Need a new idea? Start at the edge of what is known | Vittorio Loreto

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2018-04-16 ・ TED


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Need a new idea? Start at the edge of what is known | Vittorio Loreto

83,077 views ・ 2018-04-16

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: J.I. Lee κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:14
We have all probably wondered
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘ κΆκΈˆν•œ 적 있죠.
00:17
how great minds achieved what they achieved, right?
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μœ„λŒ€ν•œ 지성은 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μœ„λŒ€ν•¨μ„ μ–»μ–΄λƒˆλŠ”μ§€. κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
00:21
And the more astonishing their achievements are,
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κ·Έ μ„±μ·¨κ°€ λ†€λΌμšΈμˆ˜λ‘
00:24
the more we call them geniuses,
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우린 그듀을 천재라 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
perhaps aliens
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ ν–‰μ„±μ—μ„œ 온
00:28
coming from a different planet,
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외계인일지도 λͺ°λΌμš”.
00:30
definitely not someone like us.
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ν™•μ‹€νžˆ μš°λ¦¬μ™€λŠ” λ‹€λ₯΄μ£ .
00:33
But is that true?
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그런데 정말 κ·ΈλŸ΄κΉŒμš”?
00:34
So let me start with an example.
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ν•œ 가지 예둜 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜μ£ .
00:37
You all know the story of Newton's apple, right? OK.
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λ‰΄ν„΄μ˜ 사과 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ μ•„μ‹œμ£ ? μ’‹μ•„μš”.
00:41
Is that true? Probably not.
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μ‹€ν™”μΌκΉŒμš”? μ•„λ‹ˆκ² μ£ .
00:44
Still, it's difficult to think that no apple at all was there.
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κ·Έλž˜λ„ 사과가 μ•„μ˜ˆ μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ΄ μ–΄λ ΅κ² μ£ .
00:49
I mean some stepping stone, some specific conditions
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제 말은 λ””λ”€λŒ, μ–΄λ–€ νŠΉμ • 쑰건이
00:53
that made universal gravitation not impossible to conceive.
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쀑λ ₯ λ°œκ²¬μ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆκ² μ£ .
00:57
And definitely this was not impossible,
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ν™•μ‹€νžˆ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
at least for Newton.
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μ΅œμ†Œν•œ λ‰΄ν„΄μ—κ²ŒλŠ”μš”.
01:01
It was possible,
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λ°œκ²¬μ€ κ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆκ³ ,
01:02
and for some reason, it was also there,
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μ–΄λ–€ 이유둜 κ±°κΈ° μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
available at some point, easy to pick as an apple.
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μ–Έμ  κ°€λΆ€ν„° κ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆκ³  μ‚¬κ³Όλ§ŒνΌ 쀍기 μ‰¬μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
Here is the apple.
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μ—¬κΈ° μ‚¬κ³Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
And what about Einstein?
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μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ€ μ–΄λ• λ‚˜μš”?
01:13
Was relativity theory another big leap in the history of ideas
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μƒλŒ€μ„± 이둠이 μ΄λ‘ μ‚¬μ—μ„œ 아무도 얻지 λͺ»ν•  만큼
01:18
no one else could even conceive?
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큰 λ„μ•½μ΄μ—ˆλ‚˜μš”?
01:21
Or rather, was it again something adjacent and possible,
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 이것도 가깝고 κ°€λŠ₯ν•΄μ„œ,
01:25
to Einstein of course,
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ—κ²Œμš”.
01:27
and he got there by small steps and his very peculiar scientific path?
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μž‘μ€ 걸음으둜 λ„λ‹¬ν•œ 그만의 νŠΉμ΄ν•œ κ³Όν•™ κ²½λ‘œμ˜€μ„κΉŒμš”?
01:32
Of course we cannot conceive this path,
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ €ν¬λŠ” 이 길을 상상 λͺ»ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
01:34
but this doesn't mean that the path was not there.
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길이 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬λŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ .
01:38
So all of this seems very evocative,
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이 λͺ¨λ“  게 λ“£κΈ° μ°Έ μ’‹μ§€λ§Œ,
01:43
but I would say hardly concrete
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μœ„λŒ€ν•œ μƒκ°μ˜ μ‹œμ΄ˆμ™€
01:45
if we really want to grasp the origin of great ideas
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λ„“κ²Œ 보면 우리 삢에 μƒˆκ²ƒμ΄
01:48
and more generally the way in which the new enters our lives.
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λ“€μ–΄μ˜€λŠ” 법을 μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μ•ŒκΈ°λž€ ꡬ체적이기 μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
As a physicist, as a scientist,
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λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžμ΄μž κ³Όν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ
01:54
I have learned that posing the right questions
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μ „ ν•΄λ‹΅μ˜ μ ˆλ°˜μ€
01:57
is half of the solution.
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μ•Œλ§žμ€ μ§ˆλ¬Έμž„μ„ λ°°μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
But I think now we start having a great conceptual framework
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이제 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•Œλ§žμ€ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ μ–»κ³  던질
02:03
to conceive and address the right questions.
