The self-assembling computer chips of the future | Karl Skjonnemand

103,894 views ・ 2019-03-13

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: JY Kang κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
Computers used to be as big as a room.
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ν•œλ•ŒλŠ” 컴퓨터가 λ°© 크기만 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
But now they fit in your pocket,
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μ§€κΈˆμ€ μ£Όλ¨Έλ‹ˆμ— λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ£ .
00:18
on your wrist
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손λͺ© μœ„μ—λ„ μžˆκ³ μš”.
00:19
and can even be implanted inside of your body.
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심지어 λͺΈ μ•ˆμ— μ΄μ‹λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
How cool is that?
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정말 λŒ€λ‹¨ν•˜μ£ ?
00:24
And this has been enabled by the miniaturization of transistors,
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μ΄λŸ°ν•œ 일듀이 κ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆλ˜ 건 νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°κ°€ μ†Œν˜•ν™”λœ λ•λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
which are the tiny switches in the circuits
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μ „μž νšŒλ‘œμ—μ„œ μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜ 같은 역할을 ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œμ„œ
00:31
at the heart of our computers.
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μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ˜ 핡심이라고 ν•  수 있죠.
00:34
And it's been achieved through decades of development
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κ·Έ κ³Όμ •μ—λŠ” μˆ˜μ‹­ 년에 걸친 개발과
00:37
and breakthroughs in science and engineering
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κ³Όν•™ 기술 λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ 획기적 λ°œμ „μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
00:40
and of billions of dollars of investment.
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μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ 뢈(수쑰 원)의 κ°œλ°œλΉ„κ°€ νˆ¬μž…λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
But it's given us vast amounts of computing,
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κ·Έ 결과둜 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ–‘μ˜ 컴퓨터 μž‘μ—…μ„ ν•  수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
00:46
huge amounts of memory
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κΈ°μ–΅ μš©λŸ‰λ„ 크게 λŠ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°
00:47
and the digital revolution that we all experience and enjoy today.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λˆ„λ¦¬κ³  μžˆλŠ” 디지털 혁λͺ…을 λΆˆλŸ¬μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
But the bad news is,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‚˜μœ μ†Œμ‹μ΄ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
00:56
we're about to hit a digital roadblock,
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이제 디지털 μ‹œλŒ€λ„ ν•œκ³„μ— λ‹€λ‹€λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
as the rate of miniaturization of transistors is slowing down.
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νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„° μ†Œν˜•ν™”μ˜ λ°œμ „ 속도가 λŠλ €μ§€κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
01:04
And this is happening at exactly the same time
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이와 λ™μ‹œμ—, λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•œνŽΈμ—μ„œλŠ”
01:07
as our innovation in software is continuing relentlessly
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μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄ λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ 기술 ν˜μ‹ μ΄
인곡지λŠ₯κ³Ό λΉ…ν…Œμ΄ν„°μ— νž˜μž…μ–΄ κΈ‰μ†λ„λ‘œ 이루어지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
with artificial intelligence and big data.
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01:15
And our devices regularly perform facial recognition or augment our reality
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μ „μžκΈ°κΈ°λ“€μ΄ 점차 μ•ˆλ©΄μΈμ‹κ³Ό μ¦κ°•ν˜„μ‹€ κΈ°λŠ₯을 κ°–κ²Œ 되고
01:20
or even drive cars down our treacherous, chaotic roads.
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심지어 λ¬΄μΈμžλ™μ°¨κ°€ μœ„ν—˜ν•˜κ³  λ³΅μž‘ν•œ λ„λ‘œλ₯Ό λ‹¬λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
It's amazing.
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정말 λ†€λžμ£ .
