How to Improve Your English Writing - English Writing Lesson

702,850 views ใƒป 2016-04-22

Oxford Online English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hello.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚
00:02
I'm Oli.
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็งใฏใ‚ชใƒชใงใ™ใ€‚
00:03
Welcome to Oxford Online English!
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ใ‚ชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฐใƒชใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใ๏ผ
00:05
In this lesson, you can learn about how to improve your English writing.
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚’ๆ”นๅ–„ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใถใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:11
Learning to write well is often the most difficult skill for English learners.
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ไธŠๆ‰‹ใซๆ›ธใใ“ใจใ‚’ๅญฆใถใ“ใจใฏใ€ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’่€…ใซใจใฃใฆๆœ€ใ‚‚้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
00:16
Writing well requires great control of language and extreme attention to detail.
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ไธŠๆ‰‹ใซๆ›ธใใซใฏใ€่จ€่ชžใ‚’ใ†ใพใใ‚ณใƒณใƒˆใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใ€ ็ดฐ้ƒจใซ็ดฐๅฟƒใฎๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๆ‰•ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:22
Even then, it's not easy, even for native speakers.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใซใจใฃใฆใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
00:26
In this video, you can see some advice that will help you to improve your English writing,
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใง
00:31
whatever level your English is now.
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ใฏใ€็พๅœจใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใชใใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚’ๆ”นๅ–„ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:34
First, understand your audience.
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ใพใšใ€่ด่ก†ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:39
Before you start writing, you need to answer two questions.
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ๆ›ธใๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€2 ใคใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:43
Question one: who are you writing for?
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่ณชๅ•1๏ผšใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่ชฐใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:48
Are you writing for your friend, your colleague, your teacher, your manager, an examiner, who?
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ๅ‹ไบบใ€ๅŒๅƒš ใ€ๆ•™ๅธซใ€ใƒžใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใ€่ฉฆ้จ“ๅฎ˜ใ€่ชฐใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
00:59
Secondly, what are you trying to achieve?
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็ฌฌไบŒใซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‚’้”ๆˆใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:03
Are you trying to give someone information?
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่ชฐใ‹ใซๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:05
Are you trying to convince somebody of your point of view?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใซใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ฆ–็‚นใ‚’็ดๅพ—ใ•ใ›ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:10
Are you trying to entertain somebody and make them laugh?
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่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใพ ใ›ใฆ็ฌ‘ใ‚ใ›ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:14
Are you just trying to pass an exam, or are you trying to achieve several different things?
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่ฉฆ้จ“ใซๅˆๆ ผใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้”ๆˆใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
01:23
Thinking about your purpose in writing can really help you to organize your ideas.
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ๆ›ธ้ขใง็›ฎ็š„ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๆ•ด็†ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซ้žๅธธใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
01:29
Now these questions: who are you writing for, and what do you want to achieve, they are
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่ชฐใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆ›ธใ„ใฆ ใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’้”ๆˆใ—ใŸใ„ใฎใ‹ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏ
01:34
important.
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้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
01:35
But there's an even more important question: what does your reader want?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚‚ใฃใจ้‡่ฆใช่ณชๅ• ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™: ่ชญ่€…ใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ๆœ›ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹? ๆ—ฅ่จ˜ใ‚„ๆ—ฅ่จ˜ใ‚’่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎใŸใ‚ใซ
01:41
Remember, when you write, you're normally writing for someone else, unless you're writing
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ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚’้™คใใ€ๆ›ธใใจใใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ไป–ใฎไบบใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
01:48
a diary or a journal for yourself, in which case you can write however you want.
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ใ€‚
01:54
Normally, however, you're writing for another person.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€้€šๅธธใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅˆฅใฎไบบใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
02:00
Whoever reads your writing will give their time and their attention to read what you've
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ไบบใฏ่ชฐใงใ‚‚ ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ใŸใ‚ใซๆ™‚้–“ใจๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๆ‰•ใ„ใพใ™
02:06
written.
