Is There a Link Between Cancer and Heart Disease? | Nicholas Leeper | TED

64,236 views ใƒป 2022-10-03

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sieun Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:04
In two decades of practicing medicine,
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20๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์˜์‚ฌ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
00:06
I've encountered a wide number of medical diagnoses.
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ง„๋‹จ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:10
You see, it turns out that there are more than 60,000 different medical diagnoses
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ํ™˜์ž ๊ธฐ๋ก์ง€์— ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง„๋‹จ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š”
6๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
that you can list on a patient's chart.
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00:17
You can actually be diagnosed with a burn injury
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์ˆ˜์ƒ ์Šคํ‚ค์— ๋ถˆ์ด ๋‚˜์„œ ํ™”์ƒ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
00:21
when your water skis catch on fire.
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00:24
There are also codes if you need surgery after being bitten by a pig,
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๋ผ์ง€ํ•œํ…Œ ๋ฌผ๋ ค์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:28
(Laughter)
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00:29
hit by a spacecraft,
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์ด๊ฑด ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํž˜ ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ณ ์š”.
00:31
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:32
stabbed while crocheting,
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๋œจ๊ฐœ์งˆ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์— ์ฐ”๋ ธ์Œ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:34
or my favorite,
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฐ,
00:36
due to extreme problems with your in-laws.
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๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ถ€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์••๊ถŒ์€ ์ œํŠธ ์—”์ง„์— ๋นจ๋ ค ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
But the best of all has got to be the code
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00:43
for getting sucked into a jet engine.
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:46
And the reason that I like this one is because this is not the code
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด ์•„๋‹ ๋•Œ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:49
for the first time this happens, but for the subsequent encounter.
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00:52
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:53
So there must be people on this Earth
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์„ธ์ƒ์—๋Š” ์ œํŠธ ์—”์ง„์— ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๋นจ๋ ค ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
00:55
that have been sucked into a jet engine twice.
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00:57
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:00
But I think, you know, kidding aside,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
01:02
we have to recognize
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01:03
that every last one of us in this room
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์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์žฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š”
01:06
is most likely to die of only one of two diagnoses.
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์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง„๋‹จ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
And these, of course, are either cancer
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์งˆํ™˜์ด์ฃ .
01:13
or cardiovascular disease.
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01:15
This speaks to the incredible public health importance
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ์งˆํ™˜์ด ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ณด๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:18
of these two diseases
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01:20
and the urgent, unmet medical need to develop new therapies
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์ด์— ๋งž์„ค ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ˆ์‹คํžˆ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:23
directed against them.
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01:25
A lot of people are not surprised
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์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
that these two diseases claimed so many lives.
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01:30
After all, they are very different biologically,
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์ด ๋‘ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์€ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ  ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ธ์ž๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ 
01:33
they have different risk factors,
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01:35
and they affect very different patient populations.
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ํ™˜์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
But for the next 15 minutes or so,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์Œ 15๋ถ„๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒ‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์„ค ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋†“๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
I would like to propose a different hypothesis.
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01:44
That perhaps they actually have quite a lot in common.
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๋‘ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด ๊ฝค ๋งŽ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
And even more importantly,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด
01:49
I would like to suggest that if we think about them this way,
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01:53
we might be able to develop new therapies
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์ด ๋‘ ๋ณ‘์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
that could treat both diseases at the same time.
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01:58
So before I tell you why I believe this hypothesis,
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์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ „์—
02:02
let me lay out the counter arguments against it.
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๋ฐ˜๋ก ์„ ๋จผ์ € ํŽผ์ณ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:05
I think many people would say
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๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
that the old man who smokes cigarettes his whole life
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ํ‰์ƒ ํก์—ฐํ•˜๋‹ค ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋งˆ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ ๋…ธ์ธ๊ณผ
02:10
and has a heart attack
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02:11
shares very little in common with a young person
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ์•„์นจ์— ๋Œ€์žฅ์•”์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์ Š์€์ด๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
02:14
who develops colon cancer out of the blue.
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02:17
But we now know that the risk factors for these diseases
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‘ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ธ์ž๋Š” ๊ฒน์น˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
have significant overlap.