01:26
But if we don't keep up with the appetite of our software,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄μ˜ 기술 μˆ˜μš”λ₯Ό 잘 따라가지 λͺ»ν•˜λ©΄
01:31
we could reach a point in the development of our technology
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기술 λ°œμ „μ˜ μ–΄λŠ μ‹œμ μ— 이λ₯΄λŸ¬μ„œλŠ”
01:35
where the things that we could do with software could, in fact, be limited
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μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄λ‘œ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 일에 ν•œκ³„μ— λΆ€λ”ͺ힐 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
by our hardware.
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ν•˜λ“œμ›¨μ–΄ λ•Œλ¬Έμ—μš”.
01:41
We've all experienced the frustration of an old smartphone or tablet
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κ΅¬ν˜• μŠ€λ§ˆνŠΈν°μ΄λ‚˜ νƒœλΈ”λ¦Ώμ„ μ“°λ©° λ‹Ήν™©ν–ˆλ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ΄ μžˆμœΌμ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
grinding slowly to a halt over time
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μ„œμ„œνžˆ λŠλ €μ§€λ‹€κ°€ κ²°κ΅­ λ©ˆμΆ°λ²„λ¦¬κ³  ν•˜μ£ .
01:48
under the ever-increasing weight of software updates and new features.
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μ—…λ°μ΄νŠΈμ™€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κΈ°λŠ₯이 κ²Œμ† 더해지면 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
And it worked just fine when we bought it not so long ago.
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μ–Όλ§ˆ 전에 μƒ€μœΌλ‹ˆ λ¬Έμ œμ—†μ΄ μž‘λ™ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν•˜λ”λΌλ„
01:56
But the hungry software engineers have eaten up all the hardware capacity
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μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄ 개발자의 μ™•μ„±ν™˜ μ‹μš•μ΄ ν•˜λ“œμ›¨μ–΄ μ„±λŠ₯을 λ‹€ μž‘μ•„λ¨Ήμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
over time.
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μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 갈수둝 말이죠.
02:03
The semiconductor industry is very well aware of this
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λ°˜λ„μ²΄ μ—…κ³„λŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 상황을 이미 잘 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
and is working on all sorts of creative solutions,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬ 창의적 해법을 μ°Ύκ³  있죠.
02:11
such as going beyond transistors to quantum computing
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νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°λ₯Ό λ›°μ–΄ λ„˜λŠ” μ–‘μž 컴퓨터λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
02:15
or even working with transistors in alternative architectures
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심지어 νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„° ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ•„μ˜ˆ λ°”κΎΈλŠ” 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
such as neural networks
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ‹ κ²½λ§μ²˜λŸΌ λ°”κΎΈμ–΄
02:21
to make more robust and efficient circuits.
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λ”μš± κ°•λ ₯ν•˜κ³  효율적인 νšŒλ‘œλ§μ„ λ§Œλ“€λ €κ³  ν•˜μ£ .
02:25
But these approaches will take quite some time,
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그런데 이런 μ ‘κ·Ό λ°©μ‹μ—λŠ” κ½€ λ§Žμ€ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
and we're really looking for a much more immediate solution to this problem.
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문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•  더 즉각적인 해법을 μ›ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°λ„ 말이죠.
02:34
The reason why the rate of miniaturization of transistors is slowing down
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νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°μ˜ μ†Œν˜•ν™” 속도가 λŠλ €μ§€κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ”
02:39
is due to the ever-increasing complexity of the manufacturing process.
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κ·Έ 생산 과정이 갈수둝 λ³΅μž‘ν•΄μ§€κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
The transistor used to be a big, bulky device,
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νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°λŠ” μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” 크고 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ μž₯λΉ„μ˜€μ§€λ§Œ
02:48
until the invent of the integrated circuit
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순수 κ²°μ •μ§ˆ μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜ 웨이퍼λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ μ§‘μ νšŒλ‘œκ°€ 발λͺ…λ˜λ©΄μ„œ λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆμ£ .
02:51
based on pure crystalline silicon wafers.