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ใ€‚
02:07
Why?
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ใชใ‚“ใง๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ›ธใ„ใŸ
02:09
Why will someone give their time to read what you've written?
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ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ใŸใ‚ใซ่ชฐใ‹ใŒๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ๅ‰ฒใ„ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใฏใชใœ ใงใ™ใ‹?
02:13
Okay, so for example, if you're writing an essay at school or at university for your
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ๅญฆๆ กใ‚„ๅคงๅญฆใงๅ…ˆ็”ŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
02:19
teacher, your teacher will spend time reading your essay to see if you've understood the
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ใ€ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฏใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ใฎใซๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’่ฒปใ‚„ใ—ใฆใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใพใ™
02:25
topic or not.
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. ๅ‹้”ใซ
02:28
If you're writing an email or a letter to a friend, your friend will probably want to
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ใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚„ๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ๅ‹้”ใฏ
02:34
hear some news about your life and maybe hear some funny stories.
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ‚ใชใŸใฎไบบ็”Ÿใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใ‚„ ้ข็™ฝใ„่ฉฑใ‚’่žใใŸใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:39
If you're writing in an exam, the examiner will be looking for some specific things which
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่ฉฆ้จ“ใงไฝœๆ–‡ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€่ฉฆ้จ“ๅฎ˜ ใฏใ€ใ‚นใ‚ณใ‚ขใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹
02:46
you do or don't do in your writing in order to decide your score.
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ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ไฝœๆ–‡ใงไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฟใน ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:53
Understanding your reader, or your readers, and understanding what they want from your
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ชญ่€…ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ชญ่€… ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‹ใ‚‰ไฝ•ใ‚’ๆœ›ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹
02:58
writing is essential.
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ใ“ใจใฏไธๅฏๆฌ ใงใ™. ๅŸท็ญ†ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚น
03:01
You need to think about this from the beginning to the end of the writing process.
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ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใ‹ใ‚‰ๆœ€ๅพŒใพใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:07
So are you ready to start writing yet?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใพใ ๆ›ธใๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒใงใใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:10
Not quite.
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ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:11
Next, you need to plan your writing.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ๅŸท็ญ†ใ‚’่จˆ็”ปใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:16
If you don't plan your writing, there's a good chance you will miss out some important
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ๅŸท็ญ†ใฎ่จˆ็”ปใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆใ„ใชใ„ใจใ€ ้‡่ฆใช
03:21
ideas, you won't include them in your writing, or you might include some unnecessary ideas
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ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’่ฆ‹้€ƒใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€่จ˜ไบ‹ใซๅซใ‚ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚Šใ€ ไธ่ฆใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ข
03:28
that will confuse your reader and make your purpose unclear.
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ใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใฆ่ชญ่€…ใ‚’ๆททไนฑใ•ใ›ใŸใ‚Šใ€ ็›ฎ็š„ใŒไธๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใชใฃใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:33
Have you ever written something and got stuck in the middle?
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ ใฆ้€”ไธญใง่กŒใ่ฉฐใพใฃใŸใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹?
03:37
You start a paragraph, or you start a sentence, and in the middle you stop and you think,
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ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ปใƒณใƒ†ใƒณใ‚นใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ€้€”ไธญใง็ซ‹ใกๆญขใพใฃใฆ่€ƒใˆ
03:42
"What am I doing?
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03:45
Where am I going?
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03:46
What do I say next?
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03:47
Uh, help!"
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:49
Why does this happen?
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ใชใœใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:51
Often it happens because you haven't planned enough.
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ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅๅˆ†ใช่จˆ็”ปใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆใ„ใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใซ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
03:55
Imagine that you're in a new city and you're trying to find your way somewhere.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ–ฐใ—ใ„้ƒฝๅธ‚ใซใ„ใฆใ€ ใฉใ“ใ‹ใธใฎ้“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
04:00
You don't have a map, you don't have a smartphone, there's nobody you can ask.
