How To Use Commas - English Writing Lesson

253,606 views ใƒป 2015-04-20

Oxford Online English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:02
Hello, I'm Oli.
0
2060
1000
ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใ‚ชใƒชใงใ™ใ€‚
00:03
Welcome to Oxford Online English.
1
3060
2070
ใ‚ชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ‰ ใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณ ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฐใƒชใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
00:05
In this lesson, you can learn about using commas.
2
5130
3910
ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฎไฝฟ็”จใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆ็ฟ’ใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:09
Students often seem very confused about commas and how to use them correctly.
3
9040
4860
ๅญฆ็”Ÿใฏใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใจใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฎๆญฃใ—ใ„ไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใซใคใ„ใฆ้žๅธธใซๆททไนฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:13
Commas are quite complicated, because they don't just do one thing.
4
13900
4389
ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏ 1 ใคใฎใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€้žๅธธใซ่ค‡้›‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:18
Actually, commas have many different jobs in the sentence.
5
18289
4341
ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใซใฏๆ–‡ใฎไธญใงใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๅฝนๅ‰ฒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:22
So in this lesson, I'll explain the different types of comma, what they do and how you can
6
22630
5649
ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช ็จฎ้กžใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ€ใใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณไฝฟ็”จๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—
00:28
use them.
7
28279
1830
ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:30
Let's start with our first type of comma: the listing comma.
8
30109
4831
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† : ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆ ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใงใ™ใ€‚
00:34
As the name suggests, the listing comma is used to list items or ideas one after another.
9
34940
6600
ๅๅ‰ใŒ็คบใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฎใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใฏใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ†ใƒ ใ‚„ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๆฌกใ€…ใจใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
00:41
For example: "We need two cucumbers, four tomatoes, some onions and a lettuce."
10
41540
7940
ไพ‹: ใ€Œใ‚ญใƒฅใ‚ฆใƒช 2 ๆœฌใ€ใƒˆใƒžใƒˆ 4 ๅ€‹ใ€ใ‚ฟใƒžใƒใ‚ฎ 2 ๅ€‹ใ€ใƒฌใ‚ฟใ‚น 1 ๅ€‹ใŒๅฟ…่ฆ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆ
00:49
We use commas to separate the items on the list.
11
49480
3820
ใฎ้ …็›ฎใ‚’ๅŒบๅˆ‡ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ้€šๅธธ
00:53
Before the word 'and' in British English, we don't usually use a comma.
12
53300
4730
ใ€ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚น่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€Œandใ€ใฎๅ‰ใซ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:58
In American English, a comma is often used before 'and'.
13
58030
4960
ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ ใ€Œandใ€ใฎๅ‰ใซใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใŒใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
01:02
It's your choice which style you use.
14
62990
2400
ใฉใฎใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒซใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ้ธๆŠžใงใ™ใ€‚
01:05
Both are correct.
15
65390
1710
ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:07
This comma - the listing comma - replaces the words 'and' or 'or'.
16
67100
5159
ใ“ใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒž (ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒž) ใฏ ใ€'and' ใพใŸใฏ 'or' ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
01:12
You could say: "We need two cucumbers and four tomatoes and some onions and a lettuce."
17
72259
6900
ใ€Œใ‚ญใƒฅใ‚ฆใƒชใŒ 2 ๆœฌใ€ใƒˆใƒžใƒˆใŒ 4 ๅ€‹ใ€ใ‚ฟใƒžใƒใ‚ฎใŒ 2 ๅ€‹ใ€ใƒฌใ‚ฟใ‚นใŒ 1 ๅ€‹ๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:19
It's not wrong, but it doesn't sound good, so it's better to use the commas.
18
79159
6611
้–“้•ใ„ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€้ŸฟใใŒ่‰ฏใใชใ„ ใฎใงใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:25
Your list could include phrases, or even complete sentences.
19
85770
4650
ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใซใฏใ€ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚„ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
01:30
The principle is the same.