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02:54
And after 50 years of continuous development,
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κ·Έ ν›„ 50λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ λ°œμ „μ΄ κ±°λ“­λ˜μ–΄
02:57
we can now achieve transistor features dimensions
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ν˜„μž¬μ˜ νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„° ν¬κΈ°λŠ” 10 λ‚˜λ…Έλ―Έν„°κΉŒμ§€ μ€„μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
down to 10 nanometers.
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03:04
You can fit more than a billion transistors
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10μ–΅ 개 μ΄μƒμ˜ νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°λ₯Ό
03:06
in a single square millimeter of silicon.
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κ°€λ‘œμ„Έλ‘œ 1mm의 μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜μ— 넣을 수 μžˆλŠ” ν¬κΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
And to put this into perspective:
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κ·Έ 크기λ₯Ό κ°€λŠ ν•˜μžλ©΄
03:12
a human hair is 100 microns across.
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μΈκ°„μ˜ 머리카락 지름은 100 λ§ˆμ΄ν¬λ‘œλ―Έν„°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
A red blood cell, which is essentially invisible,
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눈으둜 λ³Ό 수 μ—†λŠ” μ ν˜ˆκ΅¬λŠ” 지름이 8 λ§ˆμ΄ν¬λ‘œλ―Έν„°μ΄κ³ 
03:18
is eight microns across,
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03:20
and you can place 12 across the width of a human hair.
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 머리카락에 12개의 적혈ꡬλ₯Ό λ‘˜ 수 있죠.
03:24
But a transistor, in comparison, is much smaller,
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이에 λΉ„ν•΄ νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°λŠ” 훨씬 μž‘μ•„μ„œ
03:27
at a tiny fraction of a micron across.
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1 λ§ˆμ΄ν¬λ‘œλ―Έν„°μ˜ 길이도 훨씬 잘게 λ‚˜λˆ μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
03:31
You could place more than 260 transistors
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260개 μ΄μƒμ˜ νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°λ₯Ό 적혈ꡬ 지름에 λ‚˜μ—΄ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
across a single red blood cell
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03:37
or more than 3,000 across the width of a human hair.
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3,000개 μ΄μƒμ˜ νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°κ°€ 머리카락 지름에 ν•΄λ‹Ήλ˜μ£ .
03:41
It really is incredible nanotechnology in your pocket right now.
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정말 λ†€λžκ²Œλ„ κ·Έ λ‚˜λ…Έ 기술이 μ§€κΈˆ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ μ£Όλ¨Έλ‹ˆ 속에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
And besides the obvious benefit
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컴퓨터 칩에 더 μž‘μ€ νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°λ₯Ό 더 많이 넣을 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 이점 외에도
03:49
of being able to place more, smaller transistors on a chip,
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03:53
smaller transistors are faster switches,
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νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°κ°€ μž‘μ•„μ§ˆμˆ˜λ‘ μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯도 더 λΉ¨λΌμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:58
and smaller transistors are also more efficient switches.
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λ˜ν•œ νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°κ°€ μž‘μ•„μ§ˆμˆ˜λ‘ λ”μš± 효율적인 μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜κ°€ 되죠.
04:02
So this combination has given us
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이 두 가지λ₯Ό μ‘°ν•©ν•˜λ©΄
더 적은 λΉ„μš©μœΌλ‘œ
04:05
lower cost, higher performance and higher efficiency electronics
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더 μš°μˆ˜ν•œ μ„±λŠ₯κ³Ό νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ„ 가진 μ „μžμ œν’ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
that we all enjoy today.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν˜„μž¬ μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” μ œν’ˆλ“€μ΄ κ·Έλ ‡μ£ .
04:14
To manufacture these integrated circuits,
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이런 μ§‘μ νšŒλ‘œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ €λ©΄
04:17
the transistors are built up layer by layer,
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순수 κ²°μ •μ§ˆ μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜ 웨이퍼 μœ„μ— νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°λ₯Ό 겹겹이 μŒ“μ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
on a pure crystalline silicon wafer.
