Using Would Have, Could Have, Should Have - English Grammar Lesson

使用Would Have、Could Have、Should Have — 英文文法課程

Oh…

噢…

Hello!

您好!

Ah…

啊…

I should have prepared for this lesson, I guess.

我猜，我應該準備好這節課了。

Now I don’t know what to say.

現在，我不知道要說什麼了。

Whoops!

嚯！

Martin!

Martin!

You could have at least warned me.

您至少要提醒我一下。

Now what are we going to do?

現在，我們要做什麼？

I would have done it, but I was just so busy…

我應該會準備好的，但是，我就是太忙了…

I could have done it if you’d told me.

如果您告訴我，我就可以準備好的。

Don’t you have some notes, or something we can use?

您沒有一些筆記嗎，或者 一些我們可以用的嗎？

I had some notes, but I can’t find them.

我有一些筆記，但是，我找不到它們。

Well, think about it: where could they be?

好吧，想想：它們能在哪裡？

Not sure…

不確定…

I could have left them on the bus.

我可能把它們遺留在公車上了。

I should never have agreed to do this video…

我應該從沒同意過要做這個影片…

Hi, I’m Martin.

嗨，我是Martin。

Welcome to Oxford Online English!

歡迎來到Oxford Online English！

In this lesson, you can learn how to use would have, should have and could have.

在本節課裡，您可以學到怎麼使用 would have、should have和could have。

These verbs—would, should, could, etc.—are modal verbs, so they don’t have past forms

這些動詞 — would、should、could，等等 — 是情態助動詞，所以，它們不像

like normal verbs do.

一般的動詞那樣有過去型態。

Instead, you can talk about the past by adding have plus a past participle after the verb.

取代的是，您可以在情態助動詞的後面 加have + 一個動詞的過去分詞型態來談論過去。

In this lesson, you’ll learn how to use those modal verbs to talk about the past in

在本節課裡，您會學到怎麼使用 那些英文情態助動詞來談論過去、它們

English, what they mean, and how they’re different.

是什麼意思、它們是怎麼不同的。

Sometimes, you have moments when your life could go in very different ways.

有時，您有一些您的生活可以按十分 不同的方向進行的時刻。

For example, maybe you take an important exam, and your result decides where you can go to

例如，也許您參加一個重要的考試， 您的考試結果決定您

university.

可以唸哪一所大學。

Maybe you’re thinking about moving to another country.

也許您在考慮搬家到另一個城市。

Do you stay where you are, or do you leave?

您留在現在在的地方，還是離開？

Perhaps you’re in a relationship and things aren’t going so well.

可能您在相愛，事情發展得不順利。

Do you stay and try to make it work, or do you move on?

您是留下來繼續努力經營它， 還是您繼續前進？

Life is full of these important moments and decisions.

生活裡充滿了這些重要的 時刻和決定。

Try to think of something like this from your past.

試著想想某些像這樣的 您過去的事情。

Now, ask yourself: you made the choices you made.

現在，自己問自己：您做出了 您所做的選擇。

You passed the exam, or you failed it; you moved to another country, or you didn’t.

您通過了考試，或者沒考過； 您搬到了另一個城市，或者您沒有。

That’s reality, but what if things had gone the other way?

那就是現實，但如果事情按 另一種方向發展呢？

This is the imaginary past.

這是假設過去。

You’re imagining a different version of the past.

您在假設過去的一個不同版本。

You’re asking yourself questions like:

您自己問自己的問題像是：

What if I had worked a bit harder, and passed that exam?

What if I had worked a bit harder, and passed that exam?

What if I had taken that job, and moved to Italy?

What if I had taken that job, and moved to Italy?

What if I had told her how I feel?

What if I had told her how I feel?

This is where you use would have.

這是您要用would have的地方。

Use would have to talk about the imaginary past.

使用would have來談論假設的過去。

For example:

例如：

If I had got better exam results, I would have got into Harvard.

If I had got better exam results, I would have got into Harvard.

I wouldn’t have met my wife if I had moved to Italy seven years ago.

