3 reasons why medications are so expensive in the US - Kiah Williams

190,515 views ใƒป 2024-10-24

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ์ƒ์€ ์ด ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:07
After helping develop the first insulin therapy in 1921,
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1921๋…„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ํ›„
00:10
Canadian physician Frederick Banting transferred his patent rights
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์˜์‚ฌ์ธ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ๋ฆญ ๋ฐ˜ํŒ…์€
ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์„ 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์–‘๋„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
to the University of Toronto for $1,
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00:16
stating that insulin belonged to the worldโ€” not to him.
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์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:19
A century later, insulin medications remain essential in treating diabetes,
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ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ฉฐ
00:24
and have relatively low production costs,
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์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋น„์šฉ์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‚ฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
with a vial generally costing less than $6 to make.
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๋ฐ”์ด์•Œ ํ•œ ๋ณ‘ ์ œ์กฐ ๋น„์šฉ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 6๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
But how much it costs a patient to buy varies greatly by country.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋“œ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋งˆ๋‹ค ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
Those in the US may pay thousands for insulin annuallyโ€”
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค๋…„ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
00:37
on average 10 times more than those in many other countriesโ€”
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‰๊ท  ์—ด ๋ฐฐ ๋” ํฐ ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด๋ผ์„œ
00:40
leading some patients to take less than prescribed.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
And this is part of a much larger trend.
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์ด๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํฐ ์ถ”์„ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
Letโ€™s take a look at the US drug supply chain to understand why.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:49
First, thereโ€™s research and development,
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๋จผ์ €, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋น„๋Š” ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ฒœ์ฐจ๋งŒ๋ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
which ranges widely in cost, depending on the drug.
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00:54
Expenses incurred by the many drugs that donโ€™t make it to market
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์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ๋“ค๋„ ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ ์ด ๋น„์šฉ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
also need to be factored in here.
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01:00
And almost every approved drug has been subsidized by taxes.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Šน์ธ๋œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ค ์„ธ๊ธˆ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
Before pharmaceutical companies actually release a drug,
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์ œ์•ฝ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฑ…์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
they set its price.
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01:08
Historically, they haven't been required to justify the pricing they land on.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ์•ฝํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ํŒ๋งค ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
Pharmaceutical companies are also allowed terms of drug patent protection
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์ œ์•ฝ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์™€ ๋…์ ๊ถŒ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
and exclusivity rights that prevent other manufacturers
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—…์ฒด๋Š” ์ผ์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ .
01:20
from launching identical drugs for a set period of time.
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01:23
Once patents expire, competition usually causes prices to drop,
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ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ํ•˜๋ฝํ•˜์—ฌ
01:27
so some companies invest heavily to extend their patents.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
They may make tweaksโ€”
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ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์–‘๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
01:32
like small changes in dosage and modes of deliveryโ€”
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ด์ง ์†์„ ๋ด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:35
to obtain new patents and sue competitors
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•ฝ ์ถœ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์—…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
into delaying the release of similar drugs.
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01:39
The companies responsible for Humira, the best-selling autoimmune drug,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž๊ฐ€๋ฉด์—ญ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ์ธ ํœด๋ฏธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด
01:43
for example, have defended its patents and raised its price 27 times since 2003.
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2003๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ 27๋ฐฐ ์ธ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
Without insurance, it can cost over $96,000 a year.
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๋ณดํ—˜์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 9๋งŒ 6์ฒœ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
And as three pharmaceutical companies have dominated the insulin market
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์ œ์•ฝ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์„ธ ๊ณณ์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
01:57
with similar tactics,
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01:59
average insulin list prices have tripled over the last two decades.
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ํ‰๊ท  ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์ •๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ 20๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์„ธ ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
Once a drug is approved, there are two main distribution channels it can take:
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์ผ๋‹จ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ด ์Šน์ธ๋˜๋ฉด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์œ ํ†ต ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
the retail route includes drugs you pick up at pharmacies;
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์†Œ๋งค ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
02:11
the other consists of drugs administered at hospitals and clinics.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›๊ณผ ์˜์›์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
This includes many of the more expensive,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํฌ๊ท€ ์งˆํ™˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”,
02:17
research-intensive therapies for rare conditions.
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๋” ๋น„์‹ธ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ง‘์•ฝ์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์•ฝ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
Each channel involves unique businesses.
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๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
Most drugsโ€” including insulinโ€” follow the retail channel.
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์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์€ ์†Œ๋งค ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
It starts with a pharmaceutical company selling the drug to wholesalers,
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์ด๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋งค์—…์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉฐ
02:30
which buy in bulk and sell to pharmacies, which sell to patients.