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02:22
And the things that cause one disease can also put you at risk for the other.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
Well, that may be true,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋‘˜์€ ์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
but we know that genetically these diseases couldn't be more different.
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02:32
I'm sure many of you have heard about these cancer genes
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์•”์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด๋“ค ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
02:35
that can be mutated in families
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๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ์—„๋งˆ์™€ ๋”ธ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž์š”.
02:37
that could put both mother and daughter at risk for breast cancer.
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02:41
We know that those genes have nothing to do with heart attack,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•”์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ทผ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:45
and that's true also.
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์—ญ์‹œ ๋งž๋Š” ๋ง์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ฑด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ์ „์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
But I would point out that those genes were discovered decades ago,
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02:50
before the Human Genome Project
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ์‚ฌ์—… ์ด์ „์ด๊ณ 
02:52
and before we could scan all three billion base pairs at the same time.
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์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ 30์–ต ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์ด์ฃ .
02:57
And when we do this for patients having heart attack,
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ๊ทผ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ˆ
03:01
we find that the top hotspot for having a heart attack
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์‹ฌ๊ทผ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰์˜ ์ฃผ ์›์ธ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ 9๋ฒˆ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
is located on chromosome nine,
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03:06
shown here with these blue dots.
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ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์ ์ด ์ฐํžŒ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์ฃ .
03:08
And what shocked the world when this paper was first published
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์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋‚˜์™”์„ ๋•Œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋†€๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์€
03:12
was that this genetic locus has nothing to do with smoking
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์ด ์œ ์ „์ž ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ํก์—ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค, ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ์ „ํ˜€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ .
03:15
or cholesterol or diabetes.
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03:18
But actually seems to control a well-known cancer gene
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‹ค์€ ํ‘์ƒ‰์ข…์ด๋‚˜ ๋‡Œ์•”, ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”
03:21
that's mutated in patients with melanoma, brain cancer,
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์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์•”์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ• ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
lung cancer, etc.
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03:28
And so for decades,
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์†Œ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด ์™”์ง€๋งŒ
03:29
we've been focusing on the traditional cardiac risk factors.
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03:33
But the genetics now tell us
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์ด์ œ ์œ ์ „ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
03:34
that the most important factor may actually have to do
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊นŠ์€ ์š”์ธ์€ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์•”์œ ์ „์ž์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
with a well-known cancer gene instead.
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03:42
Well, that's an interesting observation,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์ ์ด๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
03:44
but we know that if you look under the microscope
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ๋‘ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์€ ํ™•์—ฐํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:46
at these two diseases,
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03:47
they couldn't be more different.
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03:49
When I was in medical school,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋‹ ๋•Œ๋Š”
03:50
I was taught that cancer is really just about cells dividing too quickly.
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์•”์€ ๊ทธ์ € ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
And you can imagine this lung tumor
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์ ์  ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ํ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์•…ํ•ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ์•”์€
03:57
growing over time and taking over the lung,
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04:00
and that this has nothing to do with what happens in heart disease,
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์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜๊ณผ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†์ฃ .
04:04
which is a problem that, I was taught,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜์€ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค์ด ์Œ“์—ฌ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ณ 
04:06
was due to the buildup of cholesterol
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04:08
that can ultimately lead to the blockage of an artery
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์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค์ด ๋™๋งฅ์„ ๋ง‰์•„ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋งˆ๋น„๋‚˜ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
and a heart attack or a stroke.
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04:13
And to be sure, both of these biological processes are critically important.
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์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณผ์ •์€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
But I would point out that the modern-day textbook of these diseases
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์˜ํ•™ ์„œ์ ์—์„œ ๋‘ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ ์  ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
is getting harder and harder to tell apart.
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04:25
We now know that both of these conditions are dominated
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๋‘ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—ผ์ฆ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์Ÿ์•„์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:27
by the influx of inflammatory cells
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04:30
and immune cells and abnormal blood vessels
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋‚˜ ๋น„์ •์ƒ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€, ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์„ค๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:33
and even stem cells.