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ๅœฐๅ›ณใ‚‚ใชใ„ใ€ใ‚นใƒžใƒ› ใ‚‚ใชใ„ใ€้ ผใ‚Œใ‚‹ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใชใ„ใ€‚
04:05
Of course, you'll get lost.
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€่ฟทๅญใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ
04:07
You'll go down streets without knowing where they go.
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ใฉใ“ใซ่กŒใใฎใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใพใพใ€้€šใ‚Šใ‚’ไธ‹ใฃ ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:11
You'll go around in circles.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚‹ใใ‚‹ๅ›žใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:13
If you do find the place you were looking for, it will just be because you were lucky.
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ๆŽขใ—ใฆใ„ใŸๅ ดๆ‰€ใŒ่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใฃ ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้‹ใŒ่‰ฏใ‹ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:19
Writing without planning is very similar.
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่จˆ็”ปใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใšใซๆ›ธใใ“ใจใฏ้žๅธธใซไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:22
You'll start sentences or paragraphs without knowing where they're going.
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ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚„ๆฎต่ฝใฏ ใ€ใฉใ“ใซ่กŒใใฎใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใพใพๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:26
You'll waste lots of time writing things, deleting them, rewriting them, deleting them,
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ€ ๅ‰Š้™คใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๆ›ธใ็›ดใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅ‰Š้™คใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ใพใŸๆ›ธใ็›ดใ—ใŸใ‚Šใจใ€ๅคšใใฎๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’็„ก้ง„ใซใ—
04:31
writing them again.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:34
If you do achieve your goal, it will only be because you were lucky.
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็›ฎๆจ™ใ‚’้”ๆˆใงใใŸใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅ˜ใซ ้‹ใŒ่‰ฏใ‹ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:38
Remember, you're writing for someone else, and you're writing for a reason.
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใฃใฆๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
04:44
That means you have a goal, even if it's a simple goal.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ใŸใจใˆใใ‚ŒใŒๅ˜็ด”ใช็›ฎๆจ™ใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใซใฏ็›ฎๆจ™ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใใฎ็›ฎๆจ™
04:48
You need to have a plan of how you're going to reach that goal.
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ใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้”ๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่จˆ็”ปใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
04:53
That means you need to think about these questions: what are you going to include?
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆฌกใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ไฝ•ใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใพใ™ใ‹?
05:00
What are you going to leave out?
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ไฝ•ใ‚’ๆจใฆใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:02
And, how are you going to organize your ideas?
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ใพใŸใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ•ด็†ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:07
If you're writing something simple, you might just think for a minute or two about what
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็ฐกๅ˜ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ในใใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ 1 ๏ฝž 2 ๅˆ†่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
05:11
to say.
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ใ€‚
05:13
If you're writing something longer and more complex like a long essay, you might need
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้•ทใ„ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้•ทใใฆ่ค‡้›‘ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆ›ธ้ขใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่จˆ็”ปใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
05:18
to make a written plan.
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ใ€‚
05:21
So what points should you include and what points should you leave out?
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ใงใฏใ€ใฉใฎ็‚นใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ในใใงใ€ใฉใฎ ็‚นใ‚’้™คๅค–ใ™ในใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
05:25
Well, that's a general question.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:28
If you're not sure, think about your goal and your reader's needs.
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ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€็›ฎๆจ™ ใจ่ชญ่€…ใฎใƒ‹ใƒผใ‚บใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:32
Ask yourself, "Does my reader need to know this?
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ใ€Œ็งใฎ่ชญ่€…ใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ‹
05:37
Will my reader want to know this?
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?็งใฎ่ชญ่€…ใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใŒใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹
05:40
Does including this point, or including this idea, help me to reach my goal?"