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04:23
And in an oversimplified sense,
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정말 λ‹¨μˆœν•˜κ²Œ μ„€λͺ…ν•΄ λ“œλ¦¬λ©΄
04:25
every tiny feature of the circuit is projected
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각각의 μž‘μ€ 회둜 도면을
μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜ μ›¨μ΄νΌμ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μ— νˆ¬μ˜μ‹œμΌœ λΉ„μΆ”λ©΄
04:29
onto the surface of the silicon wafer
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04:32
and recorded in a light-sensitive material
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κ°κ΄‘λ¬Όμ§ˆμ— μ˜ν•΄ 그것이 κΈ°λ‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
and then etched through the light-sensitive material
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κ·Έ κ°κ΄‘λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ 따라 ν™ˆμ„ λ‚΄λ©΄
04:38
to leave the pattern in the underlying layers.
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κ·Έ μ•„λž˜ 측에 회둜 νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄ λ‚¨κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” 것이죠.
04:42
And this process has been dramatically improved over the years
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이런 곡정은 κ³Όκ±° μˆ˜λ…„μ— 걸쳐 μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ λ°œμ „ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
to give the electronics performance we have today.
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κ·Έ 결과둜 μ „μžμ œν’ˆλ“€μ΄ ν˜„μž¬μ˜ μ„±λŠ₯을 κ°–κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
04:50
But as the transistor features get smaller and smaller,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°μ˜ 크기가 점점 μž‘μ•„μ§€λ©΄μ„œ
04:53
we're really approaching the physical limitations
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이런 μ œμ‘°κΈ°μˆ μ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œ 물리적 ν•œκ³„κ°€ 였고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:56
of this manufacturing technique.
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05:00
The latest systems for doing this patterning
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μ΅œκ·Όμ—λŠ” κ·Έ νŒ¨ν„΄ 기둝 μž₯λΉ„κ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•΄μ Έμ„œ
05:03
have become so complex
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05:05
that they reportedly cost more than 100 million dollars each.
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ν•œ λŒ€λ‹Ή 1μ–΅λΆˆ(μ•½1100μ–΅ 원) μ΄μƒμ˜ λΉ„μš©μ΄ λ“ λ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
And semiconductor factories contain dozens of these machines.
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λ°˜λ„μ²΄ 곡μž₯μ—λŠ” 이런 μž₯λΉ„κ°€ μˆ˜μ‹­ λŒ€μ”© ν•„μš”ν•˜μ£ .
05:15
So people are seriously questioning: Is this approach long-term viable?
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그러면 λ‹€λ“€ 이런 μ˜λ¬Έμ„ κ°–μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
"이런 방식을 계속 μœ μ§€ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?"
05:20
But we believe we can do this chip manufacturing
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 이런 λ°˜λ„μ²΄ μ œμž‘ 곡정을 λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
in a totally different and much more cost-effective way
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€μ™€ μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯΄κ³ 
λΉ„μš©μ΄ 훨씬 적게 λ“œλŠ” λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 말이죠.
05:28
using molecular engineering and mimicking nature
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λΆ„μžκ³΅ν•™κ³Ό μžμ—°λͺ¨λ°© κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
05:32
down at the nanoscale dimensions of our transistors.
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νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°λ₯Ό λ‚˜λ…Έ λ‹¨μœ„μ˜ ν¬κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ 쀄일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:37
As I said, the conventional manufacturing takes every tiny feature of the circuit
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κΈ°μ‘΄ 제쑰 λ°©μ‹μ—μ„œλŠ”
각각의 μž‘μ€ νšŒλ‘œλ„λ₯Ό μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜ μœ„μ— νˆ¬μ˜ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ§μ”€λ“œλ ΈλŠ”λ°μš”.
05:41
and projects it onto the silicon.
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05:44
But if you look at the structure of an integrated circuit,
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κ·Έ μ§‘μ νšŒλ‘œμ˜ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λ©΄
05:47
the transistor arrays,
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νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°μ˜ 배열은
05:49
many of the features are repeated millions of times.
