This thought experiment will help you understand quantum mechanics - Matteo Fadel

305,485 views ใƒป 2020-12-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Alsa Saal
00:07
After a long day working on the local particle accelerator,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืจื•ืš ืขืœ ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™,
00:10
you and your friends head to the arcade to unwind.
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ืืชื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื›ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ.
00:13
The lights go out for a second, and when they come back,
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ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื,
00:16
there before you gleams a foosball table nobody remembers seeing before.
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ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืงื•ืจืŸ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืจืื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
00:22
Always game, you insert your coins.
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ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืžืฉื—ืง, ืืชื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
00:24
And with a fanfare, Quantum Foosball begins.
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ื•ืขื ืฉืœืœ ืฆืœืฆื•ืœื™ื, ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ.
00:28
Here are the rules: as with normal foosball,
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื: ื›ืžื• ืขื ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ,
00:31
the object is to score points
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช
00:33
by spinning levers with tiny players to sink the ball in your opponentโ€™s goal.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืœืฉืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘.
00:38
Only instead of a standard ball, youโ€™ll be playing with a giant electron.
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ืจืง ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืืชื ืชืฉื—ืงื• ืขื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื.
00:42
It behaves like a normal electron in all respects, itโ€™s just much larger.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
00:46
Though the rules are simple, gameplay is anything but.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืžืฉ ืœื.
00:51
Instead of the familiar laws of Newtonian physics,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืช,
00:54
the movement of the ball is governed by quantum mechanics.
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ืื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช.
00:57
To minimize the influence from photons and air molecules,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ื™ืจ,
01:01
youโ€™ll be playing in a vacuum. In the dark.
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ืืชื ืชืฉื—ืงื• ื‘ื•ืืงื•ื. ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš.
01:04
But thatโ€™s ok, because you can watch for the flashes of light
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ
01:07
given off by collisions between figures and the ball.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ.
01:11
The goals themselves will flash when the electron
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ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื™ื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื• ื›ืฉื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ
01:14
hits their particle detectors.
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ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ื’ืœืื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:16
Now you just have to figure out how to get the electron to go where you want.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœืืŸ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
01:21
As soon as it enters play, the electron will never rest.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฉื—ืง, ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื ื•ื—.
01:25
This is a direct consequence of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle,
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ื–ื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’,
01:29
which says that the better you know where a quantum particle is,
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื ืžืฆื,
01:33
the less you know about its velocity, and vice versa.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื•ืœื”ืคืš.
01:37
Since you know itโ€™s on the field, its velocity is largely uncertain.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื“ื”, ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื ื•ื•ื“ืื™ืช.
01:42
The electron will behave more like a wave than a particle,
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ืชื ื”ื’ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
01:45
with its position described by probability distributions that youโ€™ll have to imagine.
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ืขื ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื• ืžืชื•ืืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืืชื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
01:50
These distributions are spread throughout the entire field,
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ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ื›ื•ืœื•,
01:54
making it possible to observe a goal at any time and in either side.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื“.
02:00
The way to win is to control and concentrate the distribution
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื•ืœืจื›ื– ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช
02:04
over the opposite goal,
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™,
02:06
giving yourself the highest likelihood of scoring points.
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช.
02:11
Your skill as a player will be determined by your ability to predict
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช
02:15
where the electron is most likely to be,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื”ื™ื”,
02:18
then manipulate the probability distribution by spinning the rods
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช
02:22
with just the right amount of strength.
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ืขื ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—.
02:25
Quantum particles only receive energy in precise amounts, called quanta.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื•ืช, ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื•ืช.
02:30
So spin too hard or too soft,
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ืื–. ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื• ื—ื–ืง ืžื“ื™ ืื• ื—ืœืฉ ืžื“ื™,
02:33
and the electron will stay on its previous course.
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ื•ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœื•.
02:36
The game board has been carefully constructed to contain the electron,
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ืœื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
02:40
but even so, sometimes itโ€™ll quantum tunnel through the walls
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื ื”ื•ืจ ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช
02:44
without any apparent reason.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ.
02:46
At that point it could be anywhere in the universe,
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
02:49
so to save you the trouble of tracking it down,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืžื›ื ืืช ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื•,
02:51
the game will spit out a new ball.
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ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื™ืฉื’ืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:53
The fact that quantum particles behave like waves
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื™ื
02:57
becomes particularly evident in the presence of obstacles.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื.
03:01
As the particle travels through the rows of miniature figures,
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื ืข ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
03:04
complicated interference patterns will develop in the probability distribution,
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ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืื‘ื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืชื™ืช,
03:09
making it even more difficult to accurately predict its position.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืงืฉื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื•.
03:13
And hereโ€™s where your advanced physics degree can finally come in handy:
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ื•ืคื” ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ:
03:18
you can use the laws of quantum mechanics to your advantage.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื›ืื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื›ื.
03:22
The only moments when the electron will behave as a particle,
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ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืงื™ืง,
03:25
rather than a wave, are when it hits something.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืžื• ื’ืœ, ื”ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•.
03:28
With frequent enough kicks,
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ืขื ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง,
03:30
the particle would have no time to evolve like a wave and, therefore,
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ืœื—ืœืงื™ืง ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื›ืžื• ื’ืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ,
03:34
not spread out in space.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘.
03:36
So if you can pass it very quickly between two of your miniatures,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
03:40
you can keep it localized.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืžื•ืงื“.
03:42
Masters of the game call this the Quantum Zeno Maneuver.
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ืžืืกื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืžื”ืœืš ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื•ื ื–ื ื•.
03:47
Now, if you really want to dominate your opponents,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
03:50
thereโ€™s one more thing you can try, but itโ€™s pretty tricky.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ืงื™.
03:53
One of the distinctive features of the quantum world
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ืื—ืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™
03:56
is the possibility of state superpositions,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื,
04:00
where particlesโ€™ positions or velocities
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืื• ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
04:02
can be simultaneously in two or more different states.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:07
If you can put the electron into a superposition
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ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืคืจ ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”
04:10
of being simultaneously kicked and not kicked,
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ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื ื‘ืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื ื‘ืขื˜,
04:14
itโ€™ll be almost impossible for your opponents to figure out
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
04:17
where and how to strike.
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ืื™ืคื” ื•ืื™ืš ืœืคื’ื•ืข.
04:20
Itโ€™s said that Erwin Schrรถdinger,
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ื ืืžืจ ืฉืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื“ื™ื ื’ืจ,
04:22
the greatest Quantum Foosball champion of all time,
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ืืœื•ืฃ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื,
04:25
is the only player to have mastered this technique.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืฉืœื˜ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื”.
04:28
But maybe you can be the second:
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื:
04:31
Just figure out a way to simultaneously turn and not turn your rods.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ืœื• ื“ืจืš ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ืœื ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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