€κ³  λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦° 것을 κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜λ‚˜μš”?
03:21
had near 360-degree vision.
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03:23
Well, there's a section of the eye called the fovea
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μž μžλ¦¬κ°€ 먹이λ₯Ό 보면, κ·Έ μœ„μ— μ‹­μžμ„ μ„ μ‘°μ€€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
and this is the part that has the sharpest visual acuity,
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그리고 잠자리의 μΆ•μ‚­λŒκΈ°λ₯Ό 타고 μž μžλ¦¬κ°€ λͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό λ†“μΉ˜μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ° μœ„ν•΄
03:28
and you can think of it as its crosshairs.
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ν•„μš”ν•œ λ‚ κ°œμ˜ 뢀뢄듀을 μ‘°μ’…ν•˜λŠ”
03:31
Remember when I told you the dragonfly had individual precise control of its wings?
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μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬μ—κ²Œλ§Œ μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ μ „λ‹¬λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
When a dragonfly sees its prey, it trains its crosshairs on it
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λ§Œμ•½ 먹이가 잠자리의 μ™Όμͺ½μ— μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
λ‚ κ°œλ₯Ό μ™Όμͺ½μœΌλ‘œ 기울게 ν•˜λŠ” λ‰΄λŸ°λ§Œ μžκ·Ήμ„ λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
and along its axons it sends messages only to the neurons
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먹이가 잠자리의 였λ₯Έμͺ½μœΌλ‘œ 움직이면
03:43
that control the parts of the wings
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03:44
that are needed to keep that dragonfly on target.
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μ•„κΉŒ μžκ·Ήλ°›μ€ κ·Έ λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ€ ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†μœΌλ―€λ‘œ κ°€λ§Œνžˆ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
So if the prey is on the left of the dragonfly,
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μž μžλ¦¬λŠ” 먹이λ₯Ό ν–₯ν•΄ μ‹­μžμ„ μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
λ‚ κ°œμ— μ „λ‹¬λœ κ³ μ •λœ κ°λ„λ‘œ λŒμ§„ν•΄μ„œ
03:50
only the neurons that are tugging the wings to the left are fired.
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μ§ ! 저녁식사죠.
03:53
And if the prey moves to the right of the dragonfly,
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이 λͺ¨λ“  것은 1μ΄ˆλ„ μ•ˆλ˜λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ— μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³ , μž μžλ¦¬μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 맀우 μ‰½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
those same neurons are not needed, so they're going to remain quiet.
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거의 λ°˜μ‚¬μž‘μš©κ°™μ£ .
03:59
And the dragonfly speeds toward the prey
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이 ꡉμž₯히 효율적인 κ³Όμ • 전체λ₯Ό 고정이라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
at a fixed angle that's communicated by this crosshairs to the wings,
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04:04
and then boom, dinner.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 κ³Όμ •μ—λŠ” ν•œ 개의 이야기가 또 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
Now, all this happens in a split second, and it's effortless for the dragonfly.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‰΄λŸ°μ΄ μ›€μ§μž„μ— μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그런데 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž μžλ¦¬κ°€ 무엇이 먹이인지 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
04:10
It's almost like a reflex.
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04:12
And this whole incredibly efficient process is called fixation.
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λ°”λ‘œ μ΄λ•Œ 크기가 μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ£ .
μž μžλ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 일련의 점듀을 λ³΄μ—¬μ€μ‹œλ‹€.
04:16
But there's one more story to this process.
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04:18
We saw how the neurons respond to movements,
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04:21
but how does the dragonfly know that something really is prey?
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04:24
This is where size matters.
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04:26
Let's show the dragonfly a series of dots.
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였!
JS: μ € 점을 μ„ ν˜Έν•˜λ„€μš”.
GG: λͺ¨λ“  크기 쀑에,
μž μžλ¦¬κ°€ 큰 점 보닀 μž‘μ€ 점에 λ°˜μ‘ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
즉, μž μžλ¦¬λŠ” μƒˆμ²˜λŸΌ 훨씬 큰 것 λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 파리처럼 μž‘μ€ 것듀을 쫓아가도둝
04:41
Oh, yeah!
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μ„€μ •λ˜μ–΄μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
JS: Yeah, it prefers that one.
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04:44
GG: Out of all the sizes,
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그리고 무언가λ₯Ό 먹이둜 μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” μˆœκ°„,
04:45
we found that the dragonfly responded to smaller targets over larger ones.
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κ·Έ κ°€μ—¬μš΄ 파리의 수λͺ…은 λͺ‡ 초 밖에 남지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
In other words, the dragonfly was programmed to go after smaller flies
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였늘 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 잠자리의 λ‡Œκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ
맀우 효율적인 사λƒ₯꾼을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ”μ§€ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
versus something much larger, like a bird.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μž μžλ¦¬κ°€ κ³ μ–‘μ΄μ˜ ν¬κΈ°μ˜€λ˜
04:56
And as soon as it recognizes something as prey,
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04:58
that poor little fly only has seconds to live.
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3μ–΅λ…„ 전에 살지 μ•Šμ•˜μŒμ— κ°μ‚¬ν•©μ‹œλ‹€.
05:01
Today we got to see how the dragonfly's brain works
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05:04
to make it a very efficient killer.
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05:06
And let's be thankful that we didn't live 300 million years ago
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05:10
when dragonflies were the size of cats.
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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