I wouldn’t have met my wife if I had moved to Italy seven years ago.

If I hadn’t forgotten my pen that day, I wouldn’t have asked to borrow yours, and

If I hadn’t forgotten my pen that day, I wouldn’t have asked to borrow yours, and

we wouldn’t have become friends!

we wouldn’t have become friends!

Think about your important moment from the past, when your life could have gone in two

想想在您的過去，您的生活可以朝 兩個十分不同的方向

very different directions: what would have happened if things had gone the other way?

發展的重要時刻： what would have happened if things had gone the other way?

So, you can use would have to talk about the imaginary past.

所以，您可以使用would have來 談論假設的過去。

What about our other verbs?

那我們其他的情態助動詞呢？

Where do you suppose they are?

您猜他們在哪裡？

I don’t know.

我不知道。

They’re usually so reliable.

他們通常很可靠。

I guess they could have mixed up the date?

我猜他們可能搞混日期了？

Shall we try calling them again?

我們必須再打電話給他們嗎？

We can’t wait forever.

我們不能永遠等下去。

When will it be ready?

什麼時候會準備好？

I think next Thursday.

我認為下週四。

You said you’d have it finished by the end of this week!

您說您會在這個週末完成它！

Now what am I going to do?

現在，我要去做什麼？

Sorry.

抱歉。

You could have told me sooner that you weren’t going to finish on time.

您要盡快告訴我您不會按時完成。

Doctor, is it serious?

醫師，那嚴重嗎？

No, it’s just a scratch, but be more careful next time.

不嚴重，那只是一個擦傷，但是， 下次要更小心點。

You could have really hurt yourself!

您可能會真的傷了自己！

You can also use could have to talk about the imaginary past:

您也可以使用could have來談論假設的過去：

If I’d had more time, I could have finished everything.

假如我之前有很多的時間， 我可以完成每一件事情。

He could have won it if he hadn’t slipped at the start.

假如在開始時他沒有打滑， 他可以贏。

When you use could have to talk about the imaginary past, you’re talking about possibilities.

當您使用could have來談論假設的 過去，您在談論可能性。

You’re talking about opportunities and chances which you didn’t have in reality,

您在談論您在現實裡沒有的機遇和機會，

but in your imaginary version of the past, you would have had these chances.

但是，在您假設的過去版本裡， 您會有這些機會。

However, could have can also have different meanings. Let’s look:

然而，could have也可以有不同的 意思。我們來看看：

Here, you saw three more ways to use could have.

在這裡，您看到使用could have的 三種以上的方式。

Remember that you can go back and review the dialogues if you need to.

記住，如果您想要，您可以 回頭複習對話。

Can you explain how could have is used in each of these dialogues?

您可以解釋could have在這些對話裡 是怎麼使用的嗎？

Could have can mean that you aren’t sure about something in the past.

Could have可以意思是您不確定 某些過去的事情。

You’re talking about a possibility:

您在談論一個可能性：

They could have mixed up the date.

They could have mixed up the date.

I’ve lost my keys.

I’ve lost my keys.

I could have left them at work.

I could have left them at work.

Where are they?

Where are they?

I guess they could have missed the train.

I guess they could have missed the train.

In these examples, you aren’t sure about something that happened in the past.

在這些例子裡，您不確定某些在 過去發生的事情。

You use could have to make a guess about what happened.

您使用could have來對發生的事情 做一個猜測。

You can also use could have to criticise someone:

您也可以使用could have來批評某人：

You could have told me sooner.

You could have told me sooner.

You could have tidied up a bit.

You could have tidied up a bit.

You could have worn something a bit nicer.

You could have worn something a bit nicer.

In these examples, you want to criticise the other person for something they didn’t do.

在這些事例裡，您因為其他人沒做 某些事情而想批評他們。

Finally, you can use could have to mean that somebody was lucky to avoid a bad situation

最後，您可以使用could have來表達 某人是幸運地避免了一個

in the past:

在過去的糟糕的情形：

It’s just a scratch, but you could have really hurt yourself.

It’s just a scratch, but you could have really hurt yourself.