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04:35
And so maybe the textbooks that I used are out of date.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋’ค์ฒ˜์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
04:40
Well, at this point, you might say these are interesting observations,
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์ด์ฏค์ด๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“œ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ด๊ธด ํ•œ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ
04:44
but is there any clinical data which would suggest
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๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€
04:46
that patients with one disease are actually at higher risk of the other?
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
04:51
Turns out that investigators, both in Asia and Europe,
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์•„์‹œ์•„์™€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
04:54
have now started to test this hypothesis.
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04:57
And just last year,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ž‘๋…„์— ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
a very important article was published out of Germany,
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05:01
where they looked at more than 100,000 individuals
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์šธํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ „์ฆ ํ™˜์ž ์‹ญ๋งŒ ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜€์–ด์š”.
05:04
with congestive heart failure
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05:06
and they found that these people were at much higher risk
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ด ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์•”์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋†’์•˜์ฃ .
05:09
of developing cancer.
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05:11
This is really interesting
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์ €๋Š” ์ฐธ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ 
05:12
and suggests to me that indeed having one disease
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ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ .
05:16
may put you at risk of the other.
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05:19
But this also raises a very important scientific principle
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์งš๊ณ  ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐˆ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™ ์›์น™์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
that association is not the same as causation.
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์—ฐ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‘ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
05:27
And if you wanted to test that hypothesis,
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05:29
you would have to do an experiment where you took a healthy individual
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„œ
05:33
and then intentionally gave them a heart attack.
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์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋งˆ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
You'd have to let some time go by
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์–ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ผœ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:38
to see what changes occur throughout the body.
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05:41
And then you could determine if their rate of cancer was higher
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ›„์— ์•”์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์€์ง€
05:44
or vice versa, if their rate of heart disease was higher.
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์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์€์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:48
Now, obviously, we can't do this type of an experiment in human beings.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
This would be unethical.
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๋น„์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:54
But this type of an experiment is done in research laboratories
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ๋งค์ผ ์ง„ํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
every day around the world
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05:59
in mouse models of human disease.
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์‹คํ—˜์ฅ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:02
Just last year, two very important studies were published
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์ž‘๋…„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
where investigators took healthy mice
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ฅ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ์ž‘์€ ์ข…์–‘์„ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ํ›„
06:07
and then implanted small tumors underneath their skin.
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06:11
They looked at the rate at which these cancers would grow over time.
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์•” ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:15
And what they found in both studies was that the mice who had heart disease
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๋‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์ฅ๊ฐ€ ์•” ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
had much higher rates of cancer.
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06:22
And what was fascinating to me
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ œ ๋ˆˆ๊ธธ์„ ๋ˆ ๊ฒƒ์€
06:24
was that they were able to confirm these findings
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…์–‘์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ์ด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
across a wide range of tumors,
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06:28
suggesting to me that really the presence of heart disease
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€
์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•”์ด ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ž๋ž€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
is sufficient to accelerate cancer growth.
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06:37
So having heard all this,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:39
the natural question is whether we can do anything about this.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ญ˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
06:44
So outside of my work at Stanford, one of my volunteer roles
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์Šคํ…ํผ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ณ‘์› ์—…๋ฌด ์™ธ์—
์ €๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹ฌ์žฅํ˜‘ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ด‰์‚ฌ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
is with the American Heart Association.
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06:50
And one of our public health initiatives is called Lifeโ€™s Simple Seven.
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์ด๊ณณ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ณ„ํš ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ โ€˜7๋Œ€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ง€์นจโ€™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
We try to get patients with a history of heart disease
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด
06:57
to control these very simple and straightforward risk factors
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
like exercise, cholesterol and diet.
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์˜ˆ๋“ค ๋“ค๋ฉด ์‹ ์ฒด ํ™œ๋™์ด๋‚˜ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค, ์‹๋‹จ ๋“ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
The idea here is that if you can control these,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:06
you should be able to lower your risk
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์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:08
of having additional cardiovascular events.
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07:11
This is now pretty widely accepted.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ด์ œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ธ์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
But what's fascinating to me
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์€
07:15
is that a group of investigators have now looked at the association
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์ด ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์งˆํ™˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์•”์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์ธ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
with these risk factors and cancer.
