Using Would Have, Could Have, Should Have - English Grammar Lesson

使用Would Have、Could Have、Should Have — 英语语法课程

Oh…

噢…

Hello!

您好!

Ah…

啊…

I should have prepared for this lesson, I guess.

我应该准备好了这节 课程，我猜。

Now I don’t know what to say.

现在，我不知道要说什么了。

Whoops!

嚯！

Martin!

Martin!

You could have at least warned me.

您至少要提醒我一下。

Now what are we going to do?

现在，我们要做什么？

I would have done it, but I was just so busy…

我应该会准备好的，但是，我就是太忙了…

I could have done it if you’d told me.

如果您告诉我，我就可以准备好的。

Don’t you have some notes, or something we can use?

您没有一些笔记吗，或者 一些我们可以用的吗？

I had some notes, but I can’t find them.

我有一些笔记，但是，我找不到它们。

Well, think about it: where could they be?

好吧，想想它：它们能在哪里？

Not sure…

不确定…

I could have left them on the bus.

我可能把它们遗留在公车上了。

I should never have agreed to do this video…

我应该从没同意过要做这个视屏…

Hi, I’m Martin.

嗨，我是Martin。

Welcome to Oxford Online English!

欢迎来到Oxford Online English！

In this lesson, you can learn how to use would have, should have and could have.

在本节课里，您可以学到怎么使用 would have、should have和could have。

These verbs—would, should, could, etc.—are modal verbs, so they don’t have past forms

这些动词 — would、should、could，等等 — 是情态动词，所以，它们不像

like normal verbs do.

一般的动词那样有过去形式。

Instead, you can talk about the past by adding have plus a past participle after the verb.

取代的是，您可以在情态动词的后面加have + 一个动词的过去分词来谈论过去。

In this lesson, you’ll learn how to use those modal verbs to talk about the past in

在本节课里，您会学到怎样使用 那些英语情态动词来谈论过去，它们

English, what they mean, and how they’re different.

是什么意思，以及它们是怎么不同的。

Sometimes, you have moments when your life could go in very different ways.

有时，您有一些您的生活可以以十分 不同的方向进行的时刻。

For example, maybe you take an important exam, and your result decides where you can go to

例如，也许您参加一个重要的考试， 您的考试结果决定您

university.

可以上哪一所大学。

Maybe you’re thinking about moving to another country.

也许您在考虑搬到另一个城市。

Do you stay where you are, or do you leave?

您停留在您现在在的地方，还是离开？

Perhaps you’re in a relationship and things aren’t going so well.

可能您在相爱，事情发展得不顺利。

Do you stay and try to make it work, or do you move on?

您是留下来努力让它发展 下去，还是您继续前进？

Life is full of these important moments and decisions.

生活充满了这些重要的 时刻和决定。

Try to think of something like this from your past.

试着想想某些像这样的 您过去的事情。

Now, ask yourself: you made the choices you made.

现在，自己问自己： 您做出了 您所做的选择。

You passed the exam, or you failed it; you moved to another country, or you didn’t.

您通过了考试，或者没考过； 您搬到了另一个城市，或者您没有。

That’s reality, but what if things had gone the other way?

那就是现实，但如果事情以 另一种方向发展呢？

This is the imaginary past.

这是假设过去。

You’re imagining a different version of the past.

您在假设过去的一个不同版本。

You’re asking yourself questions like:

您自己问自己的问题像是：

What if I had worked a bit harder, and passed that exam?

What if I had worked a bit harder, and passed that exam?

What if I had taken that job, and moved to Italy?

What if I had taken that job, and moved to Italy?

What if I had told her how I feel?

What if I had told her how I feel?

This is where you use would have.

这是您要用would have的地方。

Use would have to talk about the imaginary past.

使用would have来谈论假设的过去。

For example:

例如：

If I had got better exam results, I would have got into Harvard.

If I had got better exam results, I would have got into Harvard.

I wouldn’t have met my wife if I had moved to Italy seven years ago.