We were really late, and we could have missed our plane, but luckily we just made it.

We were really late, and we could have missed our plane, but luckily we just made it.

Let’s review quickly.

我們來快速複習一下。

Could have has four different meanings.

Could have有四個不同的意思。

Can you remember them?

您可以記得它們嗎？

You can use could have to talk about the imaginary past,

您可以使用could have來談論 假設的過去，

to guess about something in the past which you aren’t sure about,

來猜測您不確定的過去的某些事情，

to criticise someone for something they didn’t do,

因為某人沒做某事而來批評它們，

and to say that someone was lucky to avoid a bad situation.

以及來說某人避免了一個糟糕的 情形是幸運的。

Next, what about should have?

接下來，那should have呢？

You just saw that could have can be used to criticise someone.

您只看到could have可以用來批評某人。

Should have is similar, but you can use it in a wider variety of ways.

Should have是相似的，但是，您可以 用更廣範的方式使用它。

Like could have, you can use it to criticise something that someone didn’t do in the

像是could have，您可以用它來 批評某人在過去沒有

past:

做的某些事情：

You should have called me like you promised.

You should have called me like you promised.

He should have checked the recipe before he started cooking.

He should have checked the recipe before he started cooking.

They should have practiced penalties before the match.

They should have practiced penalties before the match.

You can also use it to criticise something that someone did:

您也可以使用它來批評某人做了的 某些事情：

You shouldn’t have drunk so much at the wedding!

You shouldn’t have drunk so much at the wedding!

She shouldn’t have left everything to the last minute.

She shouldn’t have left everything to the last minute.

You can even use it to criticise yourself, if you regret something which you did in the

您甚至可以使用它來做自我批評， 如果您對您在過去做的

past:

某些事情後悔：

I should have realised what was going on.

I should have realised what was going on.

I shouldn’t have said that.

I shouldn’t have said that.

You can also use should have to apologise to someone.

您也可以使用should have來對某人道歉。

If you say I shouldn’t have said that, you’re admitting that you made the wrong choice,

如果您說“I shouldn’t have said that”， 您承認您做了錯誤的選擇，

and that you regret it.

您後悔了。

This is the most common use of should have: criticising others or yourself, and talking

這是should have的最常見使用方式： 批評某人或自己，談論在

about things you regret in the past.

過去您後悔的事情。

However, it has one more meaning.

然而，它還有一個意思。

Look at three examples.

看三個例子。

Can you work out what should have means here?

您可以找出來should have在這裡有什麼意思嗎？

Here, you use should have to talk about something which you expected to happen, but it didn’t

在這裡，您使用should have來談論 某些您期望它發生，但是，

happen.

它沒有發生的事情。

They should have been here by now means that you expected them to have arrived before now,

“They should have been here by now”意思是 您希望他們在此之前已經到了，

but you’re still waiting.

但是，您還在等。

It should have been ready an hour ago means that you expected everything to be ready earlier.

“It should have been ready an hour ago” 意思是您期望每一件事情都提前準備好。

Maybe you’re cooking something, and it’s taking much longer than you thought it would.

也許您在煮某些東西，那耗費的 時間比您預想的更長。

The plane should have landed at seven thirty means that you expected the plane to land

“The plane should have landed at seven thirty” 意思是您希望飛機已經著陸了，

then, but it didn’t.

但是，它沒有。

Probably, you mean that the plane is late, and you’re still waiting for it.

有可能，您的意思是飛機延誤了， 您仍然在等它。

Now, you should have learned two different ways to use should have.

現在，您應當學到了使用should have 的兩種不同的方式。

Let’s practice using would have, could have and should have together.

我們一起來用would have、could have 和should have練習一下。

You should have told me your friends were coming!

You should have told me your friends were coming!

I would have made some extra food.

I would have made some extra food.

Sorry!

Sorry!

I would have called you, but I had no phone credit.

I would have called you, but I had no phone credit.

I should have topped up before we went out.

I should have topped up before we went out.

What are we going to eat?

What are we going to eat?

We don’t have much in the fridge.