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κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 머릿속 λΌˆλŒ€λ₯Ό 지을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
So let me drive you to the edge of what is known,
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μ§€μ‹μ˜ κ°€μž₯자리둜 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ 데렀가 λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
02:10
or at least, what I know,
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μ΅œμ†Œν•œ 제 μ§€μ‹μ΄μš”.
02:12
and let me show you that what is known
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그리고 이미 μ•„λŠ” 지식은
02:14
could be a powerful and fascinating starting point
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μ°Έμ‹ , ν˜μ‹ , μ°½μ‘° 같은 μ‹¬μ˜€ν•œ 것을 얻을
02:19
to grasp the deep meaning of words like novelty, innovation,
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κ°•λ ₯ν•˜κ³  ν™˜μƒμ μΈ μΆœλ°œμ μž„μ„
02:24
creativity perhaps.
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λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
So we are discussing the "new,"
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우린 'μƒˆλ‘œμ›€(New)'을 λ…Όμ˜ 쀑이죠.
02:30
and of course, the science behind it.
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λ¬Όλ‘  과학이 λ’·λ°›μΉ¨ν•˜μ£ .
02:32
The new can enter our lives in many different ways,
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μƒˆλ‘œμ›€μ€ 우리 삢에 μ—¬λŸ¬ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
can be very personal,
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μ•„μ£Ό 개인적일 μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
02:37
like I meet a new person,
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λ‚―μ„  μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ§Œλ‚˜κ±°λ‚˜
02:39
I read a new book, or I listen to a new song.
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μƒˆ 책을 μ½κ±°λ‚˜ μƒˆ μŒμ•…μ„ λ“£μ£ .
02:42
Or it could be global,
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보편적일 μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
02:44
I mean, something we call innovation.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν˜μ‹ μ΄λΌ λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μš”.
02:46
It could be a new theory, a new technology,
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μƒˆ μ΄λ‘ μ΄λ‚˜ μƒˆ 기술,
02:48
but it could also be a new book if you're the writer,
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μž‘κ°€ν•œν…ŒλŠ” μƒˆ μ±…,
02:51
or it could be a new song if you're the composer.
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μž‘κ³‘κ°€ν•œν…ŒλŠ” μƒˆ λ…Έλž˜κ² μ£ .
02:53
In all of these global cases, the new is for everyone,
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λͺ¨λ“  보편적 μ‚¬λ‘€μ—μ„œ μƒˆλ‘œμ›€μ€ λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
but experiencing the new can be also frightening,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μƒˆλ‘œμ›€μ„ κ²ͺλŠ” 건 λ¬΄μ„œμšΈ μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
03:01
so the new can also frighten us.
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μƒˆλ‘œμ›€μ€ 우릴 겁쀄 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
But still, experiencing the new means exploring a very peculiar space,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ²½ν—˜μ€ μ•„μ£Ό 색닀λ₯Έ 우주 νƒν—˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
the space of what could be,
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될지도 λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” 우주,
03:11
the space of the possible, the space of possibilities.
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κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ κ²ƒλ“€μ˜ 우주, κ°€λŠ₯μ„±μ˜ 우주죠.
03:14
It's a very weird space, so I'll try to get you through this space.
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μ•„μ£Ό μ΄μƒν•œ μš°μ£ΌλΌμ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ μ„€λͺ…을 λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
03:18
So it could be a physical space.
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물리적 우주일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
So in this case, for instance,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄μ„œ 이걸 λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄
03:22
novelty could be climbing Machu Picchu for the first time,
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참신함은 λ§ˆμΆ”ν”½μΆ”λ₯Ό 처음 였λ₯΄λŠ” κ²ƒμΌμ§€λ„μš”.
03:26
as I did in 2016.
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μ œκ°€ 2016년에 ν–ˆμ£ .
03:28
It could be a conceptual space,
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κ°œλ…μ  우주일 μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
03:30
so acquiring new information, making sense of it, in a word, learning.
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μƒˆ 정보λ₯Ό μ–»κ³  μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  ν•œλ§ˆλ””λ‘œ 배움이죠.
03:35
It could be a biological space.
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생물학적 우주일 μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
03:37
I mean, think about the never-ending fight of viruses and bacteria
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λ©΄μ—­μ²΄κ³„μ—μ„œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€, λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ™€μ˜
03:41
with our immune system.
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λμ—†λŠ” 싸움을 생각해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
03:43
And now comes the bad news.
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이제 λ‚˜μœ μ†Œμ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
We are very, very bad at grasping this space.
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우린 이 우주λ₯Ό 정말 정말 이해 λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
Think of it. Let's make an experiment.
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μƒκ°ν•΄λ΄μš”. μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•˜λ‚˜ ν•˜μ£ .
03:50
Try to think about all the possible things you could do in the next, say, 24 hours.
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μ§€κΈˆλΆ€ν„° 24μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  κ±Έ λ– μ˜¬λ¦¬μ„Έμš”.
03:58
Here the key word is "all."
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λ¬Έμ œλŠ” 'λͺ¨λ“  것'이죠.
