What in the world is topological quantum matter? - Fan Zhang

631,628 views ใƒป 2017-10-23

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
What if electricity could travel forever without being diminished?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ืœืขื“ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื—ืœืฉ?
00:11
What if a computer could run exponentially faster with perfect accuracy?
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ืžื” ืื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื•ืฉืœื?
00:16
What technology could those abilities build?
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ืื™ื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ?
00:20
We may be able to find out thanks to the work of the three scientists
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
00:24
who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2016.
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ืฉื–ื›ื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ 2016.
00:28
David Thouless,
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ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืชื•ืœืก,
00:29
Duncan Haldane,
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ื“ืื ืงืŸ ื”ืœื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
00:31
and Michael Kosterlitz won the award for discovering
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืงื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืฅ ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืคืจืก ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™
00:34
that even microscopic matter at the smallest scale
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ ื‘ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:37
can exhibit macroscopic properties and phases that are topological.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
00:42
But what does that mean?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
00:46
First of all, topology is a branch of mathematics
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
00:48
that focuses on fundamental properties of objects.
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ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื.
00:53
Topological properties don't change when an object is gradually stretched or bent.
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ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื›ืฉืขืฆื ื ืžืชื— ืื• ืžืงื•ืคืœ ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
00:58
The object has to be torn or attached in new places.
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ื”ืขืฆื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืจืข ืื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:03
A donut and a coffee cup look the same to a topologist
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ื“ื•ื ืื˜ ืื• ื›ื•ืก ืงืคื” ื ืจืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’
01:06
because they both have one hole.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืจ ืื—ื“.
01:09
You could reshape a donut into a coffee cup
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื ืื˜ ืœื›ื•ืก ืงืคื”
01:12
and it would still have just one.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืจืง ืื—ื“.
01:14
That topological property is stable.
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”.
01:18
On the other hand, a pretzel has three holes.
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืœืคืจืฆืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ืจื™ื.
01:21
There are no smooth incremental changes that will turn a donut into a pretzel.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ืงืจืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื™ื”ืคื›ื• ื“ื•ื ืื˜ ืœืคืจืฆืœ.
01:25
You'd have to tear two new holes.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืข ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:29
For a long time, it wasn't clear whether topology was useful
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช
01:33
for describing the behaviors of subatomic particles.
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ืœืชืื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืชืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
01:37
That's because particles, like electrons and photons,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื,
01:40
are subject to the strange laws of quantum physics,
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ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ืื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช,
01:44
which involve a great deal of uncertainty
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช
01:46
that we don't see at the scale of coffee cups.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืงืคื”.
01:51
But the Nobel Laureates discovered that topological properties
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
01:54
do exist at the quantum level.
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ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช.
01:57
And that discovery may revolutionize materials science,
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขืฉื” ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ,
02:00
electronic engineering,
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ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”,
02:02
and computer science.
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ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘.
02:05
That's because these properties lend surprising stability
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืชื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื”
02:08
and remarkable characteristics to some exotic phases of matter
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ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœื›ืžื” ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ
02:12
in the delicate quantum world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ.
02:16
One example is called a topological insulator.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ื ืงืจืืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
02:20
Imagine a film of electrons.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืคื™ืœื ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
02:22
If a strong enough magnetic field passes through them,
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ืื ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื—ื–ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจื›ื,
02:25
each electron will start traveling in a circle,
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ื›ืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ,
02:28
which is called a closed orbit.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืกื’ื•ืจ.
02:31
Because the electrons are stuck in these loops,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืœื•ืœื•ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
02:33
they're not conducting electricity.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ.
02:36
But at the edge of the material,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ,
02:38
the orbits become open, connected, and they all point in the same direction.
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ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื, ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
02:43
So electrons can jump from one orbit to the next
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ืื– ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืžืžืกืœื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ
02:47
and travel all the way around the edge.
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ื•ืœื ื•ืข ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืงืฆื”.
02:50
This means that the material conducts electricity around the edge
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืงืฆื”
02:54
but not in the middle.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
02:56
Here's where topology comes in.
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ืœืคื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
02:58
This conductivity isn't affected by small changes in the material,
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ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ,
03:02
like impurities or imperfections.
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ื›ืžื• ืคื’ืžื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
03:05
That's just like how the hole in the coffee cup
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ืก ื”ืงืคื”
03:08
isn't changed by stretching it out.
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ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื™ื—ืชื•.
03:11
The edge of such a topological insulator has perfect electron transport:
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ืœืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ื›ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช:
03:16
no electrons travel backward,
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ืืฃ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœื ื ืข ืื—ื•ืจื”,
03:18
no energy is lost as heat,
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื ื ืื‘ื“ืช ื›ื—ื•ื,
03:20
and the number of conducting pathways can even be controlled.
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ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
03:25
The electronics of the future could be built
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ื”ืืงืœื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช
03:27
to use this perfectly efficient electron highway.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
03:33
The topological properties of subatomic particles
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืชืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื
03:35
could also transform quantum computing.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื˜ื™.
03:39
Quantum computers take advantage of the fact
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
03:41
that subatomic particles can be in different states at the same time
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ืฉื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืชืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
03:46
to store information in something called qubits.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื.
03:50
These qubits can solve problems exponentially faster
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ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:53
than classical digital computers.
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ืžืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื.
03:56
The problem is that this data is so delicate
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขื“ื™ืŸ
03:59
that interaction with the environment can destroy it.
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ืฉืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื•.
04:02
But in some exotic topological phases,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื,
04:05
the subatomic particles can become protected.
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืชืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื•ื’ื ื™ื.
04:08
In other words, the qubits formed by them
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื
04:11
can't be changed by small or local disturbances.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื• ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
04:14
These topological qubits would be more stable,
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ื”ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื,
04:18
leading to more accurate computation and a better quantum computer.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:23
Topology was originally studied as a branch of purely abstract mathematics.
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ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื—ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืขื ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืื‘ืกื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”.
04:29
Thanks to the pioneering work of Thouless, Haldane, and Kosterlitz,
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื•ืจืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืช'ืื•ืœืก, ื”ืœื“ืŸ ื•ืงื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืฅ,
04:34
we now know it can be used to understand the riddles of nature
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
04:37
and to revolutionize the future of technologies.
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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