Intro to Word Stress: American English Pronunciation

246,468 views ใƒป 2009-07-10

Rachel's English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
If you've seen many of my videos,
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็งใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใŸใใ•ใ‚“่ฆ‹ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€
00:02
you've probably heard me refer to a syllable as being stressed or accented.
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใ็งใŒ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่žใ„ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:09
Well, what does that mean?
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ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏๆ–‡ใฎไธญ
00:11
In American English, certain words have stress within a sentence,
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00:15
and certain syllables have stress within a word.
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ใซๅผทๅ‹ขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฏๅ˜่ชžใฎไธญใซๅผทๅ‹ขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:18
And it is this stress that allows our ears to understand the meaning
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฎ่€ณใŒๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ€ๆ–‡ใฎ้‡่ฆใช้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฏ่ƒฝใซใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใงใ™
00:22
and also to pick up the important parts of the sentence.
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00:26
Let's take for example the word 'about'. 'About' has two syllables, one is stressed.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ็ด„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
ใ€ŒAboutใ€ใซใฏ2ใคใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€1ใคใฏๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚ŒใŒใฉใ‚Œใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆŽจๆธฌใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:33
Can you guess which one it is? About. It's the second syllable. What makes a syllable stressed?
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็ด„ใ€‚ 2็•ช็›ฎใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใพใ‚ใ€็ด„ใ€‚
00:40
Well, about. uh, about. It is usually higher in pitch. About. Also, longer in duration. About.
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A--ใ€็ด„ใ€‚ ้€šๅธธใ€ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
็ด„ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ๆœŸ้–“ใŒ้•ทใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ด„ใ€‚
00:51
And it is this higher pitch and longer length that allows our ear to pick it up
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฎ่€ณใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ‹พใ„ไธŠใ’ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใŒ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฏ่ƒฝใซใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ซ˜ใ„ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใจใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใ„้•ทใ•ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็ด„ใ€‚
00:55
and understand what's being said. About.
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00:59
In longer words with more syllables, there can be a primary stress and a secondary stress.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใ‚’ๆŒใคใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใ„ๅ˜่ชžใงใฏใ€ไธ€ๆฌกๅผทๅ‹ขใจไบŒๆฌกๅผทๅ‹ขใŒๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:05
So the primary stress would be the highest in pitch and perhaps the longest,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไธปใชใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฏใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚้ซ˜ใใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใๆœ€ใ‚‚้•ทใ
ใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€้‡่ฆใชๅˆฅใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใŒใ„ใใ‚‰ใ‹ๅผ•ใๅ‡บใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:10
but there might also be another syllable that is important that is brought out somewhat.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œๅ›ฐๆƒ‘ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ€‚
01:15
For example, the word embarrassment. Em-bar-rass-ment.
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Em-bar-rass-mentใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใซๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ2ใคใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:21
So here it is the last two syllables that are not stressed.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใฏ2็•ช็›ฎใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฅใšใ‹ใ—ใ„ใ€‚
01:25
And it is the second syllable that is stressed. Embar-.
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01:28
But the first syllable is also somewhat important
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใ‚‚ใ‚„ใ‚„้‡่ฆใงใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ2ใคใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ›ฐๆƒ‘ใ€‚
01:31
and higher in pitch than the last two. Embarrassment.
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01:36
So, the first syllable there has a secondary stress,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใซใฏ2ๆฌกๅผทๅ‹ขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€2็•ช็›ฎใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใซใฏ1ๆฌกๅผทๅ‹ขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:40
and the second syllable has the primary stress.
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01:43
The last two syllables are unstressed.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ2้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใซใฏใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:46
And, within a sentence. 'I saw her at the meeting.' Which words did you hear the best?
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ไธ€ๆ–‡ใฎไธญใงใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏไผš่ญฐใงๅฝผๅฅณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใฉใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๆœ€ใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ่žใใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
01:53
I saw, saw: this verb is higher in pitch. I saw her at the meeting.
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็งใฏ่ฆ‹ใŸใ€่ฆ‹ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏไผš่ญฐใงๅฝผๅฅณใซไผšใฃใŸใ€‚
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธญใงๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใฏใ€Œไผš่ญฐใ€ใจใ€Œ่ฆ‹ใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:04
So it is 'meeting' and 'saw' that are the stressed words within this sentence.