04:01
Of course you can conceive a few options, like having a drink, writing a letter,
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λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€λŠ” μƒκ°λ‚˜μ£ . 술 λ§ˆμ‹œκΈ°, νŽΈμ§€ μ“°κΈ°
04:06
also sleeping during this boring talk,
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이 μ§€λ£¨ν•œ κ°•μ˜μ—μ„œ μž λ“€κΈ°.
04:10
if you can.
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κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λ©΄μš”.
04:11
But not all of them.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ „λΆ€λŠ” λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ£ .
04:13
So think about an alien invasion, now, here, in Milan,
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외계 침곡을 μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”. μ—¬κΈ° λ°€λΌλ…Έμ—μš”.
04:17
or me -- I stopped thinking for 15 minutes.
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저도 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 생각을 15λΆ„ λ™μ•ˆ λ©ˆμΆ”μ£ .
04:21
So it's very difficult to conceive this space,
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이 우주λ₯Ό μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ°λž€ 정말 μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
but actually we have an excuse.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄μœ κ°€ 있죠.
04:26
So it's not so easy to conceive this space
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이 우주λ₯Ό μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ°λŠ” μ–΄λ €μš΄λ°
04:30
because we are trying to conceive the occurrence of something brand new,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ°œμƒμ„ 생각해야 ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
04:33
so something that never occurred before,
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전에 μ—†λ˜ κ²ƒμ΄μš”.
04:35
so we don't have clues.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ² λ‹¨μ„œκ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:38
A typical solution could be
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μ „ν˜•μ μΈ 해법은
04:40
looking at the future with the eyes of the past,
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과거의 눈으둜 미래λ₯Ό λ³΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:44
so relying on all the time series of past events
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일련의 κ³Όκ±° 전뢀에 κΈ°λŒ€
04:47
and hoping that this is enough to predict the future.
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미래 μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ— μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜κΈΈ λΉ„λŠ” 것이죠.
04:51
But we know this is not working.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•„μ‹œλ“―μ΄ μ•ˆ 먹히죠.
04:53
For instance, this was the first attempt for weather forecasts, and it failed.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 졜초의 μΌκΈ°μ˜ˆλ³΄λŠ” μ‹€νŒ¨ν–ˆμ£ .
04:58
And it failed because of the great complexity
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ν˜„μƒ 밑에 μžˆλŠ”
05:00
of the underlying phenomenon.
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λ³΅μž‘μ„±μ΄ κ±°λŒ€ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
05:02
So now we know that predictions had to be based on modeling,
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이제 우린 μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ—” λͺ¨λΈλ§μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•¨μ„ μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:08
which means creating a synthetic model of the system,
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λͺ¨λΈλ§μ€ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ 인곡 λͺ¨λΈμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 일이죠.
05:12
simulating this model and then projecting the system
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λͺ¨λΈμ„ μ‹œλ²”λ™μž‘ν•΄μ„œ λͺ¨λΈμ„ 톡해
05:16
into the future through this model.
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μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ 미래둜 νˆ¬μ‚¬ν•˜μ£ .
05:18
And now we can do this in a lot of cases
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사둀도 많고 λ’·λ°›μΉ¨ν•˜λŠ” 데이터도 λ§Žμ•„μ„œ
05:21
with the help of a lot of data.
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이것은 κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:25
Looking at the future with the eye of the past
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과거의 눈으둜 미래λ₯Ό 보면
05:27
could be misleading also for machines.
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기계도 틀릴 λ•Œκ°€ 있죠.
05:30
Think about it.
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μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
05:31
Now picture yourself for a second in the middle of the Australian Outback.
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호주 황무지에 μžˆλŠ” 본인을 μƒμƒν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
05:37
You stand there under the sun.
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νƒœμ–‘ μ•„λž˜ μ„œ 있죠.
05:40
So you see something weird happening.
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μ΄μƒν•œ 일이 μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:43
The car suddenly stops
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μ°¨κ°€ κ°‘μžκΈ° 멈μΆ₯λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:45
very, very far from a kangaroo crossing the street.
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μ•„μ£Ό λ©€λ¦¬μ„œ μΊ₯거루가 길을 κ±΄λ„ˆμ„œμš”.
05:48
You look closer
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κ°€κΉŒμ΄ λ³΄λ‹ˆ
05:50
and you realize that the car has no driver.
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차에 μš΄μ „μžκ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:52
It is not restarting, even after the kangaroo is not there anymore.
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μΊ₯거루가 사라져도 μ°¨λŠ” 움직이지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:56
So for some reasons,
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μ–΄λ–€ 이유둜
05:58
the algorithms driving the car cannot make sense
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μ°¨ μ£Όν–‰ μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ΄ 거리λ₯Ό λ›°μ–΄λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ”
06:01
of this strange beast jumping here and there on the street.
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μ΄μƒν•œ 동물을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:05
So it just stops.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 멈좘 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:07
Now, I should tell you, this is a true story.
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이쯀에 λ§ν•΄μ•Όκ² λ„€μš”. 이건 μ‹€ν™”μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:09
It happened a few months ago to Volvo's self-driving cars
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호주 황무지 ν•œκ°€μš΄λ°μ„œ λͺ‡ 달 전에 λ²Œμ–΄μ‘Œμ£ .
