Do Gut Microbes Control Your Personality? | Kathleen McAuliffe | TED

532,417 views ใƒป 2024-01-22

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Amanda Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Hannah Choi
00:04
We've been debating the question forever.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ํ† ๋ก ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
โ€œ์ž์œ  ์˜์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?โ€
00:07
Is there such a thing as free will?
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โ€œ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚ด ๋ฐฐ์˜ ์„ ์žฅ์ธ๊ฐ€?โ€
00:10
Am I captain of my ship?
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00:12
Master of my own destiny?
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โ€œ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚ด ์šด๋ช…์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ์ธ๊ฐ€?โ€
00:15
I'm no philosopher.
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์ €๋Š” ์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
Biology is my realm and from where I stand,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ด ์ œ ์˜์—ญ์ด๊ณ  ์ œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋กœ๋Š”
00:20
there is clearly more than one of us at the helm.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•œ ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์ด ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
I'm referring to the fact
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
00:24
that half the cells in your body do not contain your own DNA.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์† ์„ธํฌ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ DNA๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„, ์›์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ, ๊ท ๋ฅ˜์™€
00:29
They belong to bacteria, protozoa, fungi
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00:33
and other unicellular creatures.
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๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋‹จ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
These tiny tenants, collectively known as our microbiota,
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์ด์นญํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ด ์ž‘์€ ์ž…์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์€
00:41
are most abundant in the gut,
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์žฅ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ
00:43
where they aid in digestion
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์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ๋•๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
and carry out many other essential functions.
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00:48
Most amazing, they "talk" to your brain.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋‡Œ์™€ โ€˜๋Œ€ํ™”โ€™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
They influence your mood,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ
00:54
your energy level, your appetite,
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์ค€, ์‹์š•, ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ,
00:56
your memory,
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00:58
perhaps even your personality.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
I can say this with confidence
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ด ์ƒ์ฅ๋“ค ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž์‹  ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
owing to mice like this, which have no microbes.
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01:06
They've been dubbed bubble mice
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๋ฌด๊ท  ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ ์ž๋ž๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ์ƒ์ฅ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋ธ” ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
because they're raised in sterile facilities.
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01:11
Contrast their behavior to that of a normal mouse,
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์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ƒ์ฅ์™€ ๋Œ€์กฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ƒ์ฅ์—๋Š” ํƒœ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์„œ์‹ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:13
which is colonized at birth with microbes,
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01:16
and you'll notice striking differences.
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์ด ๋‘˜์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
A normal mouse is a quick and eager learner.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ƒ์ฅ๋Š” ํ•™์Šต์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์—ด์„ฑ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
Show it a novel object, like a napkin ring,
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๋ƒ…ํ‚จ ๋ง ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋ฉด
01:27
and it will circle and sniff it with great interest.
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์›์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
Place it in a maze and it's keen to explore new passages
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๋ฏธ๋กœ์— ๋†“์•„๋‘๋ฉด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ 
01:33
and remembers where it's been.
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์–ด๋””์— ๊ฐ”์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์ฃ .
01:35
A bubble mouse could not be more different.
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๋ฒ„๋ธ” ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
It lacks natural curiosity.
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ํƒ€๊ณ ๋‚œ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์ฃ .
01:41
It's slow to learn, quick to forget,
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๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋А๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
01:44
and just as inclined to favor the familiar
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์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋” ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
over what's new, exciting, or different.
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์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ƒ‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:50
Indeed, they don't even protest
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋‚˜์ด์— ์–ด๋ฏธ์™€ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด๋„
01:52
if separated at a young age from their mothers,
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ํ•ญ์˜์กฐ์ฐจ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:54
a trauma that in a normal mouse would lead to lifelong skittishness.
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๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์ฅ๋ผ๋ฉด ํ‰์ƒ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
But if you colonize a bubble mouse early in life
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ƒ์•  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฒ„๋ธ” ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—
02:03
with the normal microbiota for that strain,
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๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด์„ ์ด์‹ํ•˜๋ฉด
02:05
guess what happens?
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ๊นŒ์š”?
02:08
Their behavior normalizes.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์€ ์ •์ƒํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
We're not mice.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ฅ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ๋ฐ,
02:13
So does any of this apply to us?