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?ใ“ใฎ็‚นใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€ใพใŸใฏใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใฏใ€็งใฎ็›ฎๆจ™ใ‚’้”ๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใจ่‡ชๅ•ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:46
Thinking about these questions will help you to decide what to include in your writing
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ ใจใ€ๆ–‡็ซ ใซไฝ•ใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’้™คๅค–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆฑบใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใก
05:51
and what to leave out.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:54
What about the third question: how are you going to organize your ideas?
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3 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ•ด็†ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
05:59
Let's look.
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่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†ใ€‚
06:00
You need to organize your ideas into clear paragraphs.
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ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๆ˜Ž็ขบใชๆฎต่ฝใซๆ•ด็†ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
06:04
Organizing your ideas into paragraphs is important for many reasons.
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ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๆฎต่ฝใซใพใจใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ ใ€ๅคšใใฎ็†็”ฑใง้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
06:10
It helps your reader understand what your main points are.
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่ชญ่€…ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ฆ็‚นใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ ใ€‚
06:14
It helps your reader see where you're going and why, and it helps you to stay focused
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่ชญ่€…ใŒใฉใ“ใซๅ‘ใ‹ใฃ ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ใใฎ็†็”ฑใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใก
06:19
on your plan and reaching your goal.
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ใ€่จˆ็”ปใซ้›†ไธญใ—ใฆ็›ฎๆจ™ใ‚’้”ๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
06:23
So what does it mean in practice to organize your ideas into clear paragraphs?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๆ˜Ž็ขบใชๆฎต่ฝใซใพใจใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎ ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
06:28
Firstly, each paragraph should have one main idea.
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ใพใšใ€ๅ„ๆฎต่ฝใซใฏ 1 ใคใฎไธป่ฆใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:33
If you're writing an essay and you have a list of points to include, put one point in
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ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใฎใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅ„ๆฎต่ฝ ใซ 1 ใคใฎใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œ
06:39
each paragraph.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:42
Even if you're writing something shorter or simpler, you still need to organize your ideas
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็Ÿญใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚„ๅ˜็ด”ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ๅ ดๅˆใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๆฎต่ฝใซใพใจใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
06:46
into paragraphs.
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ใ€‚
06:48
Don't try to do too much.
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ใ‚„ใ‚Šใ™ใŽใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:50
Your writing will be much clearer and much easier to read if each paragraph is only trying
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ๅ„ๆฎต่ฝใŒ 1 ใคใฎใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใ‚’่กŒใŠใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๆ–‡็ซ ใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใชใ‚Šใ€่ชญใฟใ‚„ใ™ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™
06:55
to do one thing.
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ใ€‚
06:57
An extra point: there's no minimum or maximum length for a paragraph.
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ไฝ™ๅˆ†ใชใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆ: ๆฎต่ฝใซใฏๆœ€ๅฐใพใŸใฏๆœ€ๅคงใฎ ้•ทใ•ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:03
Sometimes when I teach students writing, they try to make paragraphs longer because they
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็งใŒ็”Ÿๅพ’ใซไฝœๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ€็”Ÿๅพ’ ใŒๆฎต่ฝใ‚’้•ทใใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
07:07
say, "Oh, this paragraph is too short.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใ“ใฎๆฎต่ฝใฏ็Ÿญใ™ใŽใ‚‹
07:09
It needs more words, it needs more sentences."
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ใ€‚ใ‚‚ใฃใจๅ˜่ชžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใ ใ€ใ‚‚ใฃใจๆ–‡ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:12
No, a paragraph should be as long as it needs to be to make your point.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๆฎต่ฝใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธปๅผตใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฟ…่ฆใชใ ใ‘ใฎ้•ทใ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ในใใงใ™.
07:17
There's no minimum length.
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ๆœ€ๅฐใฎ้•ทใ•ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:19
Next, you need to decide how many paragraphs you're going to have and what you're going
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ๆฌกใซใ€ๆฎต่ฝใฎๆ•ฐใจใ€ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎๆฎต่ฝใซไฝ•ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆฑบใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
07:24
to put in each one.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:26
Remember, this is still part of planning.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใพใ ่จˆ็”ปใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
07:29
We haven't even written a single word yet.