06:12
in the middle of the Australian Outback.
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볼보 μžκ°€μ£Όν–‰ μžλ™μ°¨μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:14
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
06:16
It is a general problem,
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이건 일반적 문제죠.
06:18
and I guess this will affect more and more in the near future
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미래 인곡지λŠ₯κ³Ό λ¨Έμ‹ λŸ¬λ‹μ—
06:21
artificial intelligence and machine learning.
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λ”μš± 영ν–₯을 쀄 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:24
It's also a very old problem, I would say 17th century,
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였래된 λ¬Έμ œκΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ£ . 17세기라고 ν• κΉŒμš”.
06:28
but I guess now we have new tools and new clues to start solving it.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이젠 ν•΄κ²°ν•  μƒˆ 도ꡬ와 λ‹¨μ„œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:33
So let me take a step back,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ 과거둜 가보죠.
06:35
five years back.
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5λ…„ μ „μœΌλ‘œμš”.
06:38
Italy. Rome. Winter.
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μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„ 둜마. 겨울.
06:41
So the winter of 2012 was very special in Rome.
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2012λ…„ κ²¨μšΈμ€ λ‘œλ§ˆμ—” νŠΉλ³„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:45
Rome witnessed one of the greatest snowfalls of its history.
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λ‘œλ§ˆλŠ” 역사상 μ΅œλŒ€ν­μ„€μ„ λͺ©κ²©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:49
That winter was special also for me and my colleagues,
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κ·Έν•΄ κ²¨μšΈμ€ 저와 λ™λ£Œλ“€ν•œν…Œλ„ νŠΉλ³„ν–ˆμ£ .
06:53
because we had an insight about the possible mathematical scheme --
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κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μˆ˜ν•™μ  κ³„νšμ„ μ—Ώλ΄€κ±°λ“ μš”.
06:56
again, possible, possible mathematical scheme,
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'κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ'μ΄μš”. κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μˆ˜ν•™μ  κ³„νšμ΄μš”.
06:59
to conceive the occurrence of the new.
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μƒˆκ²ƒμ„ 이해할 κ³„νš.
07:02
I remember that day because it was snowing,
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눈이 온 날이라 기얡이 λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:04
so due to the snowfall, we were blocked, stuck in my department,
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눈 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 학과에 κ°‡ν˜”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:08
and we couldn't go home,
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집에 λͺ» κ°”μ–΄μš”.
07:10
so we got another coffee, we relaxed
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컀피λ₯Ό 더 λ§ˆμ‹œκ³  μ‰¬λ©΄μ„œ
07:13
and we kept discussing.
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계속 μ˜λ…Όν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:15
But at some point -- maybe not that date, precisely --
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹€ μ–΄λŠμƒŒκ°€ κ·Έ 날은 μ•„λ§ˆ μ•„λ‹Œλ°
07:18
at some point we made the connection
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μ–΄λŠμƒŒκ°€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ¬Έμ œμ™€
07:21
between the problem of the new
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μŠ€νŠœμ–΄νŠΈ μΉ΄μš°ν”„λ§Œμ΄ 전에 μ œκΈ°ν•œ μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ ꡬ상 사이λ₯Ό μ—°κ²°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:24
and a beautiful concept proposed years before
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07:27
by Stuart Kauffman,
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07:28
the adjacent possible.
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가깝고 κ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆμ£ .
07:31
So the adjacent possible consists of all those things.
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가깝고 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 것듀은 이런 κ²ƒλ“€λ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:34
It could be ideas, it could be molecules, it could be technological products
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생각일 μˆ˜λ„ λΆ„μžμΌ μˆ˜λ„ 기술 μ œν’ˆμΌ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
07:38
that are one step away
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λͺ¨λ‘ μ‹€μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” 것과
07:41
from what actually exists,
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ν•œ 걸음 λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ 있고
07:43
and you can achieve them through incremental modifications
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이미 μžˆλŠ” 재료λ₯Ό 더 μ‘°μ •ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
07:46
and recombinations of the existing material.
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μž¬μ‘°ν•©ν•˜λ©΄ μ„±μ·¨ κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
So for instance, if I speak about the space of my friends,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 제 μΉœκ΅¬λ“€μ˜ μš°μ£Όκ°€ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
07:54
my adjacent possible would be the set of all friends of my friends
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가깝고 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 것은 친ꡬ의 μΉœκ΅¬λ“€ 집합 쀑
07:58
not already my friends.
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제 친ꡬλ₯Ό λΊ€ 것이죠.
08:00
I hope that's clear.
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μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ…¨κΈ°λ₯Ό.
08:02
But now if I meet a new person,
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이제 μ œκ°€ μƒˆ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ§Œλ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:03
say Briar,
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λΈŒλΌμ΄μ–΄λΌκ³  ν•˜μ£ .
08:05
all her friends would immediately enter my adjacent possible,
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μΉœκ΅¬λŠ” 즉각 제 가깝고 κ°€λŠ₯함에 λ“€μ–΄μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:09
pushing its boundaries further.
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경계λ₯Ό λ„“ν˜€μ£Όμ£ .