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λ˜‘κ°™μ€ λͺ¨μ–‘ 수백만 κ°œκ°€ λ°˜λ³΅λ˜λŠ” ν˜•νƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:53
It's a highly periodic structure.
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맀우 주기적인 ꡬ쑰 ν˜•νƒœμ£ .
05:56
So we want to take advantage of this periodicity
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ 주기성을 μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
05:59
in our alternative manufacturing technique.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ œμ‘°κΈ°μˆ μ„ λ§Œλ“€κ³ μž ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:02
We want to use self-assembling materials
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μžκΈ°μ‘°λ¦½ν™” λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
06:05
to naturally form the periodic structures
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주기성을 κ°–λŠ” ꡬ쑰가 μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ ν˜•μ„±λ˜λ©΄
06:08
that we need for our transistors.
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νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°λ‘œ μ“°κ³ μž ν–ˆμ£ .
06:12
We do this with the materials,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그런 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ ν™œμš©ν•΄μ„œ
06:14
then the materials do the hard work of the fine patterning,
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μ •λ°€ν•œ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
rather than pushing the projection technology to its limits and beyond.
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νŒ¨ν„΄ 투영기술이 가진 ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό λ›°μ–΄ λ„˜μ„ 수 있죠.
06:23
Self-assembly is seen in nature in many different places,
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μžκΈ°μ‘°λ¦½ν™”λŠ” μžμ—°κ³„μ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ κ³³μ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:27
from lipid membranes to cell structures,
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세포 μ§€μ§ˆλ§‰μ΄λ‚˜ 세포 κ΅¬μ‘°μ—μ„œλ„ λ³Ό 수 있죠.
06:31
so we do know it can be a robust solution.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것이 ν™•μ‹€ν•œ 해결책이라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:34
If it's good enough for nature, it should be good enough for us.
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μžμ—°κ³„μ—μ„œ μœ μš©ν•˜λ‹€λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œλ„ λΆ„λͺ… μœ μš©ν•  ν…Œλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
06:38
So we want to take this naturally occurring, robust self-assembly
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 μžμ—°λ°œμƒμ μΈ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 자기쑰립 νŠΉμ„±μ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
06:43
and use it for the manufacturing of our semiconductor technology.
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λ°˜λ„μ²΄ 제쑰 κΈ°μˆ μ— μ ‘λͺ©ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:48
One type of self-assemble material --
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자기쑰립 물질 μ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ†Œκ°œν•΄λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
06:52
it's called a block co-polymer --
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'블둝 ν˜Όμ„± 쀑합체'λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμΈλ°μš”.
06:54
consists of two polymer chains just a few tens of nanometers in length.
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길이 μˆ˜μ‹­ λ‚˜λ…Έλ―Έν„°μ˜ 두 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 쀑합체가 μ‚¬μŠ¬μ²˜λŸΌ μ—°κ²°λœ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:59
But these chains hate each other.
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이 쀑합체 μ‚¬μŠ¬λ“€μ€ μ„œλ‘œ μ‹«μ–΄ν•΄μ„œ μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό λ°€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:01
They repel each other,
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07:03
very much like oil and water or my teenage son and daughter.
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λ¬Όκ³Ό κΈ°λ¦„μ²˜λŸΌ, λ˜λŠ” 저희 집 μ‚¬μΆ˜κΈ° μ•„λ“€, λ”Έ ν˜•μ œμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
07:06
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
07:08
But we cruelly bond them together,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ–΅μ§€λ‘œ κ²°ν•©μ‹œμΌœ
07:11
creating an inbuilt frustration in the system,
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μ„œλ‘œ λ°€μ–΄λ‚΄λ €λŠ” μ„±μ§ˆμ„ 사전에 μ–΅μ œμ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:13
as they try to separate from each other.