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07:22
And in a study with more than 10,000 individuals
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 20๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋งŒ ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
07:25
who were followed for almost two decades,
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07:27
they found the people who had optimal control
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์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
07:30
of all their risk factors
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07:32
had a pretty low rate of developing cancer.
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์•”์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
But for each risk factor which fell out of control,
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ, ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
07:39
the risk of malignancy went up.
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์•” ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์€ ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
And you can see that the group who had poor control of all seven risk factors
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  7๊ฐœ ์˜์—ญ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
07:46
had by far the highest rates of cancer,
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์•”์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ๋†’์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
with nearly a doubling of the risk.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ ๋” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
So this suggests to me that,
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์ด์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”
07:53
in fact, if we want to control cancer,
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์•”์ด ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:56
we might start by controlling our cardiac risk profile.
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์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ๋ง‰์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
So this is fine and we continue to encourage our patients to do this.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
But the reality is that even if I had a magic wand
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜น์—ฌ ์ €ํ•œํ…Œ ๋งˆ์ˆ ๋ด‰์ด ์žˆ์–ด
08:10
and could somehow optimally control everybody's risk factors,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์ธ์„ ์ตœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„
08:14
we know that we would still be dealing with both the number one
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ์ธ์€ ์—†์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
and number two causes of death worldwide.
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08:21
This tells us that we need to find new therapies
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ณ 
08:24
that could treat or even prevent these conditions in the first place.
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๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
Now our laboratory chooses to do this
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์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์€ ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์œ ์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
with an unbiased genetics approach.
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08:34
We take biopsies from patients
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ƒ์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
08:36
with or without a wide variety of tumors,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…์–‘์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์—†๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค,
08:39
or with and without cardiovascular disease.
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์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์งˆํ™˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์—†๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
And instead of looking at one gene at a time,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ์œ ์ „์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
08:44
we scan the whole genome and look at the expression of all 20,000 genes.
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์œ ์ „์ฒด ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ด ์œ ์ „์ž 2๋งŒ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
You can plot these on a plot like this
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ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ์ ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ ์œ ์ „์ž์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
where each gray dot represents its own gene.
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08:54
And when you acquire enough samples,
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ฉด ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
you can begin to identify patterns of those genes
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08:59
which are bad for cancer
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์•”์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ๋ง‰๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:01
versus those that protect against it.
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09:04
And do the same type of an experiment
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
09:06
to find those things that will accelerate or prevent against cardiovascular disease.
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์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ๋ง‰๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋„ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์ด ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์€
09:12
Now, I think the clever part of this approach
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09:14
is to integrate these
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์ด ๋‘˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
and to run these analyses simultaneously.
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09:19
When you do this, we can begin to look at factors in the red quadrant.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋ถ„๋ฉด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
These are genes that we suspect should be bad
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์ด ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ์•”๊ณผ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ณ 
09:27
for both heart disease disease and cancer
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09:29
and must be avoided at all costs.
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๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ”ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
Or even better,
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๊ทธ์— ๋”ํ•ด์„œ ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์‚ฌ๋ถ„๋ฉด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
perhaps we can find factors in the blue quadrant
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09:36
that should be able to protect against both diseases.
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๋‘ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
09:40
We hypothesize that those factors in the blue quadrant could be prioritized
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์‚ฌ๋ถ„๋ฉด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด
์ฃผ์š” ์‚ฌ๋ง ์›์ธ์ธ ๋‘ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•ฝ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ
09:45
to help us find new medicines to cure these two leading killers.
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์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
Now our group has run these analyses on several thousand individuals.
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์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์€ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
This work is still underway,
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด์ง€๋งŒ
09:58
but so far we've identified a list of about three dozen pathways
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์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘ฌ์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด 30์—ฌ ๊ฐœ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
that we do think should be prioritized.
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10:04
Now, time will tell if these work.
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ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ์•Œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
10:07
If all of them work, if some, if any of them work.
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๋ชจ๋‘, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ์ด ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„์ง€
10:10
We just don't know.