08:12
So if you really want to look from the mathematical point of view --
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 정말 μˆ˜ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ 보고 μ‹Άλ‹€λ©΄
08:15
I'm sure you want --
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λ¬Όλ‘  κ·ΈλŸ¬μ‹œκ² μ§€λ§Œ
08:18
you can actually look at this picture.
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이 사진을 λ³΄μ‹œμ£ .
08:20
So suppose now this is your universe.
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이제 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ μš°μ£Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:22
I know I'm asking a lot.
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μš”κ΅¬κ°€ μ’€ 많죠?
08:23
I mean, this is your universe. Now you are the red spot.
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이게 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ μš°μ£Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ¨κ°„ 점이 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:27
And the green spot is the adjacent possible for you,
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초둝 점이 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ 가깝고 κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:29
so something you've never touched before.
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아직 μ ‘μ΄‰ν•˜μ§„ μ•Šμ€ κ±°μ£ .
08:32
So you do your normal life.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 일상을 μ‚½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:33
You move. You move in the space.
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움직이죠. μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œμš”.
08:35
You have a drink. You meet friends. You read a book.
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μˆ λ„ λ§ˆμ‹œκ³  μΉœκ΅¬λ„ λ§Œλ‚˜κ³  책도 읽고
08:37
At some point, you end up on the green spot,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹€ 초둝 점에 κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:40
so you meet Briar for the first time.
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처음 λΈŒλΌμ΄μ–΄λ₯Ό λ§Œλ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:42
And what happens?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
08:44
So what happens is there is a new part,
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μƒˆ 뢀뢄이 μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:46
a brand new part of the space,
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우주의 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λΆ€λΆ„.
08:49
becoming possible for you in this very moment,
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이 μˆœκ°„μ—λ§Œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ£ .
08:53
even without any possibility for you to foresee this
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이 점에 λ„λ‹¬ν•˜κΈ° μ „μ—λŠ”
08:57
before touching that point.
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μ ˆλŒ€ μ˜ˆμƒν•  수 μ—†μ£ .
08:59
And behind this there will be a huge set of points
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κ·Έ λ’€μ—λŠ” μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 점이 있겠죠.
09:02
that could become possible at some later stages.
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λ‚˜μ€‘μ—λŠ” κ°€λŠ₯ν•΄μ§ˆ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:05
So you see the space of the possible is very peculiar,
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λ³΄λ‹€μ‹œν”Ό κ°€λŠ₯ν•¨μ˜ μš°μ£ΌλŠ” μ°Έ λ…νŠΉν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:08
because it's not predefined.
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미리 μ•Œ μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
09:10
It's not something we can predefine.
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미리 λ³Ό 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:13
It's something that gets continuously shaped and reshaped
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 행동과 μ„ νƒμœΌλ‘œ
09:16
by our actions and our choices.
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μ‹œμ‹œκ°κ° λͺ¨μ–‘이 λ³€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:20
So we were so fascinated by these connections we made --
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저흰 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έ 이런 연결에 ν₯λΆ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:23
scientists are like this.
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κ³Όν•™μžλŠ” μ›λž˜ κ·Έλž˜μš”.
09:25
And based on this,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 이걸 λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ
09:27
we conceived our mathematical formulation for the adjacent possible,
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가깝고 κ°€λŠ₯함을 μœ„ν•œ μˆ˜ν•™ 곡식을 κ΅¬μƒν–ˆμ£ .
09:31
20 years after the original Kauffman proposals.
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μΉ΄μš°ν”„λ§Œμ΄ μ œμ•ˆν•˜κ³  20년이 μ§€λ‚œ ν›„μ—μš”.
09:34
In our theory -- this is a key point --
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우리 이둠엔, 이게 μ€‘μš”ν•œλ°
09:36
I mean, it's crucially based on a complex interplay
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κ°€λŠ₯μ„± μš°μ£Όκ°€ 넓어지고 μž¬κ΅¬μ„±λ˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •κ³Ό
09:40
between the way in which this space of possibilities expands
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έ 우주λ₯Ό νƒν—˜ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ • μ‚¬μ΄μ˜
09:45
and gets restructured,
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©μ΄
09:46
and the way in which we explore it.
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결정적 κΈ°λ°˜μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:49
After the epiphany of 2012,
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2012λ…„ κΉ¨λ‹¬μŒμ„ μ–»κ³ 
09:53
we got back to work, real work,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§„μ§œ μž‘μ—…μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°”μ£ .
09:54
because we had to work out this theory,
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이 곡식을 μ™„μ„±ν•˜κ³ 
09:56
and we came up with a certain number of predictions
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μ‹€μƒν™œμ— ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈν•  μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ„ μ–΄λŠ 정도
09:59
to be tested in real life.
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
10:00
Of course, we need a testable framework
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λ¬Όλ‘  ν˜μ‹ μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λ„λ‘ μ‹€ν—˜κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ
10:03
to study innovation.
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체계도 ν•„μš”ν–ˆμ£ .
10:04
So let me drive you across a few predictions we made.