I wouldn’t have met my wife if I had moved to Italy seven years ago.

If I hadn’t forgotten my pen that day, I wouldn’t have asked to borrow yours, and

If I hadn’t forgotten my pen that day, I wouldn’t have asked to borrow yours, and

we wouldn’t have become friends!

we wouldn’t have become friends!

Think about your important moment from the past, when your life could have gone in two

想想在您的过去，您的生活可以朝 两个十分不同的方向

very different directions: what would have happened if things had gone the other way?

发展的重要时刻： what would have happened if things had gone the other way?

So, you can use would have to talk about the imaginary past.

所以，您可以使用would have来 谈论假设的过去。

What about our other verbs?

那我们其他的情态动词呢？

Where do you suppose they are?

您猜他们在哪？

I don’t know.

我不知道。

They’re usually so reliable.

他们通常很可靠。

I guess they could have mixed up the date?

我猜他们可能搞混日期了？

Shall we try calling them again?

我们必须再打电话给他们吗？

We can’t wait forever.

我们不能永远等下去。

When will it be ready?

什么时候会准备好？

I think next Thursday.

我认为下周四。

You said you’d have it finished by the end of this week!

您说您会在这个周末完成它！

Now what am I going to do?

现在，我要去做什么？

Sorry.

抱歉。

You could have told me sooner that you weren’t going to finish on time.

您要尽快告诉我您不会按时完成。

Doctor, is it serious?

医生，那严重吗？

No, it’s just a scratch, but be more careful next time.

没有，那只是一个擦伤，但是， 下次要更小心点。

You could have really hurt yourself!

您可能真的伤了自己！

You can also use could have to talk about the imaginary past:

您也可以使用could have来谈论假设的过去：

If I’d had more time, I could have finished everything.

假如我之前有更多的时间， 我可以完成每一件事。

He could have won it if he hadn’t slipped at the start.

假如在开始时他没有打滑， 他可以赢下来。

When you use could have to talk about the imaginary past, you’re talking about possibilities.

当您使用could have来谈论假设的 过去，您在谈论可能性。

You’re talking about opportunities and chances which you didn’t have in reality,

您在谈论您在现实里没有的机遇和机会，

but in your imaginary version of the past, you would have had these chances.

但是，在您假设的过去版本 里，您会有这些机会。

However, could have can also have different meanings. Let’s look:

然而，could have也可以有不同的 意思。我们来看看：

Here, you saw three more ways to use could have.

在这里，您看到三种以上的方式 来使用could have。

Remember that you can go back and review the dialogues if you need to.

记住如果您需要，您可以 回头来复习对话。

Can you explain how could have is used in each of these dialogues?

您可以解释could have在这些对话里 是怎样使用的吗？

Could have can mean that you aren’t sure about something in the past.

Could have可以意思是您不确定 某些过去的事情。

You’re talking about a possibility:

您在谈论一个可能性：

They could have mixed up the date.

They could have mixed up the date.

I’ve lost my keys.

I’ve lost my keys.

I could have left them at work.

I could have left them at work.

Where are they?

Where are they?

I guess they could have missed the train.

I guess they could have missed the train.

In these examples, you aren’t sure about something that happened in the past.

在这些例子里，您不确定某些在 过去发生的事情。

You use could have to make a guess about what happened.

您使用could have来对发生的事情 做一个猜测。

You can also use could have to criticise someone:

您也可以使用could have来批评某人：

You could have told me sooner.

You could have told me sooner.

You could have tidied up a bit.

You could have tidied up a bit.

You could have worn something a bit nicer.

You could have worn something a bit nicer.

In these examples, you want to criticise the other person for something they didn’t do.

在这些事例里，您因为其他人没做 某些事情而想批评他们。

Finally, you can use could have to mean that somebody was lucky to avoid a bad situation

最后，您可以使用could have来意思 某人是幸运地避免了一个

in the past:

在过去的糟糕情形：

It’s just a scratch, but you could have really hurt yourself.

It’s just a scratch, but you could have really hurt yourself.