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็งใŸใกใฏใพใ ไธ€่จ€ใ‚‚ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:32
Again, you could do this planning in your head, or you could make some short notes,
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎ่จˆ็”ปใฏ ้ ญใฎไธญใง่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ€็Ÿญใ„ใƒกใƒขใ‚’
07:37
or you could make a more detailed written plan.
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ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ฉณ็ดฐใช่จˆ็”ปใ‚’ๆ›ธ้ขใงไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
07:40
It depends how much time you have, what you're trying to write, and how important it is.
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ใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใฎๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ไฝ• ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ“ใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚ŒใŒใฉใ‚Œใปใฉ้‡่ฆใ‹ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:46
But the important point is when you start writing, you won't have to think about questions
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€้‡่ฆใชใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใฏใ€ๆ›ธใๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใซ
07:52
like, "What do I put in this paragraph?
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ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใฎๆฎต่ฝใซไฝ•ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹?
07:56
How many more paragraphs do I need?
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ใ‚ใจไฝ•ๆฎต่ฝๅฟ…่ฆใ‹?
07:59
How am I going to finish this sentence?
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ‹? ใชใฉใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹
08:01
You will have thought about all of these things already.
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ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ™ใงใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใ™ในใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆ ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ.
08:04
This will make it much easier to write whatever you're trying to write.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ›ธใ“ใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฏไฝ•ใงใ‚‚ๆ›ธใใฎใŒใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใซ
08:09
Okay, so now you're ready to start writing.
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ใชใ‚Šใพใ™. ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ๆ›ธใๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸ
08:13
What next?
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08:15
Part four: cut empty words and sentences.
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.
08:21
There's a simple rule you can use to make your English writing better and clearer: write
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฏใใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹็ฐกๅ˜ใชใƒซใƒผใƒซ:
08:27
as little as possible.
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ใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ๅฐ‘ใชใๆ›ธใ.
08:30
Let's look at some examples.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†.
08:32
First, don't use two words if you can use one word.
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ใพใš, 1 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ
08:37
Don't use three words if you can use two words.
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ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„. ใงใใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ 3 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„. 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™.
08:40
For example, don't say "very tired," say, "exhausted."
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ้žๅธธใซ็–ฒใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ . ใ€Œ็–ฒใ‚ŒๆžœใฆใŸ.ใ€ ใจ่จ€ใฃ
08:45
"Very" is generally a weak word, and it should be avoided.
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08:49
It doesn't add much to your meaning.
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ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
08:52
The same is true for words like "really" or "absolutely."
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. ใ€Œๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ€ใ‚„ใ€Œ็ตถๅฏพใซใ€ใชใฉใฎๅ˜่ชžใซๅฝ“ใฆใฏใพใ‚Šใพใ™
08:55
Use these words as little as possible.
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ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
08:57
They're very rarely necessary.
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ใ€‚ๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:01
Don't say "as a result" if you can say "consequently."
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ใ€Œ็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œ็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€
09:03
Don't say "on the other hand" if you can say "nevertheless."
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ใจ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œไธ€ๆ–นใงใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใง
09:08
Use fewer words.
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:10
Don't say, "This will get better in the future," say, "This will improve in the future."
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฐ†ๆฅ่‰ฏใใชใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฐ†ๆฅ่‰ฏใใชใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
09:16
Don't say, "She gave me a lot of help," say, "She helped me a lot," or even, "She helped
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็งใ‚’ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ ๅŠฉใ‘ใฆใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็งใ‚’ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ๅŠฉใ‘ใฆใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ
09:23
me greatly," or just cut "greatly" and say, "She helped me," if you can.
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็งใ‚’ๅคงใ„ใซๅŠฉใ‘ใฆใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใง ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใงใใ‚Œใฐใ€‚
09:30
Use fewer words.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใง
09:33
Don't say, "Maybe this will solve the problem," say, "This will solve the problem."