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저희가 λ§Œλ“  λͺ‡ 가지 μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ„ λ“€λ €λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
10:08
The first one concerns the pace of innovation,
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μ²«μ§ΈλŠ” ν˜μ‹  속도λ₯Ό λ‹€λ£Ήλ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:11
so the rate at which you observe novelties in very different systems.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—μ„œ μƒˆλ‘œμ›€μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•˜λŠ” λΉ λ₯΄κΈ°μ£ .
10:16
So our theory predicts that the rate of innovation
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우리 이둠에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ ν˜μ‹  μ†λ„λŠ”
10:19
should follow a universal curve,
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일반 곑선을 λ”°λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:21
like this one.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œμš”.
10:23
This is the rate of innovation versus time in very different conditions.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 쑰건 속 μ‹œκ°„ λŒ€ ν˜μ‹ μ†λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:27
And somehow, we predict that the rate of innovation
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μ €ν¬λŠ” ν˜μ‹  속도가 μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 흐λ₯΄λ©΄μ„œ
10:30
should decrease steadily over time.
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κ°μ†Œν•˜λ¦¬λΌ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν–ˆμ£ .
10:33
So somehow, innovation is predicted to become more difficult
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν˜μ‹ μ€ 갈수둝
10:36
as your progress over time.
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더 μ–΄λ €μ›Œμ§€λΌ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν–ˆμ£ .
10:38
It's neat. It's interesting. It's beautiful. We were happy.
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κΉ”λ”ν•˜κ³  ν₯λ―Έλ‘­μ£ . 아름닀웠죠. 우린 λ§Œμ‘±ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
10:42
But the question is, is that true?
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λ¬Έμ œλŠ”, 이게 λ§žμ„κΉŒμš”?
10:44
Of course we should check with reality.
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λ¬Όλ‘  ν˜„μ‹€μ„ 점검해야 ν–ˆμ£ .
10:47
So we went back to reality
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우린 ν˜„μ‹€λ‘œ λŒμ•„μ™€
10:50
and we collected a lot of data, terabytes of data,
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λͺ‡ ν…ŒλΌλ°”μ΄νŠΈ 데이터λ₯Ό λͺ¨μ•˜μ£ .
10:53
tracking innovation in Wikipedia, Twitter,
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μœ„ν‚€ν”Όλ””μ•„, νŠΈμœ„ν„° 갱신기둝,
10:56
the way in which we write free software,
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무료 μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄λ₯Ό μ“°λŠ” κ³Όμ •
10:58
even the way we listen to music.
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심지어 μŒμ•… λ“£λŠ” κ³Όμ •λ„μš”.
11:01
I cannot tell you, we were so amazed and pleased and thrilled
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이둠 예츑과 ν˜„μ‹€κ³„κ°€ λ§žμ•„λ–¨μ–΄μ‘Œμ„ λ•Œ
11:04
to discover that the same predictions we made in the theory
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 놀라고 기쁘고 μ§œλ¦Ών–ˆλŠ”μ§€
11:08
were actually satisfied in real systems,
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μ„€λͺ…ν•  μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†κ΅°μš”.
11:11
many different real systems.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ ν˜„μ‹€κ³„μ—μ„œμš”.
11:12
We were so excited.
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저흰 ν₯λΆ„ν–ˆμ£ .
11:14
Of course, apparently, we were on the right track,
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λ¬Όλ‘ , ν™•μ‹€νžˆ 저흰 λ§žλŠ” 길에 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
11:16
but of course, we couldn't stop,
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λ¬Όλ‘  λ©ˆμΆ”μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆκ³ μš”.
11:19
so we didn't stop.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ•ˆ λ©ˆμ·„μ–΄μš”.
11:21
So we kept going on,
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계속 λ‚˜μ•„κ°”μ£ .
11:23
and at some point we made another discovery
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ–΄λŠμƒˆ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ±Έ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
11:25
that we dubbed "correlated novelties."
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저흰 '연관적 μ°Έμ‹ '이라 λΆˆλ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:28
It's very simple.
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μ•„μ£Ό μ‰¬μ›Œμš”.
11:30
So I guess we all experience this.
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λͺ¨λ‘ κ²ͺμ–΄λ³Έ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:31
So you listen to "Suzanne" by Leonard Cohen,
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λ ˆμ˜€λ‚˜λ“œ μ½”ν—¨μ˜ 'Suzanne'λ₯Ό λ“£κ³ λŠ”
11:36
and this experience triggers your passion for Cohen
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코헨을 ν–₯ν•œ 열정이 λ°œλ™λΌμ„œ
11:40
so that you start frantically listening to his whole production.
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그의 λͺ¨λ“  곑을 미친 λ“― λ“£λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
11:43
And then you realize that Fabrizio De AndrΓ© here
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹€ 파브리초 데 μ•ˆλ“œλ ˆμ˜
11:46
recorded an Italian version of "Suzanne,"
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"Suzanne" μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„ 버전을 μ•Œκ²Œ 되고
11:48
and so on and so forth.