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07:16
And in the bulk material, there are billions of these,
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 덩어리 μ•ˆμ—λŠ” 이 물질 μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ κ°œκ°€ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
07:20
and the similar components try to stick together,
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μš”μ†ŒλΌλ¦¬λŠ” λΆ™μœΌλ €κ³  ν•˜κ³ 
07:23
and the opposing components try to separate from each other
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그와 λ™μ‹œμ—, λ°˜λŒ€ μš”μ†ŒλΌλ¦¬λŠ” μ„œλ‘œ 떨어지렀고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:26
at the same time.
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07:27
And this has a built-in frustration, a tension in the system.
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μ–΅μ œλ ₯κ³Ό κΈ΄μž₯λ ₯이 미리 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ— 가해진 μƒνƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:31
So it moves around, it squirms until a shape is formed.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이것이 κΏˆν‹€λŒ€κ³  움직이며 ν˜•μƒμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄κ°€λŠ” 것이죠.
07:36
And the natural self-assembled shape that is formed is nanoscale,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ 슀슀둜 쑰립되며 λ‚˜λ…Έ 크기의 ν˜•μƒμ„ μ΄λ£Ήλ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:40
it's regular, it's periodic, and it's long range,
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κ·œμΉ™μ μ΄κ³ , 주기성을 띄며 길이도 길게 ν•  수 있죠.
07:44
which is exactly what we need for our transistor arrays.
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νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„° 배열에 ν•„μš”ν•œ λ°”λ‘œ κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:49
So we can use molecular engineering
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이제 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λΆ„μžκ³΅ν•™μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬
07:51
to design different shapes of different sizes
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μ—¬λŸ¬ ν˜•νƒœμ™€ 크기λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ” 쀑합체λ₯Ό μ„€κ³„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
and of different periodicities.
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ£ΌκΈ°νŠΉμ„±λ„ λ‹¬λ¦¬ν–ˆμ£ .
07:57
So for example, if we take a symmetrical molecule,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, λŒ€μΉ­ λΆ„μž ꡬ쑰둜 ν•˜λ©΄
07:59
where the two polymer chains are similar length,
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두 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 쀑합체 μ‚¬μŠ¬μ€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 길이λ₯Ό κ°–μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:02
the natural self-assembled structure that is formed
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μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ ν˜•μ„±λœ 자기쑰립 κ΅¬μ‘°λŠ”
08:05
is a long, meandering line,
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길이가 κΈΈκ³ , κ΅¬λΆˆκ΅¬λΆˆν•œ μ„ μ˜ ν˜•νƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:08
very much like a fingerprint.
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마치 지문과 λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜μ£ .
08:10
And the width of the fingerprint lines
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κ·Έ 지문 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 간격은
08:13
and the distance between them
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즉, 쀑합체 κ°„μ˜ 간격은
08:15
is determined by the lengths of our polymer chains
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쀑합체 μ‚¬μŠ¬μ˜ 길이에 따라 λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:19
but also the level of built-in frustration in the system.
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μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ μ•ˆμ— 미리 가해진 μ–΅μ œλ ₯ μˆ˜μ€€λ„ 영ν–₯을 미치죠.
08:23
And we can even create more elaborate structures
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더 μ •κ΅ν•œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
08:27
if we use unsymmetrical molecules,
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λΉ„λŒ€μΉ­μ  λΆ„μž ꡬ쑰둜 ν•˜λ©΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:30
where one polymer chain is significantly shorter than the other.
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ν•œμͺ½ 쀑합체 μ‚¬μŠ¬μ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ μͺ½λ³΄λ‹€ 훨씬 짧은 ν˜•νƒœμΈλ°μš”.
08:35
And the self-assembled structure that forms in this case
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이 κ²½μš°μ— ν˜•μ„±λ˜λŠ” 자기쑰립 κ΅¬μ‘°λŠ”
08:38
is with the shorter chains forming a tight ball in the middle,
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짧은 μ‚¬μŠ¬λ“€μ΄ μ€‘μ•™μ—μ„œ λ‹¨λ‹¨ν•œ κ΅¬ν˜•μ„ 이루고
08:42
and it's surrounded by the longer, opposing polymer chains,
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λ°˜λŒ€μͺ½ 쀑합체 μ‚¬μŠ¬λ“€μ΄ κ·Έ λ°”κΉ₯을 길게 감싸며
08:46
forming a natural cylinder.