20
90420
1930
ๅŽŸ็†ใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:32
For example: "We spent our time relaxing on the beach, swimming in the sea and drinking
21
92350
6229
ไพ‹๏ผšใ€Œ ใƒ“ใƒผใƒใงใƒชใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๆตทใงๆณณใ„ใ ใ‚Š
01:38
coffee in the seaside cafรฉs."
22
98579
3091
ใ€ๆตท่พบใฎใ‚ซใƒ•ใ‚งใงใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚“ใ ใ‚Šใ—ใฆ้Žใ”ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
01:41
In this case, the items on our list are whole phrases; they're not just single words, but
23
101670
5230
ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฎ้ …็›ฎใฏ ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บๅ…จไฝ“ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
01:46
the principle is the same.
24
106900
1819
ใ€ๅŽŸๅ‰‡ใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:48
We use a comma after each item, and in British English, not before the word 'and'.
25
108719
7570
ๅ„้ …็›ฎใฎๅพŒใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚น ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ใ€Œandใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฎๅ‰ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’
01:56
You can also use the listing comma - sometimes- to separate adjectives before a noun.
26
116289
6551
ๅŒบๅˆ‡ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
02:02
Look at two sentences: "She has long, dark, shiny hair."
27
122840
4380
ๆฌกใฎ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ้•ทใใ€้ป’ใใ€ ๅ…‰ๆฒขใฎใ‚ใ‚‹้ซชใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
02:07
"He bought a bottle of dark, German beer."
28
127220
4909
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ้ป’ใฎใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„ใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใ‚’1ๆœฌ่ฒทใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
02:12
In the first sentence, we use listing commas to separate the adjectives.
29
132129
5241
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฎใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ ใ—ใฆๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ๅŒบๅˆ‡ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:17
In the second sentence, we don't.
30
137370
2920
2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:20
Can you see why?
31
140290
1729
็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:22
Well, remember we said that the listing comma replaces the words 'and' or 'or'.
32
142019
6621
ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒž ใฏใ€Œandใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œorใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
02:28
You can say: "She has long and dark and shiny hair."
33
148640
4679
ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™๏ผšใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ้•ทใใฆๆš—ใใฆๅ…‰ๆฒขใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ ้ซชใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
02:33
It doesn't sound good, but it's possible.
34
153319
3191
ใ‚ˆใ่žใ“ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™ใ€‚
02:36
so in this case we use listing commas between the adjectives.
35
156510
5119
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎ้–“ใซใƒชใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐ ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
02:41
But you cannot say: "He bought a bottle of dark and German beer."
36
161629
5200
ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ้ป’ใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใจใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„ใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใ‚’1ๆœฌ่ฒทใฃใŸใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
02:46
It's not possible, so in this case we don't use listing commas.
37
166829
4591
ใใ‚Œใฏไธๅฏ่ƒฝใชใฎใงใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆ ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:51
If you're not sure, you can use this trick: try replacing the commas with the word 'and'.
38
171420
6399
ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ใ€Œandใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใซ็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
02:57
If it sounds OK, then you need commas.
39
177819
3121
ๅ•้กŒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
03:00
If it doesn't sound right, you don't need commas.
40
180940
3620
ๆญฃใ—ใ่žใ“ใˆใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
03:04
OK, what's our second comma?
41
184560
2590
OKใ€2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏ?
03:07
It's the joining comma!
42
187150
1530
ๆŽฅๅˆใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใงใ™๏ผ
03:08
The joining comma is used to join two complete sentences, together with a linking word.
43
188680
5430
็ตๅˆใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏใ€2 ใคใฎๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใ‚’้€ฃ็ต่ชžใจไธ€็ท’ใซ็ตๅˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
03:14
For example: "We were tired, and we really didn't feel like going anywhere."