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๋„๋งค์—…์ฒด๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ตญ์— ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค์€ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํŒ๋งคํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
But the US doesn't provide universal health care,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ
02:36
so many Americans use health insurance.
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ณดํ—˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
When an insured patient picks up their prescription,
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๋ณดํ—˜์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ „์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์•ฝ๊ฐ’์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๊ณ 
02:41
they often pay a portion while the pharmacy bills their insurer the rest.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ตญ์ด ๋ณดํ—˜์‚ฌ์— ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
Pharmacy benefit managers, or PBMs,
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์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์•ฝ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์—…์ฒด(PBM)๋Š”
02:48
which are companies unique to the US market,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฐ,
02:50
negotiate on behalf of insurers to get discounts from manufacturers
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๋ณดํ—˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌํ•ด ํ˜‘์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ• ์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
in exchange for insurance coverage.
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๋Œ€์‹  ๋ณดํ—˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:57
PBMs may pass some of the negotiated discount to insurersโ€”
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PBM์€ ํ˜‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์–ป์€ ํ• ์ธ์•ก ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ—˜์‚ฌ์— ๋„˜๊ธฐ์ง€๋งŒ
03:01
but they may also take a considerable portion.
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์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฑ™๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
Their role tends to limit patient choice,
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์ด๋“ค์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
03:05
and theyโ€™ve sometimes covered more expensive branded drugs
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋” ๋น„์‹ผ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
instead of cheaper generics because it earns them a greater profit.
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์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๋ณต์ œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ๋” ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:12
Without insurance, patients may be expected to foot the bill entirely,
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๋ณดํ—˜์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€
ํ˜‘์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ „์•ก ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
at non-negotiated rates.
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03:18
Money flows between the different businesses as fees, rebates, discounts,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฐ„์— ์ž๊ธˆ์ด ํ๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ
์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํŠธ, ํ• ์ธ, ๋ณธ์ธ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ธˆ ์ง€์› ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
and copay assistance.
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03:24
If it feels hard to follow, that's because it is.
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๊ปด์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
And it's tough to know exactly how much money goes where
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์—ฌ
03:29
because these transactions lack transparency.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์ด ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
But for insulin in 2018, of all that was spent on the medication:
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๋‹ค๋งŒ 2018๋…„ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์— ์ง€์ถœ๋œ ์ด๋น„์šฉ์—์„œ
03:37
manufacturers received about 46%; wholesalers got about 8%; pharmacies, 20%;
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์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 46%, ๋„๋งค์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 8%, ์•ฝ๊ตญ์ด 20%,
03:43
insurance companies, 10%; and PBMs, 14%.
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๋ณดํ—˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ 10%, PBM์ด 14%๋ฅผ ์ฑ™๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
Interestingly, as insulin list prices increased between 2014 and 2018,
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ 2014๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2018๋…„์— ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์ •๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ƒ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
03:53
the amount manufacturers retained decreased,
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์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์ฑ™๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:56
and more than half went to intermediaries.
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์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
Where the US has businesses negotiate at various steps,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด,
04:02
other countries generally have government agencies evaluate a drugโ€™s benefit,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:06
make bulk purchases, and regulate pricing.
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๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ทœ์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
The US sees the most drug developmentโ€” and profitโ€” of any country.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ์–ด๋Š ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
But about 1 in 4 Americans reported trouble affording prescriptions in 2019.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2019๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ 4๋ช… ์ค‘ 1๋ช…์ด
์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์•ฝ์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
Many experts have called for measures like increased regulation
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๋งŽ์€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ฑ…์ •, ํŠนํ—ˆ,
04:21
in drug pricing, patenting, and intermediary profits,
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์ค‘๊ฐœ ์ด์ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ฐ•ํ™”,
04:24
along with more national health and research funding.
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๋ณด๊ฑด ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์› ํ™•๋Œ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
This way, the US could ideally lower prices
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:30
and encourage more innovative, lifesaving drug development.
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๋” ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
And by making medications affordable,
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์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งคํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
04:35
pharmaceutical companies could theoretically maintain profits.
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์ œ์•ฝ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
In 2023, one of the largest insulin manufacturers announced
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2023๋…„์— ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์„ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์—…์ฒด๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์ด
์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ์ •๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํญ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
04:43
it would substantially decrease the drugโ€™s list price,
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04:46
and two others followed suit.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
This should make insulin more affordable.
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์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๋” ์ €๋ ดํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
But system-wide changes would have to be instated
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
04:53
to make sure patients are getting the medications they need.
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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