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μžμ—°μ μΈ 원톡 λͺ¨μ–‘을 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:49
And the size of this cylinder
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κ·Έ μ›ν†΅μ˜ 크기와
08:51
and the distance between the cylinders, the periodicity,
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원톡 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 간격, 즉 λ°°μ—΄ μ£ΌκΈ°λŠ”
08:54
is again determined by how long we make the polymer chains
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쀑합체 μ‚¬μŠ¬μ˜ 길이와 사전 μ–΅μ œλ ₯에 따라 λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:58
and the level of built-in frustration.
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09:01
So in other words, we're using molecular engineering
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λ‹€μ‹œ μ„€λͺ…λ“œλ¦¬λ©΄, λΆ„μžκ³΅ν•™μ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
09:05
to self-assemble nanoscale structures
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자기쑰립 λ‚˜λ…Έ ꡬ쑰에 μ μš©ν•˜λ©΄
09:08
that can be lines or cylinders the size and periodicity of our design.
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μ„€κ³„λœ 크기와 주기성을 κ°–λŠ” μ„ μ΄λ‚˜ 원톡 λͺ¨μ–‘을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:14
We're using chemistry, chemical engineering,
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여기에 ν™”ν•™, 즉 화학곡학을 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬
09:17
to manufacture the nanoscale features that we need for our transistors.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ›ν•˜λŠ” λ‚˜λ…Έ 크기의 νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°λ₯Ό 생산할 수 있죠.
09:25
But the ability to self-assemble these structures
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 자기쑰립 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κΈ°μˆ μ€
09:29
only takes us half of the way,
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이제 겨우 절반만 μ„±κ³΅ν•œ μƒνƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:32
because we still need to position these structures
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, 이 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ°°μΉ˜ν•˜λŠ” 기술이 ν•„μš”ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:34
where we want the transistors in the integrated circuit.
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μ§‘μ νšŒλ‘œμ˜ νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„° μœ„μΉ˜μ— μžˆλ„λ‘ 말이죠.
09:39
But we can do this relatively easily
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이건 비ꡐ적 μ‰¬μš΄ μž‘μ—…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:42
using wide guide structures that pin down the self-assembled structures,
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넓은 κ°€μ΄λ“œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œ 자기쑰립 ꡬ쑰가 μžλ¦¬μž‘λ„λ‘ ν•˜λ©΄
일뢀가 κ·Έ μžλ¦¬μ— λ¨Όμ € κ³ μ •λ˜κ³ 
09:49
anchoring them in place
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09:50
and forcing the rest of the self-assembled structures
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λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ 자기쑰립 ꡬ쑰가 λ‚˜λž€νžˆ 놓이도둝 ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:53
to lie parallel,
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09:55
aligned with our guide structure.
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κ°€μ΄λ“œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό 따라 μ •λ ¬λ˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
09:58
For example, if we want to make a fine, 40-nanometer line,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 40 λ‚˜λ…Έλ―Έν„° κ°„κ²©μ˜ μ •λ°€ν•œ 선을 λ§Œλ“€κ³ μž ν•  λ•Œ
10:03
which is very difficult to manufacture with conventional projection technology,
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기쑴의 νŒ¨ν„΄ νˆ¬μ˜κΈ°μˆ λ‘œλŠ” λ§Œλ“€κΈ°κ°€ 맀우 μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:08
we can manufacture a 120-nanometer guide structure
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 120 λ‚˜λ…Έλ―Έν„°μ˜ κ°€μ΄λ“œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό
10:13
with normal projection technology,
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일반적인 투영기술둜 λ¨Όμ € λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 두고
10:15
and this structure will align three of the 40-nanometer lines in between.