44
194110
7500
ไพ‹๏ผšใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ็–ฒใ‚Œใฆใ„ใฆใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ ใฉใ“ใซใ‚‚่กŒใใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
03:21
In this sentence, each half of the sentence could stand by itself.
45
201610
4769
ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๅ„ๅŠๅˆ† ใŒ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:26
"We were tired," is a complete sentence, and "We really didn't feel like going anywhere,"
46
206379
7401
ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ็–ฒใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใฉใ“ใซใ‚‚่กŒใใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€
03:33
is also a complete sentence.
47
213780
2440
ใ‚‚ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใงใ™.
03:36
So we can put the two sentences together with a comma and the linking word 'and'.
48
216220
7139
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใจๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใ€Œandใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:43
Other linking words you can use in this way include 'and', 'but', 'or' or 'although'.
49
223359
6311
ใ“ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ไป–ใฎๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใซ ใฏใ€ใ€Œandใ€ใ€ใ€Œbutใ€ใ€ใ€Œorใ€ใ€ใ€Œalthoughใ€ใชใฉใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:49
There are many others as well; that's not a complete list.
50
229670
4190
ไป–ใซใ‚‚ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใชใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
03:53
However, you do need to be careful with these commas; you can't use a comma to join two
51
233860
5349
ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใซใฏๆณจๆ„ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ้€ฃ็ต่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ›ใšใซ 2 ใคใฎๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใ‚’ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใง็ตๅˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
03:59
complete sentences without using a linking word.
52
239209
3961
ใ€‚
04:03
You also can't use joining commas with some linking words.
53
243170
4289
ใพใŸใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ็ตๅˆ่ชžใง็ตๅˆใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
04:07
Let's practise: look at some sentences and see if they're right or wrong.
54
247459
7211
็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†: ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ ่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
04:14
Here are the four sentences.
55
254670
2330
ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ4ใคใฎๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:17
Read them, pause the video and think about your answer - which are correct and which
56
257000
5150
ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ชญใฟใ€ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„ -
04:22
are not correct in terms of comma use?
57
262150
3630
ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฎไฝฟ็”จใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใ€ใฉใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใใฆใฉใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใใชใ„ใงใ™ใ‹?
04:25
OK, ready?
58
265780
2600
ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใ„ใ„๏ผŸ
04:28
Let's look at the answers.
59
268380
1440
็ญ”ใˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:29
(1) and (4) are correct.
60
269820
2690
(1)ใจ(4)ใฏๆญฃ่งฃใงใ™ใ€‚
04:32
(2) and (3) are not correct.
61
272510
3020
(2) ใจ (3) ใฏๆญฃใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:35
Let's see why.
62
275530
3070
็†็”ฑใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:38
Sentence two: "I applied for the job, I really hope I get it," is not correct because there's
63
278600
5350
ๆ–‡ 2: ใ€Œ็งใฏใใฎไป•ไบ‹ใซๅฟœๅ‹Ÿใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅ—ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใฏๆญฃใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Š
04:43
no linking word between the sentences.
64
283950
3030
ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ๆ–‡ใฎ้–“ใซๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใŒใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:46
You could say: "I applied for the job, and I really hope I get it."
65
286980
6140
ใ€Œใใฎไป•ไบ‹ใซๅฟœๅ‹Ÿใ—ใŸใฎใงใ€ๆŽก็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟƒใ‹ใ‚‰้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:53
You could also say: "I applied for the job."
66
293120
2380
ใ€Œ็งใฏใใฎไป•ไบ‹ใซๅฟœๅ‹Ÿใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจใ‚‚่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
04:55
- full stop - "I really hope I get it."
67
295500
3580
- ็ต‚ๆญข็ฌฆ - ใ€Œ็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚ŒใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
04:59
But you can't use a comma to join two full sentences like this.
68
299080
6410
ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ 2 ใคใฎๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใ‚’ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใง็ตๅˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
05:05
In the second sentence: "She didn't get the grades she needed, however she got into the
69
305490
4649
2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡: ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฟ…่ฆใชๆˆ็ธพใ‚’ๅŽใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใŒ
05:10
university in any case."