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ๅ•้กŒใŒ่งฃๆฑบใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใงๅ•้กŒใŒ่งฃๆฑบใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
09:39
Words like "maybe" or "perhaps" are generally not necessary.
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ใ€ŒใŸใถใ‚“ใ€ใ‚„ใ€ŒใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€ใชใฉใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€้€šๅธธ ใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:43
If you're not sure about something, do you really need to include it?
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ไธๆ˜Žใช็‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
09:48
If you do want to include something that you're not sure about, use verbs like "might" or
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ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ใ€Œmightใ€ใ‚„ใ€Œcouldใ€ใชใฉใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
09:53
"could."
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ใ€‚
09:54
Say, "This might solve the problem."
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใงๅ•้กŒใŒ่งฃๆฑบใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:56
Don't say, "We need to find someone who can teach our son," say, "We need to find a teacher
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ใ€Œๆฏๅญใซๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ไบบใ‚’ๆŽขใ™ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใงใ€ใ€Œๆฏๅญใฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃ
10:04
for our son."
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ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:05
Cut unnecessary words and use as few words as possible.
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ไธ่ฆใช่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๅˆ‡ใ‚Šๅ–ใ‚Š ใ€ใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใชใใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
10:11
You can also look at sentences.
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ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚‚่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
10:13
In essays, many people tend to include sentences like, "There are many advantages and disadvantages
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ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใงใฏ ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใซใฏๅคšใใฎ้•ทๆ‰€ใจ็Ÿญๆ‰€
10:20
to this.
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:22
Of course, there are two sides to this issue.
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใซใฏ 2 ใคใฎๅด้ขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
10:24
In this essay, I will discuss all the ideas relevant to this point."
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ใ€‚ใ“ใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎ็‚นใซ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ™ในใฆใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‚พๅ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
10:30
What do these sentences tell you?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹?
10:33
Do they give you any useful or relevant information?
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ๆœ‰็›Šใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚„้–ข้€ฃๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹?
10:37
No, and so they should be cut.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:40
Why is this important?
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ไฝ•ใงใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅคงๅˆ‡ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
10:43
Well, using fewer words and fewer sentences will make your writing clearer and easier
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ๅ˜่ชžใจใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ๆ–‡ ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆ–‡็ซ ใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใชใ‚Š
10:48
to read.
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ใ€่ชญใฟใ‚„ใ™ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:49
It will also help you to focus on what you want to say.
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ใพใŸใ€่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใซ้›†ไธญใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซใ‚‚ๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ ใ€‚
10:54
Try to look at each sentence you write and think, "What does this add to my ideas?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ›ธใ„ใŸๅ„ๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใซไฝ•ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹?
11:00
What does this give my reader?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎ่ชญ่€…ใซไฝ•ใ‚’ไธŽใˆใพใ™ใ‹?
11:02
How does this help me reach my goal in writing this?"
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใง็งใฎ็›ฎๆจ™ใ‚’้”ๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ‹ ?ใ€ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„.
11:07
If you can't answer these questions, consider cutting it, or try to make it shorter.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€็Ÿญใใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆคœ่จŽใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:14
It's not easy to write in this way.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ›ธใใฎใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:16
You won't be able to watch this video and go away and write like this.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ ใฆใ€็ซ‹ใกๅŽปใฃใฆใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ›ธใใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:21
Even in this script, there are probably several places where I could use my own advice!
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ใ“ใฎใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒ—ใƒˆใงใ‚‚ ใ€็ง่‡ช่บซใฎใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใŒใŠใใ‚‰ใใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:26
However, you can try thinking about it the next time you write something in English.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ ๆฌกใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใงไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใจใใซ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:31
Over time you can learn the habit of cutting empty words and sentences from your writing.