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02:09
I saw her at the meeting.
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็งใฏไผš่ญฐใงๅฝผๅฅณใซไผšใฃใŸใ€‚
02:11
Let's take a look at some pictures. Here I've used some speech analysis software.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅ†™็œŸใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ้Ÿณๅฃฐๅˆ†ๆžใ‚ฝใƒ•ใƒˆใ‚ฆใ‚งใ‚ขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:18
It's a free download, and I'll put a link to it on my website.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็„กๆ–™ใงใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณใƒญใƒผใƒ‰ใงใใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎWebใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’ๅผตใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:22
This software allows one to look at several aspects of the voice.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ฝใƒ•ใƒˆใ‚ฆใ‚งใ‚ขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€้Ÿณๅฃฐใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅด้ขใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:26
Here I'm focusing on pitch because that is one of the
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ใ“ใ“ใง
ใฏใ€ๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅ˜่ชžใพใŸใฏ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฎ้‡่ฆใช่ฆ็ด ใฎ1ใคใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:29
important components of a stressed word or a syllable.
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02:33
The blue lines represent the pitch of the voice.
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้’ใ„็ทšใฏๅฃฐใฎ้ซ˜ใ•ใ‚’่กจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:37
Here I've circled the stressed syllable in the word about.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œ็ด„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใงๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใ‚’ไธธใงๅ›ฒใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
ๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ2็•ช็›ฎใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใง
02:42
It is the second syllable that is stressed,
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02:44
and you can see that it has this curve up in this syllable.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใงใ“ใฎๆ›ฒ็ทšใŒไธŠใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:48
Here, again, on 'embarrassment',
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ€Œๅ›ฐๆƒ‘ใ€ใงใฏ
ใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใฎใ‚ใ‚‹้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฎใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒใ‚ใšใ‹ใซ้ซ˜ใใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒผใƒ—ใฎใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:51
the accented syllable is slightly higher in pitch, and has this scoop up in pitch.
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02:57
Embarrassment, with the primary stress on the second syllable,
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ๅ›ฐๆƒ‘ใ€2็•ช็›ฎใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใซไธ€ๆฌกๅผทๅ‹ขใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใซไบŒๆฌกๅผทๅ‹ขใ€‚
03:01
and a secondary stress on the first syllable.
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03:05
And, in the sentence, here is the word 'saw', and the word 'meeting'. I saw her at the meeting.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธญใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œ่ฆ‹ใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใจใ€Œไผš่ญฐใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
็งใฏไผš่ญฐใงๅฝผๅฅณใซไผšใฃใŸใ€‚
ใ€Œsawใ€ใจใ€Œmeetingใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฎๅ‰ๅŠใฎไธกๆ–นใŒใ€ๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆ–‡ใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:14
Where both 'saw' and the first half of the word 'meeting'
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03:19
are the stressed syllables of this sentence.
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03:21
All of these accented syllables are generally higher in pitch
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใฎใ‚ใ‚‹้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฏใ™ในใฆใ€ไธ€่ˆฌใซใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒ้ซ˜ใ
ใ€ๅฃฐใŒใ“ใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅฃฐใŒใ‚ใšใ‹ใซใ™ใใ„ไธŠใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
03:27
and have this slight scoop up in the voice as the voice emphasizes the syllable.
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03:34
In addition to there being words and syllables that are stressed within a sentence,
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ๆ–‡ใฎไธญใงๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใ‚„้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๅŠ ใˆใฆใ€
ๅ‰Šๆธ›ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:40
there are those that are reduced.
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03:42
For example, listen to how the word 'for' is pronounced in this sentence:
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใงใ€Œforใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’
03:47
'I got it for you,' Frr, frr. It was not at all 'for'. I got it for you.
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่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ€‚ ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ€‚ 'ใฎใŸใ‚ใซ'ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒไฝŽใใ€ใ€Œforใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซ็Ÿญใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
03:55
So it was lower in pitch and much shorter than 'for'. Fr, fr, I got it for you.
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ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ€‚ ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:03
It is these changes in pitches, along with an understanding of the sounds,
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ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ๆง‹ๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใจ้Ÿณใฎ็†่งฃ
04:07
that make up an accent, and they are so important.
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ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ€่ปฝๆธ›ใ€ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฏใ‚‚ใ†ใ™ใใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:11
There will be many more videos on stress, reduction, and speech patterns coming soon.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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