70
310139
2411
ใ€ใ„ใšใ‚Œใซใ›ใ‚ˆๅคงๅญฆใซใฏๅ…ฅๅญฆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
05:12
We use the linking word 'however', but we don't use commas with 'however'.
71
312550
6220
ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใ‚’ ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใซใฏใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:18
The best way to link these sentences is with a full stop, so we put a full stop after the
72
318770
5750
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ใคใชใๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใƒ”ใƒชใ‚ชใƒ‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€
05:24
word 'needed', and then start a new sentence with 'however'.
73
324520
6160
'needed' ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฎๅพŒใซใƒ”ใƒชใ‚ชใƒ‰ใ‚’็ฝฎใใ€ 'however' ใงๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ–‡ใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:30
You might be thinking that number four is wrong because the second part of the sentence
74
330680
4340
ๆ–‡ใฎ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏ
05:35
isn't a full sentence.
75
335020
2110
ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใงใฏใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€4 ็•ชใฏ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:37
That's true, but the important point is that it could be a full sentence.
76
337130
4970
ใใฎ้€šใ‚Šใงใ™ใŒใ€้‡่ฆใช็‚นใฏใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
05:42
You could say: "You'll either have to start again, or you'll have to find someone to help
77
342100
5170
ใ€Œๆœ€ๅˆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚„ใ‚Š็›ดใ™ใ‹ใ€ๅŠฉใ‘ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ไบบใ‚’ๆŽขใ™ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใ
05:47
you."
78
347270
1140
ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:48
We shorten the sentence to make it simpler and easier to say, so it's OK to use the joining
79
348410
6240
ๆ–‡ใ‚’็Ÿญใใ— ใฆ่จ€ใ„ใ‚„ใ™ใใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใง็ตๅˆใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
05:54
comma here.
80
354650
2269
ใ€‚
05:56
Number three is the bracketing comma.
81
356919
2581
3 ็•ช็›ฎใฏใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใงใ™ใ€‚
05:59
This is possibly the most difficult comma to use.
82
359500
3290
ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€ ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใงใ™ใ€‚
06:02
It's used to add an extra phrase or piece of information into a sentence.
83
362790
5170
ไฝ™ๅˆ†ใชใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚„ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆ–‡ใซ่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œ ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:07
It's often used in pairs.
84
367960
2590
ใƒšใ‚ขใงไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใŒๅคšใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:10
For example: "This book, first published in 1956, is still useful for students today."
85
370550
8610
ไพ‹: ใ€Œใ“ใฎๆœฌใฏ 1956 ๅนดใซๆœ€ๅˆใซๅ‡บ็‰ˆใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใŒ ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใซใ‚‚ๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
06:19
The phrase in red is extra information about the book, and so we put it between a pair
86
379160
5229
่ตค่‰ฒใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใฏใ€ๆœฌใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑ ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€2 ใค
06:24
of commas.
87
384389
1571
ใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใงๅ›ฒใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
06:25
"One of my colleagues, who used to be a semi-professional footballer, invited me to play in their five-a-side
88
385960
7410
ใ€Œใ‹ใคใฆใ‚ปใƒŸใƒ—ใƒญใฎใƒ•ใƒƒใƒˆใƒœใƒผใƒซ้ธๆ‰‹ใ ใฃใŸ็งใฎๅŒๅƒšใฎไธ€ไบบใŒใ€ไปŠ้€ฑๆœซ ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ5ไบบๅˆถใƒใƒผใƒ ใงใƒ—ใƒฌใƒผใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็งใ‚’ๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
06:33
team this weekend."