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
02:17
Actually a mountain of evidence suggests that it does.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋”๋ฏธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
Consider this.
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:21
If I transfer gut bacteria from an overweight twin to bubble mice,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด ์ค‘ ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค‘์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ธ” ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋ฉด
02:28
the animals fatten up.
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๋ฒ„๋ธ” ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ์‚ด์ฐŒ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
Transfer gut bacteria from a thin twin to bubble mice,
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์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด ์ค‘ ๋‚ ์”ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ธ” ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ 
02:35
feed them the same rat chow and the animals stay thin.
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๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฉด ๋‚ ์”ฌํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
Similarly, if I transfer gut bacteria from a depressed person
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ท ์„
02:44
to a bubble mouse,
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๋ฒ„๋ธ” ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋ฉด
02:46
the animal will display depressive-like symptoms.
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์šฐ์šธ์ฆ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
For example, if placed in a water tank,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ฌผ ํƒฑํฌ์— ์ฅ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉด
02:52
it stops swimming sooner than a mouse that receives gut bacteria
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์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฐ›์€ ์ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค
๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์˜์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
from a non-depressed person.
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02:58
That mouse will keep trying to escape.
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ํ›„์ž์˜ ์ฅ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜๋ ค ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
It's not so quick to give in to despair.
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ ˆ๋ง์— ๋น ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
03:03
How in the world can gut bacteria influence how we feel and act?
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์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ท ์€ ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋А๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„๊นŒ์š”?
03:09
They have many techniques, actually.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ท ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:11
But here's one of their coolest.
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๊ทธ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
Gut bacteria produce hoards of psychoactive compounds,
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์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ท ์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ •์‹ ์„ฑ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
including half a dozen neurotransmitters.
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6๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ์š”.
03:20
Put simply, gut bacteria can talk to the brain because we,
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ๋‡Œ์™€ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ,
03:25
meaning our microbes and human cells,
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์ฆ‰ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€
03:28
all speak the same language.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
In fact, some scientists think
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
03:33
this language was actually invented by bacteria.
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์ด ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
I should point out that this long-distance conversation
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋Š”
03:41
is facilitated by a major nerve cable that runs from your gut to your brain.
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์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‡Œ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
It's called the vagus nerve,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
03:47
and it can be directly activated by bacteria
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:49
or by the psychoactive compounds they produce.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ •์‹ ์„ฑ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
Incidentally, about 80 percent of the traffic on this cable
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๋ง๋ถ™์ด์ž๋ฉด, ์ด ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์˜ ์•ฝ 80%๊ฐ€
03:56
is going from the gut to the brain and not the other way around,
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์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‡Œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
as had long been assumed.
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์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•ด ์™”๋“ฏ์ด์š”.
04:01
Of course, gut bacteria can also rely on the circulatory system
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ท ์€ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ณ„์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์—ฌ
04:05
to transport their psychoactive compounds upstairs.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ •์‹ ์„ฑ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ์œ„์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
And there's one other very important, albeit indirect way
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ
์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ๋‡Œ์— ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
that gut bacteria signal the brain.
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04:15
And that's by misbehaving.
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๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์ฃ .
04:18
When aggressive bacteria invade the gut wall,
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๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์žฅ ๋ฒฝ์„ ์นจ๋ฒ”ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:21
immune cells rush to the scene
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
and surprising scientists,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์„ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฑด
04:26
those immune cells and related compounds don't always stay localized in the gut,
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๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์žฅ์—๋งŒ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:31
but can travel to the brain
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๋‡Œ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ
04:33
where they trigger inflammation and depression.
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์—ผ์ฆ๊ณผ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
For reasons that are not well understood,
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์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ
04:39
inflammation and depression often go hand in hand.
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์—ผ์ฆ๊ณผ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์ด ๋™๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
They're a destructive duo.
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๋‘˜์€ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ๋“€์˜ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
Interestingly, a rapidly advancing treatment for mental disturbances
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์‹  ์งˆํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„
04:48
is called vagus nerve stimulation, or VNS.
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๋ฏธ์ฃผ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ž๊ทน์ˆ  (VNS) ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
As its name suggests,
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์ด๋ฆ„์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด,
04:54
it entails electrically stimulating the vagus nerve
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๋ฏธ์ฃผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ทนํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
via an electrode implanted in the chest.
