Function Words - American English Pronunciation + Intonation/Word Stress

195,432 views ใƒป 2011-07-25

Rachel's English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
This video will focus on function words, or, the words that will be lower in pitch, often
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ๆฉŸ่ƒฝ่ชžใ€ใพใŸใฏ ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒไฝŽใใ€ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆ
00:06
very quick, sometimes lower in volume, and sometimes even reduced. Reduced means a sound
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้žๅธธใซ้€Ÿใใ€ๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏ้Ÿณ้‡ใŒไฝŽใใ€ ๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏๆธ›ๅฐ‘ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ธฎๅฐใจ
00:13
in the word may be altered, or dropped altogether. If you're not familiar with what stressed
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ใฏใ€ๅ˜่ชžๅ†…ใฎ้ŸณใŒๅค‰ๆ›ดใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅ‰Š้™คใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฎ
00:18
means, you might want to watch the Intro to Word Stress Video first.
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ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ๆœ€ๅˆใซๅ˜่ชžใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎ็ดนไป‹ใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:30
Intonation is the idea that we vary pitches throughout a sentence, throughout speech. We do not speak always
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ใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใจใฏใ€ๆ–‡ๅ…จไฝ“ใ€ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒๅ…จไฝ“ใงใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆๆ–นใงใ™ ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏ
00:39
on the same pitch. We vary our pitches a lot. This is part of what makes it easier to understand
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ใ„ใคใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใง่ฉฑใ™ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใฏๅคงใใ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ™
00:48
what's being said. Understanding the pitch patterns of American English, that's an important
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ ใŸใ‚ใฎ้‡่ฆใช
00:53
part to being understood. So how do you know which words should be stressed, higher in
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้ƒจๅˆ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ใฉใฎ ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใฆใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใ‚’้ซ˜ใใ—ใ€ใฉใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ›ใšใซ
01:00
pitch, and which should be unstressed, lower in pitch? Well, content words are the words
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ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใ‚’ไฝŽใใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใฎ ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ†…ๅฎน
01:06
that will generally be stressed, and function words will generally be unstressed. There
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่ชžใฏไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆฉŸ่ƒฝ ่ชžใฏไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฉŸ่ƒฝ่ชžใซ
01:13
are several categories and subcategories of function words. This video is just an overview.
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ใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใจใ‚ตใƒ–ใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฏๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ๆฆ‚่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
01:19
Later videos will more specifically categories with examples. Articles are function words.
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ๅพŒใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ ใซไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใฆใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชๅŒ–ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ† ่ฉžใฏๆฉŸ่ƒฝ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
01:26
For example, a and the. In the sentence Do you have the time?, do you have the, the time?
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€aใจใ€‚ ๆ–‡็ซ ใฎไธญใง ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:36
Do you see how the word 'the' is low in pitch? Do you have the, do you have the, do you have
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ใ€Œtheใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฎใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒไฝŽใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ใ€ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹
01:43
the time? Auxiliary verbs are function words. Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs,
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ใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๆฉŸ่ƒฝ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใจใ‚‚ๅ‘ผใฐ
01:50
and in English grammar they are paired with main verbs. There are several kinds. First,
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ใ‚Œใ€่‹ฑๆ–‡ๆณ•ใงใฏไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใจๅฏพใซใชใฃใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ็จฎ้กžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใšใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹
01:56
the kind of auxiliary verb that helps to make the passive voice. For example, the sentence:
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ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใฎไธ€็จฎ ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡
02:02
The wall was painted yesterday. The wall was painted, it didn't paint anything. Passive.
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๏ผšๅฃใฏๆ˜จๆ—ฅๆใ‹ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฃใฏ ๅก—่ฃ…ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‚ๅก—่ฃ…ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅ—ใ‘่บซใ€‚
02:10
The wall was painted yesterday. In this sentence, the word 'was' is the auxiliary verb. The
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ๆ˜จๆ—ฅๅฃใŒๅก—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใง ใฏใ€ใ€Œwasใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใŒๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
02:17
wall was painted, was, was, was painted. Do you see how it is lower in pitch? The wall
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ๅฃใฏๅก—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใ ใฃใŸใ€ใ ใฃใŸใ€ๅก—ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝŽใ„ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๆ˜จๆ—ฅๅฃ
02:23
was painted yesterday. We also need an auxiliary verb to help make the -ing, or, progressive
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ใŒๅก—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใพใŸ ใ€-ingใพใŸใฏ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚‚ๅฟ…่ฆ
02:31
form. For example in the sentence: You are speaking too fast. The word 'are' here is
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใง๏ผšใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ้€Ÿใ™ใŽใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฎใ€Œareใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชž
02:37
the auxiliary verb. You are speaking too fast. Do you see how it is lower in pitch than the
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ใฏๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้€Ÿใ™ใŽใพใ™ใ€‚ ่จ€่‘‰ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒไฝŽใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™
02:44
word speaking? You are speaking too fast. These cases are often written as contractions.