89
393370
1680
ใ€‚ใ€
06:35
Again, the information in red is extra information about my colleague, and so the information
90
395050
6149
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€่ตค่‰ฒใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑ ใฏ็งใฎๅŒๅƒšใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๆƒ…ๅ ฑ
06:41
goes between a pair of commas.To use bracketing commas, the sentence must make sense and be
91
401199
8291
ใฏ 2 ใคใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฎ้–“ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใ‚’ๆ‹ฌๅผงใงๅ›ฒใ‚€ใซใฏใ€ๆ–‡ใŒๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’
06:49
grammatically complete without the extra information.
92
409490
4730
ใชใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ไฝ™ๅˆ†ใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒใชใใฆใ‚‚ๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซๅฎŒๅ…จใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:54
In these cases you can see that if we remove the information in red: "This book is still
93
414220
7690
ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅ ดๅˆ ใ€่ตค่‰ฒใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ€Œใ“ใฎๆœฌใฏ
07:01
useful for students today" - that's still a complete sentence and it makes sense.
94
421910
6479
ไปŠๆ—ฅใงใ‚‚ๅญฆ็”Ÿใซใจใฃใฆๆœ‰็”จใงใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใพใ ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:08
Also, if I say: "One of my colleagues invited me to play in their five-a-side team this
95
428389
5500
ใพใŸใ€ใ€ŒไปŠ้€ฑๆœซใ€ๅŒๅƒšใฎ 1 ไบบใŒ 5 ไบบๅˆถใƒใƒผใƒ ใงใƒ—ใƒฌใƒผใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
07:13
weekend," again, that's a full sentence; it's grammatically correct; it's clear - we don't
96
433889
6041
ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹
07:19
need the information between the bracketing commas for the sentence to make sense.
97
439930
7340
ใงใ™ใ€‚ๆ–‡ใŒๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ใชใ™ใŸใ‚ใซๆ‹ฌๅผงใงๅ›ฒใพใ‚ŒใŸใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฎ้–“ใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:27
In both cases, the sentence is complete and the meaning is clear without the extra information.
98
447270
6519
ใฉใกใ‚‰ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ€ๆ–‡ใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใงใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€ไฝ™ๅˆ†ใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒใชใใฆใ‚‚ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏๆ˜Ž็ขบใงใ™ใ€‚
07:33
This makes it easy to see if your commas are correct or not.
99
453789
3811
ใ“ใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’็ฐกๅ˜ใซ็ขบ่ชใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
07:37
If you're using commas in this way, ask yourself whether the sentence would make sense without
100
457600
5440
ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒž้–“ใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใŒ ใชใใฆใ‚‚ๆ–‡ใŒๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ใชใ™ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’่‡ชๅ•ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
07:43
the phrase between commas.
101
463040
2840
ใ€‚
07:45
If not, something is wrong.
102
465880
2740
ใใ†ใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:48
For example: "He was a strict, and sometimes cruel leader, who was feared by his staff."
103
468620
7699
ไพ‹๏ผšใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๅŽณๆ ผใงใ€ๆ™‚ใซใฏ ๆฎ‹้…ทใชใƒชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้ƒจไธ‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
07:56
This might look OK, but if we try to remove the red text between commas, we get: "He was
104
476319
7840
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ•้กŒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ ใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฎ้–“ใฎ่ตคใ„ใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ
08:04
a strict who was feared by his staff."
105
484159
3141
ใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒƒใƒ•ใซๆใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸๅŽณๆ ผใชไบบใงใ—ใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†็ตๆžœใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:07
This doesn't make sense.
106
487300
1170
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:08
He was a strict what?
107
488470
3259
ๅฝผใฏๅŽณๆ ผใงใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
08:11
Another example: "Pens, which can write upside-down, are used by NASA astronauts on the International
108
491729
6500
ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹: ใ€Œ้€†ใ•ใพใซๆ›ธใใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใƒšใƒณใฏ ใ€ๅ›ฝ้š›ๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใง NASA ใฎๅฎ‡ๅฎ™้ฃ›่กŒๅฃซใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„
08:18
Space Station."