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์•„์ง์€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
But I do want to show you a couple of examples
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
that would suggest that we're on the right path.
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10:19
In the red quadrant, one of the factors we found relates to inflammation.
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๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋ถ„๋ฉด์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ผ์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
And we often think of inflammation as being bad,
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ํ”ํžˆ ์—ผ์ฆ์€ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
10:27
but in reality, this is a process
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ์„œ
10:29
that our body evolved to help us recover from injury
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์ด ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ 
10:33
or to mount a fever to fight off an infection.
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๊ฐ์—ผ๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ด์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:36
But of course, there are always times
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ญ๋“  ์ง€๋‚˜์น  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:38
where our body has too much of something.
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10:40
In this case,
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํฌ๊ท€ํ•œ ์œ ์ „๋ณ‘์ธ๋ฐ
10:41
there's a rare genetic syndrome
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10:43
where children can be born with overactive inflammation,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ณผ๋ฏผ์„ฑ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
and they can have recurrent episodes of high fevers and rashes
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๊ณ ์—ด๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ง„์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๊ณ 
10:51
and other neurocognitive and developmental delays.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ธ์ง€์™€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋„ ๋Šฆ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
Now in a triumph of science,
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๊ณผํ•™์ด ์ฐธ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ
10:57
investigators have pinpointed the exact molecule responsible for this,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ฐพ์•„
11:01
and they developed a drug that can block it.
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์•„์ค„ ์•ฝ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
These children who have these rashes that I mentioned before
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ง„์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€
11:07
can have a relatively remarkable improvement on these drugs
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์ด์ œ ์ด ์•ฝ์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋†€๋ž„ ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ 
11:11
and almost get back to a normal quality of life.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
But relevant to today's talk,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋Š”
11:16
it turns out that there are a group of cardiologists
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์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ธ์› ๋Š”๋ฐ
11:20
who, for decades, have hypothesized
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11:22
that these same inflammatory factors may also be driving heart disease.
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์—ผ์ฆ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ทธ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜๋„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
They were able to convince the company that makes this drug
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ œ์•ฝ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋“ํ•ด์„œ ์•ฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
11:30
to do a trial to look at the effect of this medicine
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๊ทธ ์•ฝ์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•ด ๋ณด์ž๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
in patients who had had a heart attack or a stroke in the past.
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์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„๋‚˜ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ .
11:37
And really, it was no surprise to many of us
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
11:39
when the results of this trial were published.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋†€๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
And they showed that, in fact, compared to a placebo,
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์œ„์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
11:45
that this medicine could prevent recurrent cardiovascular events.
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์ด ์•ฝ์€ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์งˆํ™˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
But our algorithms predict that this drug
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ €ํฌ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋Š”
11:52
should not only help prevent heart disease
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์ด ์•ฝ์€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:55
but also should be able to prevent cancer.
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์•”๋„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
And so this particular article gained a lot of attention
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๊ทธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
12:01
because when they unblinded their results,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
the investigators were shocked to find
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12:06
that not only were the patients having fewer heart attacks
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋งˆ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋œ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
12:09
but they were having a much lower rate of developing lung cancer
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ํ์•” ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ
12:13
and a much lower rate of even dying from cancer.
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์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ๋„ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
In fact, these results were so surprising and powerful
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋†€๋ž๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ด์„œ
12:19
that I understand the company that makes this drug
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ด ์•ฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“  ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š”
12:22
is now pivoting and prioritizing this as a cancer drug,
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์ด ์•ฝ์„ ์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•ด์„œ ํž˜์„ ์Ÿ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
because the effects were so significant.
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ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
12:29
How about another example from the blue quadrant this time?
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—” ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์‚ฌ๋ถ„๋ฉด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
12:33
Well, here we come to one of my favorite cells in the body,
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์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด ์„ธํฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
which is an immune cell called the macrophage.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋Œ€์‹ ์„ธํฌ๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
Now, macrophage is from the Greek, meaning "big eater."
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๋Œ€์‹ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด๋กœ โ€˜๋Œ€์‹๊ฐ€โ€™๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
And the role of this cell is to patrol the body,
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์ด ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๋ณด์ดˆ๋ณ‘์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ชธ์„ ์ˆœ์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
12:45
like a sentinel,
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12:46
and it looks for invading bacteria.
