What in the world is topological quantum matter? - Fan Zhang

629,149 views ・ 2017-10-23

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Sungen K κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:07
What if electricity could travel forever without being diminished?
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μ „κΈ°κ°€ μ•½ν™”λ˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μ˜μ›νžˆ μ“Έ 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
00:11
What if a computer could run exponentially faster with perfect accuracy?
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컴퓨터가 μ™„λ²½νžˆ μ •ν™•ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ κΈ°ν•˜κΈ‰μˆ˜μ μΈ μ†λ„λ‘œ κ΅¬λ™λ˜λ©΄ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
00:16
What technology could those abilities build?
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μ–΄λ–€ 기술이 이 λŠ₯λ ₯을 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
00:20
We may be able to find out thanks to the work of the three scientists
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 2016년에 노벨 물리학상을 μˆ˜μƒν•œ
00:24
who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2016.
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μ„Έ 가지 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ κ·Έ 닡을 찾을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
David Thouless,
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데이빗 μ†ŒμšΈλ ˆμŠ€
00:29
Duncan Haldane,
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던컨 홀데인
00:31
and Michael Kosterlitz won the award for discovering
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마이클 μ½”μŠ€ν…Œλ¦¬μΈ μ˜ μ—°κ΅¬λ‘œ
00:34
that even microscopic matter at the smallest scale
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λ―Έμ‹œ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μž…μžλ“€λ„
00:37
can exhibit macroscopic properties and phases that are topological.
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κ±°μ‹œμ μΈ μ„±μ§ˆμ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λ°œκ²¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:42
But what does that mean?
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이것이 무슨 μ˜λ―ΈμΌκΉŒμš”?
00:46
First of all, topology is a branch of mathematics
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λ¨Όμ €, μœ„μƒκΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ€ 물체의 근본적인 νŠΉμ„±μ—
00:48
that focuses on fundamental properties of objects.
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μ§‘μ€‘ν•œ μˆ˜ν•™μ— κ·Έ 뿌리λ₯Ό 두고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:53
Topological properties don't change when an object is gradually stretched or bent.
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μœ„μƒκΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  νŠΉμ„±μ€ 물체가 λŠ˜λ €μ§€κ±°λ‚˜ κ΅¬λΆ€λŸ¬μ§€κ±°λ‚˜
00:58
The object has to be torn or attached in new places.
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물체가 μ°’μ–΄μ§€κ±°λ‚˜ μƒˆλ‘œ 뢙여도 λ°”λ€Œμ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:03
A donut and a coffee cup look the same to a topologist
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도넛과 μ»€ν”ΌλŠ” κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μžμ˜ 눈으둜 보면 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:06
because they both have one hole.
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λͺ¨λ‘ ꡬ멍이 ν•˜λ‚˜μ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
01:09
You could reshape a donut into a coffee cup
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도넛을 μ»€ν”Όμ»΅μœΌλ‘œ λͺ¨μ–‘을 바꿔도
01:12
and it would still have just one.
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ ꡬ멍이 ν•˜λ‚˜μΈ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ
01:14
That topological property is stable.
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μœ„μƒ κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  νŠΉμ„±μ€ 변함이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:18
On the other hand, a pretzel has three holes.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 보자면, ν”„λ ˆμ €μ€ ꡬ멍 μ„Έ κ°œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
There are no smooth incremental changes that will turn a donut into a pretzel.
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μ–΄λ–€ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό 도넛에 가해도 도넛은 ν”„λ ˆμ €μ΄ 될 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
You'd have to tear two new holes.
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ꡬ멍 두 개λ₯Ό μƒˆλ‘œ λš«μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
01:29
For a long time, it wasn't clear whether topology was useful
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μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ μœ„μƒ κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ΄ μ›μžλ³΄λ‹€ 더 μž‘μ€ μž…μžμ˜ 행동을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:33
for describing the behaviors of subatomic particles.