We don’t have much in the fridge.

I should have stopped and got a takeaway on the way.

I should have stopped and got a takeaway on the way.

Not to worry: we’ll order something.

Not to worry: we’ll order something.

Where’s the food?

Where’s the food?

I’m so hungry!

I’m so hungry!

They should have come by now, right?

They should have come by now, right?

They’re probably just busy.

They’re probably just busy.

They could have forgotten.

They could have forgotten.

They would have called if there was a problem, don’t you think?

They would have called if there was a problem, don’t you think?

Relax!

Relax!

You should have had a snack when you got in.

You should have had a snack when you got in.

It’ll be here soon.

It’ll be here soon.

That was delicious!

That was delicious!

I’ve never had such a good meal.

I’ve never had such a good meal.

You could have left some for me.

You could have left some for me.

What am I supposed to eat?

What am I supposed to eat?

Oh…

Oh…

I’m sorry!

I’m sorry!

I would have left some if I’d known you wanted some.

I would have left some if I’d known you wanted some.

I should have asked.

I should have asked.

Yeah, you should have.

Yeah, you should have.

Oh well, there’s half a cucumber in the fridge, I think.

Oh well, there’s half a cucumber in the fridge, I think.

Look at three sentences from the dialogues.

看對話裡面的三個句子。

Can you explain what they mean?

您可以解釋他們是什麼意思嗎？

The first sentence is talking about the imaginary past.

句一是在談論假設的過去。

It means that if I had known you were bringing guests, I would have made some more food.

那意思是如果我知道您帶了客人來， 我會準備好更多的食物。

But, in reality, I didn’t know, so I didn’t make enough food.

但是，在現實裡，我不知道，所以 我沒有準備足夠的食物。

The second sentence is talking about something you aren’t sure about in the past.

句二是在談論某些在過去 您不確定的事情。

Do you remember the situation?

您記得那個情形嗎？

We were waiting for our takeaway to arrive.

我們在等我們點的外賣送到。

It was late, and we didn’t know what happened.

它晚送到了，我們不知道 發生了什麼事情。

You use could have here to make a guess about something in the past when you don’t know

您在這裡使用could have來猜測在過去 您不知道發生了什麼的

what happened.

某些事情。

The third sentence is a criticism, or an expression of regret.

句三是一個批評，或一個 後悔的表達。

If you say this, you mean that you made a mistake in the past.

如果您這樣說，您意思是您在 過去犯了一個錯誤。

Think back to the dialogues.

再回想一下對話。

Did we use should have or could have in any other ways?

我們以其他的方式使用should have或者 could have嗎？

Look at two more sentences:

再看兩個句子。

They should have come by now.

They should have come by now.

You could have left some for me.

You could have left some for me.

What do should have and could have mean here?

Should have和could have在這裡是什麼意思？

Here, should have means that something didn’t happen the way you expected.

在這裡，should have意思是某些事情 沒按您期望的方式發生。

You expected the food to be here by now, but it isn’t.

您期望食物現在在這裡了， 但是，它沒有。

Could have is used to criticise something which someone else didn’t do.

Could have用於批評某些其他人 沒做的事情。

Now, hopefully you understand how to use would have, could have and should have.

現在，希望您理解怎麼使用would have、 could have和should have。

Get more practice with the full version of this lesson, which includes a quiz to help

在本節課的完整版本裡得到更多的 練習，那包含一個隨堂小測驗

your understanding of this topic.

幫助您理解這個主題。

There’s a link underneath the video.

在影片的下方有一個連接。

You can also find many more free English lessons on our website: Oxford Online English.com.

您也能在我們的網站上找到更多的免費 英文課程：Oxford Online English.com.

Finally, a question: did you learn anything new about using would have, could have or

最後，一個問題：您有學到任何使用 would have、could have或

should have?

should have的新東西嗎？

What was new for you in this lesson?

在本節課裡，對您來說什麼是新東西？

Please let us know in the comments.

請寫在留言板裡告訴我們。

Thanks for watching!

感謝觀看！

See you next time!

下次見！