109
498229
1000
ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
08:19
Again, it looks OK, but if we remove the red text - the extra information - we get: "Pens
110
499229
9400
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ•้กŒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใŒใ€่ตคใ„ ใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆ (่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑ) ใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ€Œใƒšใƒณ
08:28
are used by NASA astronauts on the International Space Station."
111
508629
3901
ใฏๅ›ฝ้š›ๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใง NASA ใฎๅฎ‡ๅฎ™้ฃ›่กŒๅฃซใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€ใจใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:32
Now this is a clear sentence and it's grammatically correct, but it has a different meaning.
112
512530
6420
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ˜Ž็ขบใชๆ–‡ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซใฏ ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใŒใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:38
We didn't want to say that just any pens are used.
113
518950
3740
ใฉใ‚“ใชใƒšใƒณใงใ‚‚ไฝฟใˆใ‚‹ใจใฏ่จ€ใ„ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
08:42
We wanted to say that a special kind of pen is used, so we've changed the meaning of the
114
522690
6250
็‰นๆฎŠใชใƒšใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ไผใˆใŸใ‹ใฃใŸ ใฎใงใ€ๆ–‡็ซ ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใพใ—ใŸ
08:48
sentence.
115
528940
2080
ใ€‚
08:51
If the extra phrase is near the beginning or the end of a sentence, you might just use
116
531020
5080
ไฝ™ๅˆ†ใชใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใŒๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅˆ ใพใŸใฏๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
08:56
one bracketing comma instead of using a pair.
117
536100
4100
ใ€ใƒšใ‚ขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€1 ใคใฎใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ‹ใพใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:00
Let's look: "Similar to most people his age, he isn't really thinking about his future."
118
540200
5740
่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผšใ€ŒๅŒๅนดไปฃใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎไบบใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ๅฝผใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๅฐ†ๆฅใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ใพใ‚Š่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
09:05
Again, the text in red is extra information, but it comes at the beginning of the sentence.
119
545940
6710
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€่ตคใ„ใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใฏ่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใงใ™ ใŒใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๅ…ˆ้ ญใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:12
That means we don't need two commas; we can just use one.
120
552650
3850
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€2 ใคใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ 1ใคใ ใ‘ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
09:16
"He told me that he wanted to quit and become a painter, which surprised me."
121
556500
6300
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ่พžใ‚ใฆ็”ปๅฎถใซใชใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€็งใฏ ้ฉšใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
09:22
Again, it's extra information, but it's at the end of the sentence, so we just use one
122
562800
5090
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใงใ™ใŒ ใ€ๆ–‡ๆœซใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€1 ใคใฎ
09:27
comma and then a full stop.
123
567890
2920
ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใจใƒ”ใƒชใ‚ชใƒ‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:30
Finally, let's look at some common mistakes with commas.
124
570810
3980
ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
09:34
There are three mistakes which I see students making a lot.
125
574790
4359
็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒใ‚ˆใ็Šฏใ™้–“้•ใ„ใŒ 3 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
09:39
Let's look so you can hopefully avoid making these mistakes.
126
579149
4481
ใ†ใพใใ„ใ‘ใฐใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† .
09:43
Don't put a comma between a subject and its verb.
127
583630
4610
ไธป่ชžใจใใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้–“ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
09:48
For example, this sentence is incorrect, because 'The people we met on holiday' is the subject;
128
588240
7230
ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏๆญฃใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚'The people we met on holiday' ใŒไธป่ชžใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:55
'were' is the main verb.
129
595470
2910
ใ€Œwereใ€ใŒไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
09:58
There should not be a comma between the subject and the main verb.
130
598380
5910
ไธป่ชžใจไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้–“ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒใ‚ใฃใฆใฏใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
10:04
In this sentence, we have the same problem.
131
604290
2780
ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใซใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ๅ•้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:07
The subject, again, is not one word; it's a phrase: 'Everything in those cupboards'.