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이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ κ³„μ†λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:50
So somehow for some reason,
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μ–΄λ–€ 이유둜
11:52
the very notion of adjacent possible is already encoding the common belief
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κ°€κΉŒμš΄ κ°€λŠ₯μ„± κ°œλ…μ΄ ν•˜λ‚˜ κ±΄λ„ˆ ν•˜λ‚˜λΌλŠ” 상식을
11:56
that one thing leads to another
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μ•”ν˜Έμ²˜λŸΌ λ§ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
11:59
in many different systems.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—μ„œμš”.
12:01
But the reason why we were thrilled
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§œλ¦Ών–ˆλ˜ 건
12:03
is because actually we could give, for the first time,
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졜초둜 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 직관에 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ
12:06
a scientific substance to this intuition
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과학적 싀체λ₯Ό 쀬고
12:08
and start making predictions
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μƒˆλ‘œμ›€μ„ κ²ͺλŠ” 방식을
12:10
about the way in which we experience the new.
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예츑 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:12
So novelties are correlated.
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μƒˆλ‘œμ›€μ€ μƒν˜Έμ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:16
They are not occurring randomly.
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λ¬΄μž‘μœ„λ‘œ 생기지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:18
And this is good news,
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이건 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ΄μ£ .
12:19
because it implies that impossible missions
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λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μž„λ¬΄κ°€
12:24
might not be so impossible after all,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
12:27
if we are guided by our intuition,
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μ§κ΄€μ˜ μ•ˆλ‚΄λ₯Ό λ°›λŠ”λ‹€λ©΄
12:30
somehow leading us to trigger a positive chain reaction.
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긍정적인 μ—°μ‡„λ°˜μ‘μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œλ“  μœ λ°œν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:34
But there is a third consequence of the existence of the adjacent possible
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가깝고 κ°€λŠ₯함이 λ§Œλ“  μ„Έ 번째 κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ°,
12:38
that we named "waves of novelties."
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우린 "μ°Έμ‹ ν•œ νŒŒλ™"이라 λΆˆλ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:41
So just to make this simple, so in music,
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μ‰½κ²Œ 말해, μŒμ•…μ—μ„œ
12:44
without waves of novelties,
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μ°Έμ‹ ν•œ νŒŒλ™μ΄ μ—†λ‹€λ©΄
12:46
we would still be listening all the time to Mozart or Beethoven,
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μ§€κΈˆλ„ λͺ¨μ°¨λ₯΄νŠΈμ™€ λ² ν† λ²€λ§Œ λ“£κ³  있겠죠.
12:52
which is great,
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ν›Œλ₯­ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
12:53
but we don't do this all the time.
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쒅일 듀을 순 μ—†μ£ .
12:55
We also listen to the Pet Shop Boys or Justin Bieber -- well, some of us do.
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우린 νŽ«μƒ΅ λ³΄μ΄μ¦ˆλ‚˜ μ €μŠ€ν‹΄ 비버도 λ“£μ£ . 뭐, λˆ„κ΅°κ°€λŠ”μš”.
13:00
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
13:02
So we could see very clearly all of these patterns
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λͺ¨μœΌκ³  λΆ„μ„ν•œ κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 데이터에선
13:06
in the huge amounts of data we collected and analyzed.
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λͺ¨λ‘ 이런 νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ ν™•μ‹€νžˆ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:10
For instance, we discovered that popular hits in music
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 저희 λ°œκ²¬μ—μ„œ μœ ν–‰ μŒμ•…μ€
13:13
are continuously born, you know that,
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μ•Œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό 계속 νƒœμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”λ°
13:15
and then they disappear, still leaving room for evergreens.
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μƒλ‘μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆμ„ 곡간을 남기며 μ‚¬λΌμ‘Œμ£ .
13:20
So somehow waves of novelties ebb and flow
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μ°Έμ‹ ν•œ νŒŒλ™μ€ 였고 κ°€μ§€λ§Œ
13:23
while the tides always hold the classics.
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μ‘°λ₯˜λŠ” 늘 고전을 λΆ™μž‘μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:25
There is this coexistence between evergreens and new hits.
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μƒλ‘μˆ˜μ™€ μƒˆ μœ ν–‰μ˜ 곡쑴이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:31
Not only our theory predicts these waves of novelties.
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저희 이둠은 μ°Έμ‹ ν•œ νŒŒλ™μ„ 예츑만 ν•˜μ§„ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:34
This would be trivial.
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그건 μ‚¬μ†Œν•˜μ£ .
13:36
But it also explains why they are there,
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저희 이둠은 쑴재 μ΄μœ λ„ μ„€λͺ…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:39
and they are there for a specific reason,
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참신함은 μ–΄λ–€ μ΄μœ κ°€ μžˆμ–΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•΄μš”.
13:41
because we as humans display different strategies
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우리 인간은 κ°€λŠ₯ν•¨μ˜ μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œ
13:44
in the space of the possible.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ „λž΅λ“€μ„ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:46
So some of us tend to retrace already known paths.
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μΌλΆ€λŠ” 이미 μ•Œλ €μ§„ 길을 λ”°λΌκ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:51
So we say they exploit.
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λ² λ‚€λ‹€κ³  ν•˜μ£ .
13:54
Some of us always launch into new adventures.