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μ‹€μš©μ μΈμ§€ μ•„λ‹Œμ§€λŠ” ν™•μ‹ ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:37
That's because particles, like electrons and photons,
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μ „μžμ™€ κ΄‘μž 같은 μž…μžλ“€μ€
01:40
are subject to the strange laws of quantum physics,
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μ–‘μž μ—­ν•™μ˜ λΆˆν™•μ‹€μ„±κ³Ό 같은
01:44
which involve a great deal of uncertainty
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μ΄μƒν•œ κ·œμΉ™μ— λ”°λ₯΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
01:46
that we don't see at the scale of coffee cups.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 컀피컡을 λ³΄λŠ” 눈으둜 λ³Ό 수 μ—†λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
But the Nobel Laureates discovered that topological properties
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 노벨상 μˆ˜μƒμžλ“€μ€
01:54
do exist at the quantum level.
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μ–‘μž μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œλ„ μ μš©λ˜λŠ” μœ„μƒκΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ μΈ νŠΉμ„±λ“€μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
And that discovery may revolutionize materials science,
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이 λ°œκ²¬μ€ μž¬λ£Œκ³΅ν•™κ³Ό
02:00
electronic engineering,
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전기곡학,
02:02
and computer science.
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컴퓨터 κ³Όν•™μ˜ 혁λͺ…μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
That's because these properties lend surprising stability
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 이 νŠΉμ§•λ“€μ€ λ†€λž„λ§Œν•œ μ•ˆμ „μ„±κ³Ό
02:08
and remarkable characteristics to some exotic phases of matter
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μ–‘μž 세계와 같은 νŠΉμ΄ν•œ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œμ˜
02:12
in the delicate quantum world.
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νŠΉμ„±μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
02:16
One example is called a topological insulator.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, μœ„μƒκΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  μ ˆμ—°μ²΄κ°€ μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
Imagine a film of electrons.
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μ „μžμ˜ 막을 μƒμƒν•΄λ³΄μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
02:22
If a strong enough magnetic field passes through them,
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자기μž₯이 μ „μž 사이λ₯Ό ν†΅κ³Όν•˜λ©΄
02:25
each electron will start traveling in a circle,
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μ „μžλŠ” 원을 따라 λ•λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:28
which is called a closed orbit.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이λ₯Ό λ‹«νžŒ ꢀ도라 λΆ€λ₯΄μ£ .
02:31
Because the electrons are stuck in these loops,
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μ „μžκ°€ κ·Έ ꢀ도에 κ°‡νžˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
02:33
they're not conducting electricity.
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이 μ „μžλ“€μ€ μ „κΈ°λ₯Ό μƒμ‚°ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
But at the edge of the material,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, 물체의 κ°€μž₯μžλ¦¬μ—μ„œλŠ”
02:38
the orbits become open, connected, and they all point in the same direction.
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ꢀ도가 열리고 μ„œλ‘œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ λͺ¨λ‘ 같은 λ°©ν–₯을 κ°€λ₯΄ν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:43
So electrons can jump from one orbit to the next
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μ „μžλŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ κΆ€λ„μ—μ„œ λ‹€λ₯Έ κΆ€λ„λ‘œ λ›°μ–΄μ˜€λ₯΄κ³ 
02:47
and travel all the way around the edge.
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κ·Έ κ°€μž₯자리λ₯Ό 돌게 λœλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
02:50
This means that the material conducts electricity around the edge
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ 물체가 쀑간이 μ•„λ‹Œ κ°€μž₯μžλ¦¬μ—μ„œ
02:54
but not in the middle.
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μ „κΈ°λ₯Ό μƒμ‚°ν•œλ‹€λŠ” μ˜λ―Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
Here's where topology comes in.
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여기에 μœ„μƒκΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ„ μ ‘λͺ©μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
This conductivity isn't affected by small changes in the material,
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이 전도성은 λ¬Όμ²΄μ—μ„œ
03:02
like impurities or imperfections.
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λΆˆμˆœλ¬Όμ΄λ‚˜ 결함같은 μž‘μ€ 변화듀에 영ν–₯ 받지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
That's just like how the hole in the coffee cup
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μ΄λŠ” μ»€ν”Όμ»΅μ˜ ꡬ멍과 κ°™μ•„μ„œ
03:08
isn't changed by stretching it out.