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ํ‰๋ถ€์— ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ ์ „๊ทน์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:02
Although this therapy evolved independently of microbiota research,
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์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€๋Š” ๋ณ„๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
05:06
some scientists think
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
05:08
that the current may actually mimic the effects of gut bacteria
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์ด ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ 
05:13
on the nerve.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
That's speculative, but what is clear is that VNS strengthens the gut barrier,
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์ถ”์ธก์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ VNS๊ฐ€ ์žฅ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ
05:20
preventing pathogenic bacteria from breaching it
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๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์žฅ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋šซ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด์„œ
05:23
and causing an inflammatory response that spreads to the brain.
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์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋‡Œ๋กœ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์•„์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
Encouragingly, the FDA has already approved VNS
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๊ณ ๋ฌด์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ FDA๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ VNS๋ฅผ
05:34
for the treatment of severe epilepsy
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ํ‘œ์ค€ ์š”๋ฒ•์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
05:35
and depression unresponsive to standard therapy.
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์ค‘์ฆ ๊ฐ„์งˆ ๋ฐ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋กœ ์Šน์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
What's more, early clinical trials suggest
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ
05:42
the procedure may also benefit people suffering from ADHD, OCD and PTSD.
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์ด ์‹œ์ˆ ์ด ADHD, OCD ๋ฐ PTSD๋กœ ๊ณ ํ†ต๋ฐ›๋Š”
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
In parallel with these developments,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ
05:51
microbiota researchers are attempting to treat mental disturbances
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ •์‹  ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
05:55
by changing the composition of our gut bacteria
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์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
05:58
or alternatively,
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๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ
05:59
by boosting or blocking the action of the chemicals these organisms make.
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์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
To that end,
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์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด
06:06
they're making exciting progress
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง„์€ ํฅ๋ฏธ์ง„์ง„ํ•œ ์ง„์ „์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
in pinpointing exactly which bacteria are good or bad actors
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ข‹๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜์œ ์—ญํ• ์ธ์ง€
06:13
in various neuropsychiatric conditions.
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์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์งš์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:16
People with autism spectrum disorder, for example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์žํ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
06:18
often have high amounts of a bacteria molecule in their blood,
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก์— ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•จ์œ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ,
06:24
and in rodents,
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์„ค์น˜๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ
06:25
this molecule has been shown to raise anxiety
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์ด ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ 
06:29
and even alter brain connectivity.
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๋‡Œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
Axial Therapeutics,
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์•ก์‹œ์–ผ ํ…Œ๋ผํ“จํ‹ฑ์Šค๋Š”
06:34
a company at the forefront of developing microbiota-based treatments,
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์•ž์žฅ์„œ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…์ด๋ฉฐ
06:38
is now conducting a clinical trial of a drug
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
designed to prevent this destructive molecule
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์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‡Œ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ก
06:46
from reaching the brain.
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์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
06:48
The goal is to treat irritability in children with autism.
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๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์žํ ์•„๋™์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
Meanwhile, a bacterium found in yogurt called Lactobacillus reuteri
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ํ•œํŽธ, ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅดํŠธ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ ๋ฝํ† ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ฃจํ…Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
06:57
has shown to promote social bonding in animal models of autism.
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์žํ ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
Both good and bad bacteria have similarly been linked
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ๋‚˜์œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ
07:05
to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS.
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๊ทผ์œ„์ถ•์„ฑ ์ธก์‚ญ ๊ฒฝํ™”์ฆ (ALS) ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
That's the neurodegenerative disease
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ‡ดํ–‰์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์ด๋ฉฐ
07:12
best known for paralyzing the great baseball player Lou Gehrig
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์œ ๋ช… ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฃจ ๊ฒŒ๋ฆญ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:16
at the peak of his career.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ปค๋ฆฌ์–ด ์ „์„ฑ๊ธฐ์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
Like him, most patients die within just a few years
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๊ทธ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„
07:21
of being diagnosed with the disease.
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๋ถˆ๊ณผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ด๋‚ด์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
A small minority live ten years or longer.