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μΌλΆ€λŠ” 늘 μƒˆ λͺ¨ν—˜μœΌλ‘œ λ›°μ–΄λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:57
We say they explore.
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νƒν—˜ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν•˜μ£ .
13:58
And what we discovered is all the systems we investigated
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저희 λ°œκ²¬μ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ€
14:02
are right at the edge between these two strategies,
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두 μ „λž΅ 사이에 κ°€μž₯μžλ¦¬κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:05
something like 80 percent exploiting, 20 percent exploring,
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베끼기 80% νƒν—˜ 20%μ―€μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
14:09
something like blade runners of innovation.
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ν˜μ‹ μ˜ 외쀄타기라고 ν• κΉŒμš”.
14:12
So it seems that the wise balance, you could also say a conservative balance,
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이걸 μ§€ν˜œλ‘œμš΄ κ· ν˜•, 보수적 κ· ν˜•λ„ λ˜κ² λ„€μš”
14:17
between past and future, between exploitation and exploration,
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과거와 미래 사이, 베끼기와 νƒν—˜ 사이 κ· ν˜•μ€
14:22
is already in place and perhaps needed in our system.
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이미 우리 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ— μžλ¦¬μž‘μ•˜κ³ , μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ— ν•„μš”ν• μ§€ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:26
But again the good news is now we have scientific tools
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ€ 이젠 이 κ· ν˜•μ„ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜κ³ 
14:30
to investigate this equilibrium,
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ ν›—λ‚  밀어뢙일
14:31
perhaps pushing it further in the near future.
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과학적 도ꡬ가 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
14:37
So as you can imagine,
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μƒμƒν•˜λ‹€μ‹œν”Ό
14:39
I was really fascinated by all this.
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μ „ 이 λͺ¨λ“  것에 λ§€λ£Œλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:44
Our mathematical scheme is already providing cues and hints
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저희 μˆ˜ν•™ κ³„νšμ€ κ°€λŠ₯μ„±μ˜ μš°μ£Όμ™€
14:48
to investigate the space of possibilities
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 우주λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  νƒν—˜ν•˜λŠ” 법을 μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό
14:50
and the way in which all of us create it and explore it.
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λ‹¨μ„œμ™€ 힌트λ₯Ό 벌써 쀬죠.
14:54
But there is more.
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그게 λ‹€κ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:55
This, I guess, is a starting point of something that has the potential
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제 생각에 이건 μƒˆλ‘œμ›€μ„ κ³Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ 연ꡬ할
14:58
to become a wonderful journey for a scientific investigation of the new,
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ν™˜μƒμ  여행이 될지 λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” 좜발 μ§€μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:03
but also I would say a personal investigation of the new.
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μƒˆλ‘œμ›€μ„ 개인적으둜 연ꡬ할지도 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ£ .
15:09
And I guess this can have a lot of consequences
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이건 μ€‘μš” ν™œλ™μ— μ—¬λŸ¬ 결과와
15:12
and a huge impact in key activities
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큰 영ν–₯을 쀄 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:14
like learning, education, research, business.
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ν•™μŠ΅, ꡐ윑, 연ꡬ, λΉ„μ¦ˆλ‹ˆμŠ€μ—μš”.
15:20
So for instance, if you think about artificial intelligence,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 인곡지λŠ₯을 보죠.
15:23
I am sure -- I mean, artificial intelligence,
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제 말은, 인곡지λŠ₯은
15:25
we need to rely in the near future
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κ°€κΉŒμš΄ λ―Έλž˜κ°€ μ™€μ„œ
15:27
more and more on the structure of the adjacent possible,
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가깝고 κ°€λŠ₯ν•¨μ˜ ꡬ쑰가 더 생기길 λΉŒμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜κ³ ,
15:31
to restructure it, to change it,
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ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μž¬κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜κ³  λ°”κΏ”μ•Όκ² μ£ .
15:33
but also to cope with the unknowns of the future.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 미래의 뢈λͺ…확함에 λŒ€μ‘λ„ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜κ² μ£ .
15:36
In parallel, we have a lot of tools,
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λ™μ‹œμ— 우린 도ꡬ가 λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:38
new tools now, to investigate how creativity works
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μ°½μ˜μ„± μž‘λ™λ²•κ³Ό 뭐가 ν˜μ‹ μ„ μœ λ°œν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό
15:41
and what triggers innovation.
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쑰사할 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 도ꡬ죠.
15:44
And the aim of all this is to raise a generation of people
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이 λͺ¨λ“  κ²ƒμ˜ λͺ©ν‘œλŠ” ν•œ μ„ΈλŒ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
15:47
able to come up with new ideas to face the challenges in front of us.
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μƒˆλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  도전에 λ§žμ„œλ„λ‘ 일으켜 μ„Έμš°λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:50
We all know.
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λ‹€ μ•„μ‹œμ£ .
15:52
I think it's a long way to go,
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λ¨Ό 여정이겠죠.
15:54
but the questions, and the tools,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ§€κΈˆ 질문과 λ„κ΅¬λŠ”
15:57
are now there, adjacent and possible.
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가깝고 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μƒνƒœλ‘œ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:01
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:02
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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