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그것을 λŠ˜μΈλ‹€κ³  ν•΄μ„œ λ³€ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:11
The edge of such a topological insulator has perfect electron transport:
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κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  μ ˆμ—°μ²΄μ˜ κ°€μž₯μžλ¦¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ™„λ²½ν•œ μ „μž μˆ˜μ†‘μ΄ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:16
no electrons travel backward,
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μ „μžλŠ” λ’€λ‘œ 가지 μ•Šκ³ μš”.
03:18
no energy is lost as heat,
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열에 μ˜ν•΄ μ—λ„ˆμ§€κ°€ μ†μ‹€λ˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
03:20
and the number of conducting pathways can even be controlled.
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μ „λ„λ˜λŠ” ν†΅λ‘œλ„ ν†΅μ œλ˜λŠ” μ™„λ²½ν•œ μˆ˜μ†‘μ΄μš”.
03:25
The electronics of the future could be built
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이λ₯Ό 효과적인 μ „μž ν†΅λ‘œλ‘œ ν™œμš©ν•˜λ©΄
03:27
to use this perfectly efficient electron highway.
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미래의 μ „μž 곡학을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
The topological properties of subatomic particles
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μ–‘μžλ³΄λ‹€ μž‘μ€ μž…μžμ˜ μœ„μƒ κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  νŠΉμ„±μ€
03:35
could also transform quantum computing.
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ν€€ν…€ μ»΄ν“¨νŒ…λ„ λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
Quantum computers take advantage of the fact
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ν€€ν…€ μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λŠ” μ–‘μžλ³΄λ‹€ μž‘μ€ μž…μžκ°€
03:41
that subatomic particles can be in different states at the same time
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λ™μ‹œμ— λ‹€λ₯Έ μƒνƒœμ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을
03:46
to store information in something called qubits.
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정보λ₯Ό νλΉ„νŠΈλΌλŠ” 곳에 μ €μž₯ν•˜λŠ” 데에 μ΄μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
These qubits can solve problems exponentially faster
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νλΉ„νŠΈλŠ” 고전적인 디지털 컴퓨터보닀
03:53
than classical digital computers.
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훨씬 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:56
The problem is that this data is so delicate
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λ¬Έμ œλŠ” 이 데이터듀이 λ„ˆλ¬΄ μ„¬μ„Έν•΄μ„œ
03:59
that interaction with the environment can destroy it.
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ν™˜κ²½μ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ΄ 그것을 νŒŒκ΄΄ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
But in some exotic topological phases,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μœ„μƒκΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ 보면
04:05
the subatomic particles can become protected.
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μ–‘μžλ³΄λ‹€ μž‘μ€ μž…μžλŠ” λ³΄ν˜Έλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:08
In other words, the qubits formed by them
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 말둜 ν•˜λ©΄ 이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ ν˜•μ„±λœ νλΉ„νŠΈλŠ”
04:11
can't be changed by small or local disturbances.
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μž‘κ±°λ‚˜ 지역적인 방해에 λ°”λ€” 수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
04:14
These topological qubits would be more stable,
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이 μœ„μƒκΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  νλΉ„νŠΈλŠ” μ•ˆμ •μ μ΄κ³ 
04:18
leading to more accurate computation and a better quantum computer.
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더 μ •ν™•ν•œ μ»΄ν“¨νŒ…κ³Ό 더 λ‚˜μ€ ν€€ν…€μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
Topology was originally studied as a branch of purely abstract mathematics.
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μœ„μƒκΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ€ μˆœμˆ˜ν•˜κ³  좔상적인 κ²ƒμ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
Thanks to the pioneering work of Thouless, Haldane, and Kosterlitz,
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노벨상 μˆ˜μƒμž 3인의 선ꡬ적인 연ꡬ에 κ°μ‚¬ν•˜λ©°
04:34
we now know it can be used to understand the riddles of nature
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μžμ—°μ˜ μ‹ λΉ„λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³ 
04:37
and to revolutionize the future of technologies.
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기술의 미래λ₯Ό ν˜μ‹ ν•  수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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