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์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋งŒ์ด 10๋…„ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ ์ƒ์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
In animal models of ALS,
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์ตœ๊ทผ ALS ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ
07:31
Israeli researchers have recently discovered two bacteria
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์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
that accelerate the disease
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ด๊ณ 
07:36
and another that slows its development.
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๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋Šฆ์ถ”๋Š” ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
They suspect the benefits of the good bacteria
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง„์€ ์ด ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํšจ๋Šฅ์ด
07:46
are due to a vitamin that it produces, called nicotinamide.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด์‚ฐ์•„๋ฏธ๋“œ๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
Microbiota researchers are making even greater progress
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€
07:54
in unraveling the root causes of Parkinson's disease.
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ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ ์›์ธ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ง„์ „์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
If you know the actor Michael J. Fox,
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๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋งˆ์ดํด J. ํญ์Šค๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:01
if you've seen many of his videos,
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๊ทธ์˜ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:02
you'll know its symptoms are shaking,
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๊ทธ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ๋–จ๋ฆผ,
08:07
stiffness and an unsteady gait.
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๋ปฃ๋ปฃํ•จ, ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฑธ์Œ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
It's long been known that the disease involves the misfolding of a protein
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์ด ์งˆํ™˜์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป์ ‘ํž˜๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
called alpha-synuclein in this part of the brain.
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๋‡Œ์˜ ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ŒํŒŒ-์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
08:19
As the misfolding spreads, brain cells start to die,
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์ ‘ํž˜ ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋ฉด ๋‡Œ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
08:22
symptoms worsen.
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์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์•…ํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
The big mystery is, what causes alpha-synuclein,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ๋Š” ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”
08:28
the Parkinson's protein,
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์•ŒํŒŒ-์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ฆฐ์ด
08:29
to misfolded in the first place.
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์• ์ดˆ์— ์™œ ์ž˜๋ชป ์ ‘ํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
Several labs have recently converged on one likely culprit.
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
The guts of some people, their research suggests,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‚ด์žฅ์—๋Š”
08:41
harbor a strain of E. coli
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๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ๊ท ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
that churns out a misfolded compound very similar to the Parkinson's protein.
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์ด๋Š” ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ž˜๋ชป ์ ‘ํžŒ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์ฃ .
08:51
And when misfolded variants of this protein
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์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป ์ ‘ํžŒ ๋ณ€์ข…์„
08:54
are injected into the guts of susceptible rodents,
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๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ค์น˜๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‚ด์žฅ์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด
08:57
it causes the normal protein in the intestinal lining
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์žฅ ๋‚ด๋ฒฝ์˜ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„
09:01
to misfold in turn.
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์ฐจ๋ก€๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป ์ ‘ํžˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
Like falling dominoes,
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๋„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:05
this wave of misfolding proteins slowly spreads up the vagus nerve,
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์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์€ ๋„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
and in about two months,
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์•ฝ ๋‘ ๋‹ฌ ํ›„,
09:12
you see clumped up protein in exactly the part of the brain
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ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ‡ดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‡Œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—
๋ญ‰์ณ์ง„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
that degenerates in Parkinson's patients.
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09:19
Most importantly,
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๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
09:21
these fresh glimpses into the origins of the disease
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์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์—ฟ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
09:24
are suggesting new ways of intervening in its progression,
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๋ณ‘์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:29
a prospect, needless to say, that has experts super excited.
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์ด ์ „๋ง์€ ๋‘๋งํ•  ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†์ด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
Of course, it's early days.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์•„์ง ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
We don't yet know
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง
09:38
whether successful treatments will emerge from this line of research,
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ์ง€,
09:42
or, for that matter,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
09:44
any of the other investigations I've described.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ์ง€๋Š” ์•„์ง ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
But I think you'll agree there's cause for optimism.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚™๊ด€๋ก ์„ ํŽผ์น  ๋งŒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
If nothing else, I hope I've convinced you that your behavior is controlled
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด
09:57
not just from the top down,
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์œ„์—์„œ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ๋งŒ ํ†ต์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
09:59
but quite literally from the bottom up.
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์œ„๋กœ ํ†ต์ œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋“œ๋ ธ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
In short, the person you call "I" is really "we."
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด โ€œ๋‚˜โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ง„์งœ โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌโ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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