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κ·Έ 사이에 μ„Έ 개의 자기쑰립 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό 40 λ‚˜λ…Έλ―Έν„° κ°„κ²©μœΌλ‘œ λ°°μ—΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:22
So the materials are doing the most difficult fine patterning.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 이 재료둜 κ°€μž₯ μ–΄λ €μš΄ μ •λ°€ νŒ¨ν„΄ μž‘μ—…μ„ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:27
And we call this whole approach "directed self-assembly."
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 이 전체 곡정을 "μœ λ„ 자기쑰립"이라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:33
The challenge with directed self-assembly
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μœ λ„ μžκΈ°μ‘°λ¦½μ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œ ν•΅μ‹¬κ³Όμ œλŠ”
10:36
is that the whole system needs to align almost perfectly,
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전체 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄ 거의 μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ λ°°μ—΄λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:40
because any tiny defect in the structure could cause a transistor failure.
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ꡬ쑰에 μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ κ²°ν•¨λ§Œ μžˆμ–΄λ„ νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„° κΈ°λŠ₯을 μžƒκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
10:46
And because there are billions of transistors in our circuit,
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μ§‘μ νšŒλ‘œμ—λŠ” μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ 개의 νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
10:49
we need an almost molecularly perfect system.
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거의 λΆ„μž μˆ˜μ€€μœΌλ‘œ μ™„λ²½ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄ μš”κ΅¬λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:52
But we're going to extraordinary measures
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μ €ν¬λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό νŠΉλ³„ν•œ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 이 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:55
to achieve this,
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10:56
from the cleanliness of our chemistry
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화학적 μ„Έμ²™ 과정을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
10:59
to the careful processing of these materials
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λ°˜λ„μ²΄ 곡μž₯μ—μ„œ 이듀 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ‘°μ‹¬μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ μ²˜λ¦¬ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
11:01
in the semiconductor factory
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11:03
to remove even the smallest nanoscopic defects.
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μ•„μ£Ό λ―Έμ„Έν•œ λ‚˜λ…Έ μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ 결함 μ‘°μ°¨ μ œκ±°ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
11:09
So directed self-assembly is an exciting new disruptive technology,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μœ λ„ 자기쑰립 κΈ°μˆ μ€ νŒŒκΈ‰λ ₯이 큰 μ‹ κΈ°μˆ μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
11:14
but it is still in the development stage.
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μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€λŠ” 개발 단계에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:17
But we're growing in confidence that we could, in fact, introduce it
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ°˜λ„μ²΄ 업계에 μ μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ„ 거라고 ν™•μ‹ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:21
to the semiconductor industry
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11:23
as a revolutionary new manufacturing process
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ν–₯ν›„ λͺ‡ λ…„ μ•ˆμ— μ œμ‘°κ³΅μ •μ˜ ν˜μ‹ μ„ κ°€μ Έμ˜¬ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:26
in just the next few years.
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11:29
And if we can do this, if we're successful,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œλ§Œ λœλ‹€λ©΄, 이 기술이 μ„±κ³΅ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
11:32
we'll be able to continue
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μ €λΉ„μš©μœΌλ‘œ νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„° μ†Œν˜•ν™”λ₯Ό 계속할 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:33
with the cost-effective miniaturization of transistors,
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11:36
continue with the spectacular expansion of computing
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컴퓨터 μž‘μ—…λŸ‰μ„ λ”μš± ν™•λŒ€ν•˜κ³  디지털 혁λͺ…도 지속할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:40
and the digital revolution.
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11:42
And what's more, this could even be the dawn of a new era
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κ·Έ 무엇보닀도, λΆ„μž 제쑰 기술의 μƒˆμ‹œλŒ€λ₯Ό μ—΄κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:46
of molecular manufacturing.
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11:48
How cool is that?
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이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 멋진 μΌμΈκ°€μš”?
11:50
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:51
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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