We were really late, and we could have missed our plane, but luckily we just made it.

We were really late, and we could have missed our plane, but luckily we just made it.

Let’s review quickly.

我们来快速复习一下。

Could have has four different meanings.

Could have有四个不同的意思。

Can you remember them?

您可以记得它们吗？

You can use could have to talk about the imaginary past,

您可以使用could have来谈论 假设的过去，

to guess about something in the past which you aren’t sure about,

来猜测您不确定的在过去的某些事情，

to criticise someone for something they didn’t do,

来因为某人没做某些事情而批评他们，

and to say that someone was lucky to avoid a bad situation.

以及来说某人避免了一个糟糕的 情形是幸运的。

Next, what about should have?

接下来，那should have呢？

You just saw that could have can be used to criticise someone.

您只看到could have可以用于批评某人。

Should have is similar, but you can use it in a wider variety of ways.

Should have是相似的，但是，您可以 用范围更大的方式使用它。

Like could have, you can use it to criticise something that someone didn’t do in the

相似could have，您可以使用它来 批评某人在过去没有

past:

做的某些事情：

You should have called me like you promised.

You should have called me like you promised.

He should have checked the recipe before he started cooking.

He should have checked the recipe before he started cooking.

They should have practiced penalties before the match.

They should have practiced penalties before the match.

You can also use it to criticise something that someone did:

您也可以使用它来批评某人做了的 某些事情：

You shouldn’t have drunk so much at the wedding!

You shouldn’t have drunk so much at the wedding!

She shouldn’t have left everything to the last minute.

She shouldn’t have left everything to the last minute.

You can even use it to criticise yourself, if you regret something which you did in the

您甚至可以使用它来自我批评， 如果您后悔您在过去做的

past:

某些事情：

I should have realised what was going on.

I should have realised what was going on.

I shouldn’t have said that.

I shouldn’t have said that.

You can also use should have to apologise to someone.

您也可以使用should have来对某人道歉。

If you say I shouldn’t have said that, you’re admitting that you made the wrong choice,

如果您说“I shouldn’t have said that”， 您承认您做了错误的选择，

and that you regret it.

您后悔了。

This is the most common use of should have: criticising others or yourself, and talking

这是should have的最常见的使用： 批评某人或自己，谈论在

about things you regret in the past.

过去您后悔的事情。

However, it has one more meaning.

然而，它还有一个意思。

Look at three examples.

看三个例子。

Can you work out what should have means here?

您可以找出来should have在这里有什么意思吗？

Here, you use should have to talk about something which you expected to happen, but it didn’t

在这里，您使用should have来谈论 某些您期望它发生，但是，

happen.

它没有发生的事情。

They should have been here by now means that you expected them to have arrived before now,

“They should have been here by now”意思是 您希望他们在此之前已经到了，

but you’re still waiting.

但是，您还在等。

It should have been ready an hour ago means that you expected everything to be ready earlier.

“It should have been ready an hour ago” 意思是您期望每一件事情都提前准备好。

Maybe you’re cooking something, and it’s taking much longer than you thought it would.

也许您在煮某些东西，那耗费的时间 比您预料会耗费的时间更长。

The plane should have landed at seven thirty means that you expected the plane to land

“The plane should have landed at seven thirty” 意思是您希望飞机已经着陆了，

then, but it didn’t.

但是，它没有。

Probably, you mean that the plane is late, and you’re still waiting for it.

有可能，您的意思是飞机延误了， 您仍然在等它。

Now, you should have learned two different ways to use should have.

现在，您应当学到了使用should have 的两种不同的方式。

Let’s practice using would have, could have and should have together.

我们一起来用would have、could have 和should have练习一下。

You should have told me your friends were coming!

You should have told me your friends were coming!

I would have made some extra food.

I would have made some extra food.

Sorry!

Sorry!

I would have called you, but I had no phone credit.

I would have called you, but I had no phone credit.

I should have topped up before we went out.

I should have topped up before we went out.

What are we going to eat?

What are we going to eat?