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์นจ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
When it sees them, it actually will eat them
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์ฐพ์œผ๋ฉด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋จน์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ค์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
and remove them from our body before they can expand
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๋ถˆ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์ „์—์š”.
12:54
and cause an infection.
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12:57
But just like in the last example, there are oncologists
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์˜ˆ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ,
์–ด๋–ค ์ข…์–‘ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
who have hypothesized that these macrophages
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์ด ๋Œ€์‹ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์„ธ๊ท ๋งŒ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
13:03
don't just have to eat bacteria,
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13:05
but they also have to look for and eat cancer cells
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์•”์„ธํฌ๋„ ์ฐพ์•„์„œ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
13:09
and hopefully get rid of them before they can grow
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์•”์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ผ์„œ ์ „์ด๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์—†์• ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:11
and metastasize.
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13:13
And so there's been a major initiative to develop medicines
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์ข…์–‘์„ ์ซ“์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋„๋ก
13:16
that can increase the appetite of these cells
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์‹์š•์„ ๋‹์šฐ๋Š” ์•ฝ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:18
to help them go after those tumors.
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13:22
Now, this story is still in its early days,
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์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๊ณ 
13:24
and it's unclear if this type of an approach will work.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
But some of the early studies would suggest
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
13:30
that patients who have metastatic lymphoma,
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์ „์ด์„ฑ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—์„œ
13:33
which you can see spread throughout this person's body on their CAT scan,
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CT์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์‹ ์— ํผ์ง„ ์ข…์–‘์ด
13:37
that they may have a remarkable response to these types of drugs.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
And you can imagine here that the tumors are melting away
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ข…์–‘์ด ๋…น์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:44
as they're being eaten by these cells
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์‹์š•์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์— ๋จนํ˜€๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
13:47
due to their increased appetite.
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13:50
But once again, what we found is that our algorithms predict
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ, ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด
13:53
that, yes, this drug should work for cancer,
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์ด ์•ฝ์ด ์•”์— ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:56
but we think it might also work for heart disease.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘์—๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
And so we've now gone back and retrospectively analyzed
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋™์ผํ•œ CT ์˜์ƒ์„
14:03
the same CAT scans from the same cancer patients.
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์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:06
But this time, instead of looking at the signal from their tumors,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์ข…์–‘์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
14:11
we can look at the signal in their blood vessels.
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ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
And here I'm pointing with the arrow to the carotid artery.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ๋™๋งฅ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
This is the artery
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๋‡Œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋™๋งฅ์ด์ฃ .
14:19
that brings the blood to the brain,
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14:20
this is where cardiovascular disease will build up
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์„ ๊ฒช๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์งˆํ™˜์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:23
in patients before they have a stroke.
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14:25
And what we found is that while their cancer was melting away,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•”์ด ๋…น์•„ ์—†์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
14:29
it looks like their cardiovascular disease was melting away, too.
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์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์งˆํ™˜๋„ ๋…น์•„์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
And so, once again,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ,
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋Š”
14:35
these algorithms are predicting
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14:36
that we may be able to identify therapies
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๋‘ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„
14:39
that could be dual purposed to attack both conditions at the same time.
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์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
We don't yet know if any of these other pathways
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์•„์ง์€ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด
๊ฐ™์€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
will have the same type of success.
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14:50
But what we do know for sure is the lesson that Galileo taught us
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฑด ๊ฐˆ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์ค€ ๊ตํ›ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
almost four centuries ago,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 4์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
14:56
and that there is no such thing as settled science.
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๊ณผํ•™์— ์™„์„ฑ์€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
14:59
We must challenge dogma,
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์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฒฝ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋„์ „ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:01
we must break down traditional silos.
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15:04
Because if we do,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
15:06
we may no longer be powerless against these leading killers,
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ด ๋‘ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
15:10
but may, in fact find ways to treat the world's two leading killers.
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์ตœ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ์ธ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•  ๊ธธ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
15:15
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
15:17
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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