132
607070
5970
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ไธป้กŒใฏ 1 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œ ใฏใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใงใ™๏ผšใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้ฃŸๅ™จๆฃšใฎใ™ในใฆใ€ใ€‚
10:13
The main verb is 'needs', so again, there should not be a comma between the subject
133
613040
4950
ไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œneedsใ€ใชใฎใง ใ€ไธป่ชžใจไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้–“ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“
10:17
and the main verb.
134
617990
3830
ใ€‚
10:21
Don't use a comma before 'that'.
135
621820
2290
ใ€Œthatใ€ใฎๅ‰ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:24
This is a useful rule, because it's quite easy.
136
624110
2960
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใชใฎใงใ€ไพฟๅˆฉใชใƒซใƒผใƒซใงใ™ ใ€‚
10:27
"She told me, that she wanted to move to London," or: "I had no idea, that he could speak Japanese."
137
627070
7569
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็งใซใ€ใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณใซๅผ•ใฃ่ถŠใ—ใŸใ„ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€ŒๅฝผใŒๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ›ใ‚‹ใจใฏ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€.
10:34
In both of these sentences there should not be a comma before 'that'.
138
634639
6601
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไธกๆ–นใฎๆ–‡ ใงใ€'that' ใฎๅ‰ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒใ‚ใฃใฆใฏใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใ‚’
10:41
Don't use a comma to join two sentences if you don't use a linking word.
139
641240
6040
ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’็ตๅˆใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
10:47
In this case, both parts of the sentence before and after the comma could be full sentences
140
647280
6600
ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฎๅ‰ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธกๆ–นใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œ่‡ชไฝ“ ใงๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใซใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
10:53
by themselves.
141
653880
1920
ใ€‚
10:55
So in this case, you either need to use a linking word, like 'and' or ' but' or 'or'
142
655800
5680
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใ€Œandใ€ใ€ใ€Œbutใ€ใ€ใ€Œorใ€ใชใฉใฎๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹
11:01
or something like that, or you need to use a full stop after 'year'.
143
661480
4650
ใ€ใ€Œyearใ€ใฎๅพŒใซใƒ”ใƒชใ‚ชใƒ‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:06
You can't use a comma like this.
144
666130
3560
ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใฏไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:09
Here, we have the same problem.
145
669690
3420
ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€ๅŒใ˜ๅ•้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:13
We have two ideas.
146
673110
1610
2 ใคใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:14
Each idea could be a sentence by itself, and there's no linking word, so we can't use a
147
674720
6020
ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฏใใ‚Œ่‡ชไฝ“ใง 1 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใŒใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใชใ—ใงใ“ใฎ
11:20
comma to join two complete sentences like this without a linking word.
148
680740
6030
ใ‚ˆใ†ใช 2 ใคใฎๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใ‚’ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใง ็ตๅˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:26
OK, that's the end of the lesson.
149
686770
2730
ใฏใ„ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใงใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
11:29
I hope it was useful.
150
689500
1470
ใŠๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใฆใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:30
If you want to see the full lesson, which includes the text, so you can read everything,
151
690970
5100
ใ™ในใฆใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๅฎŒๅ…จใชใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ
11:36
and also a quiz to help you practise and test your comma skill, come to our website: www.oxfordonlineenglish.com.
152
696070
7780
ใจใ€ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใฎใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ใ”่ฆง ใซใชใ‚ŠใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅฝ“็คพใฎ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ www.oxfordonlineenglish.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:43
There are also many other free English lessons there.
153
703850
3229
ไป–ใซใ‚‚็„กๆ–™ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ ใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:47
But that's all.
154
707079
1000
ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:48
Thanks again for watching, and I'll see you next time.
155
708079
1991
ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸๆฌกๅ›žใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
11:50
Bye bye!
156
710070
680
ใƒใ‚คใƒใ‚ค๏ผ
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7