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ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้€Ÿใ™ใŽใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใฏใ—ใฐใ—ใฐๅŽ็ธฎใจใ—ใฆๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
02:53
You're speaking too fast. Another kind of auxiliary verb is the one that helps to make
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šใซใ‚‚้€Ÿใ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๅˆฅใฎ็จฎ้กžใฎ ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™
02:59
the perfect tense. For example, in the sentence: She has given up. The word 'has' is our helping
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ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใง๏ผš ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ใใ‚‰ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใง็งใŸใกใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹
03:06
verb here. She has given up. She has, she has. Do you see how the word 'has' is very
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ใใ‚‰ใ‚ใŸใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณ ใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฎใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒ้žๅธธใซไฝŽใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™
03:13
low in pitch? It's actually been reduced and I've dropped the H. She has, she has, she
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ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ€ ็งใฏHใ‚’่ฝใจใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณ
03:19
has given up. Modal verbs are also auxiliary, or helping, verbs. For example, might, could,
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ใฏใ‚ใใ‚‰ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใฏ ใ€ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใพใŸใฏๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€mightใ€could
03:29
and can. Take for example the sentence: I can go tomorrow. I can go tomorrow. Do you
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ใ€canใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ่กŒใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ่กŒใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:37
see how it is lower in pitch. It's unstressed. I can, can. It's actually even reduced, kn,
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ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝŽใ„ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒใชใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใใพใ™ใ€ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€็ผถใ‹ใ‚‰knใซใ€knใ€knใ‚‚ๅ‰Šๆธ›ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„
03:45
kn, from can to kn. I can, I can, I can go tomorrow. I can go tomorrow. Prepositions
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใงใใ‚‹ใ€็งใฏใงใใ‚‹ใ€็งใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ่กŒใใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ ใ€‚ ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ่กŒใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉž
03:57
are also function words. For example with, on, beside. And so are pronouns. For example
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ใ‚‚ๆฉŸ่ƒฝ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐ ใ€ๆจชใซใ€ไธŠใซใ€‚ ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ‚‚ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
04:06
our, she. In the sentence "He came with his friends," the word 'with', a preposition,
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็งใŸใกใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅ‹้”ใจไธ€็ท’ใซๆฅใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ–‡ใฎไธญใง ใ€ใ€Œwithใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฏใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใง
04:14
low in pitch, unstressed. He came with his friends. Also, the word 'his', a possessive
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ใ€ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒไฝŽใใ€ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏๅ‹้”ใจไธ€็ท’ใซๆฅใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Š
04:21
pronoun. He came with his, with his, just like 'with', very low in pitch, unstressed.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏใ€ ใ€Œwithใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒ้žๅธธใซไฝŽใใ€ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒใชใ„็Šถๆ…‹ใงใ€ๅฝผใจไธ€็ท’ใซๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:29
He came with his friends. Conjunctions are also function words. For example and, but,
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ๅฝผใฏๅ‹้”ใจไธ€็ท’ใซๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉž ใ‚‚ๆฉŸ่ƒฝ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€andใ€butใ€
04:38
if. In the example sentence I'll come if you want, I'll come if you want. You can see that
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ifใ€‚ ไพ‹ๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ ๆœ›ใ‚€ใชใ‚‰็งใฏๆฅใพใ™ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆœ›ใ‚€ใชใ‚‰็งใฏๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚
04:47
'if' is one of the words that is not stressed, it is lower in pitch. I'll come if you want.
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'if'ใŒๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅ˜่ชžใฎ1ใคใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒใŒไฝŽใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚
04:56
To review, function words are the words that will generally be unstressed in a sentence.
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ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆฉŸ่ƒฝ่ชžใฏใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซๆ–‡ใฎไธญใงใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒใชใ„ๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
05:01
So this means they will be lower in pitch, sometimes lower in volume, often very, very
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใƒ”ใƒƒใƒ ใŒไฝŽใใชใ‚Šใ€้Ÿณ้‡ใŒไฝŽใใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้žๅธธใซ
05:07
fast. Sometimes they will even reduce, which means, a sound will change or will get dropped.
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้ซ˜้€Ÿใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ™‚ใ€…ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๆธ›ๅฐ‘ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ•ใˆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใใ‚Œ ใฏ้ŸณใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏ่ฝใจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:12
They are the opposite of content words, which will generally be stressed within a sentence.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅ†…ๅฎน่ชžใฎๅๅฏพใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซๆ–‡ใฎไธญใงๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
05:19
This contrast of stressed and unstressed is very important in American English. So now
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ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใจใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใฎใ“ใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใฏ ใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆ
05:26
that you know a bit more about it, do try to use it while speaking. That's it, and thanks
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ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—็Ÿฅใฃ ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘
05:31
so much for using Rachel's English.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ใƒฌใ‚คใƒใ‚งใƒซใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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