We don’t have much in the fridge.

We don’t have much in the fridge.

I should have stopped and got a takeaway on the way.

I should have stopped and got a takeaway on the way.

Not to worry: we’ll order something.

Not to worry: we’ll order something.

Where’s the food?

Where’s the food?

I’m so hungry!

I’m so hungry!

They should have come by now, right?

They should have come by now, right?

They’re probably just busy.

They’re probably just busy.

They could have forgotten.

They could have forgotten.

They would have called if there was a problem, don’t you think?

They would have called if there was a problem, don’t you think?

Relax!

Relax!

You should have had a snack when you got in.

You should have had a snack when you got in.

It’ll be here soon.

It’ll be here soon.

That was delicious!

That was delicious!

I’ve never had such a good meal.

I’ve never had such a good meal.

You could have left some for me.

You could have left some for me.

What am I supposed to eat?

What am I supposed to eat?

Oh…

Oh…

I’m sorry!

I’m sorry!

I would have left some if I’d known you wanted some.

I would have left some if I’d known you wanted some.

I should have asked.

I should have asked.

Yeah, you should have.

Yeah, you should have.

Oh well, there’s half a cucumber in the fridge, I think.

Oh well, there’s half a cucumber in the fridge, I think.

Look at three sentences from the dialogues.

看对话里面的三个句子。

Can you explain what they mean?

您可以解释它们是什么意思吗？

The first sentence is talking about the imaginary past.

第一句是在谈论假设的过去。

It means that if I had known you were bringing guests, I would have made some more food.

那意思是如果我知道您带了客人来， 我会准备好更多的食物。

But, in reality, I didn’t know, so I didn’t make enough food.

但是，事实上，我不知道，所以 我没有准备足够的食物。

The second sentence is talking about something you aren’t sure about in the past.

第二句是在谈论某些在过去 您不确定的事情。

Do you remember the situation?

您记得那情形吗？

We were waiting for our takeaway to arrive.

我们在等我们的外卖送到。

It was late, and we didn’t know what happened.

它晚送到了，我们不知道 发生了什么事情。

You use could have here to make a guess about something in the past when you don’t know

您在这里使用could have来猜测在过去 您不知道发生了什么的

what happened.

某些事情。

The third sentence is a criticism, or an expression of regret.

第三句是一个批评，或一个 后悔的表达。

If you say this, you mean that you made a mistake in the past.

如果您这样说，您意思是您在 过去犯了一个错误。

Think back to the dialogues.

再回想一下对话。

Did we use should have or could have in any other ways?

我们以其他方式使用should have或者 could have吗？

Look at two more sentences:

再看两个句子。

They should have come by now.

They should have come by now.

You could have left some for me.

You could have left some for me.

What do should have and could have mean here?

Should have和could have在这里是什么意思？

Here, should have means that something didn’t happen the way you expected.

在这里，should have意思是某些事情 没按您期望的方式发生。

You expected the food to be here by now, but it isn’t.

您期望食物现在在这里了， 但是，它没有。

Could have is used to criticise something which someone else didn’t do.

Could have用于批评某些其他人 没做的事情。

Now, hopefully you understand how to use would have, could have and should have.

现在，希望您理解怎样使用would have、 could have和should have。

Get more practice with the full version of this lesson, which includes a quiz to help

在本节课的完整版本里得到更多的 练习，那包含一个随堂小测验

your understanding of this topic.

帮助您理解这个主题。

There’s a link underneath the video.

在视屏下面有一个链接。

You can also find many more free English lessons on our website: Oxford Online English.com.

您也能在我们的网站上找到更多的免费 英语课程：Oxford Online English.com.

Finally, a question: did you learn anything new about using would have, could have or

最后，一个问题：您有学到任何使用 would have、could have或

should have?

should have的新东西吗？

What was new for you in this lesson?

在本节课里，对您来说什么是新东西？

Please let us know in the comments.

请写在评论栏里让我们知道。

Thanks for watching!

感谢观看！

See you next time!

下次见！