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ๆ™‚้–“ใŒ็ตŒใคใซใคใ‚Œใฆ ใ€ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‹ใ‚‰็ฉบใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚„ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ™ใ‚‹็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใ‚’่บซใซใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅญฆใถใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚Œใฐ
11:37
Your writing will be much better and much clearer if you can learn to do this.
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ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฏใใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:43
Next, let's look at some more advice to make your writing clearer and easier to read.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ˜Ž็ขบใง่ชญใฟใ‚„ใ™ใใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
11:50
Use short simple sentences where possible.
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ๅฏ่ƒฝใช้™ใ‚Š็Ÿญใ„็ฐกๅ˜ใชๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:54
Shorter sentences are easier to read and understand.
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ๆ–‡็ซ ใŒ็Ÿญใ„ใปใฉ่ชญใฟใ‚„ใ™ใใ€็†่งฃใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใ€‚
11:58
That's not my opinion, that's a fact.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใงใฏใชใใ€ไบ‹ๅฎŸใงใ™ใ€‚
12:00
There's a lot of research behind it.
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ใใฎ่ƒŒๅพŒใซใฏๅคšใใฎ็ ”็ฉถใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธ€่ˆฌใซใ€
12:03
Longer sentences are harder to read and harder to understand, generally.
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ๆ–‡็ซ ใŒ้•ทใ„ใปใฉ่ชญใฟใซใใใ€็†่งฃใ—ใซใใใชใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:08
If you're a non-native speaker of English, writing longer sentences is especially dangerous.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆฏๅ›ฝ่ชžใจใ—ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ้•ทใ„ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใฏ็‰นใซๅฑ้™บใงใ™ใ€‚
12:14
There's a higher chance you'll make some grammatical or language errors which will make your sentence
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚„่จ€่ชžใฎ่ชคใ‚Šใ‚’็Šฏใ™ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚Š ใ€ๆ–‡็ซ 
12:19
difficult to read, or even worse, hard to understand.
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ใŒ่ชญใฟใซใใใชใฃใŸใ‚Šใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๆ‚ชใ„ใ“ใจใซใ€ ็†่งฃใŒ้›ฃใ—ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:24
How long is too long?
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้•ทใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใฃใฆใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„๏ผŸ
12:26
Well, 10 words is a good target length, 10 to 20 words is okay.
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10 ่ชžใŒ้ฉๅˆ‡ใช้•ทใ•ใฎใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ฒใƒƒใƒˆ ใงใ™ใ€‚10 ใ‹ใ‚‰ 20 ่ชžใงๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:33
Longer than 20 words--this is dangerous.
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20 ่ชžใ‚’่ถ…ใˆใ‚‹ - ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฑ้™บใงใ™ใ€‚
12:35
There's a high chance your sentence will become unclear and difficult to read.
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ๆ–‡็ซ ใŒไธๆ˜Ž็žญใซใชใ‚Šใ€่ชญใฟใซใใใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:40
So how can you do this?
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ใงใฏใ€ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
12:42
Well first, remember what we talked about before.
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ใพใšใ€ๅ‰ใซ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
12:46
Using fewer words will make your sentences shorter and tighter.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆ–‡็ซ ใŒ ็Ÿญใใชใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒˆใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Š็Ÿญใใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ˜Ž็ขบใซ
12:49
Here are some other rules you can use to keep your sentences shorter and clearer.
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใใฎไป–ใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๆฌกใซ็คบใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:56
First, don't use the passive voice unless you have a good reason.
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ใพใšใ€ๆญฃๅฝ“ใช็†็”ฑใŒใชใ„้™ใ‚Šๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใง ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:01
Using the passive always makes a sentence longer and more complex.
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๅธธใซๆ–‡ใŒ ้•ทใ่ค‡้›‘ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:05
Now, sometimes it's fine to use the passive, but not if you don't have a good reason.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ ใ‚‚ๅ•้กŒใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆญฃๅฝ“ใช็†็”ฑใŒใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“.
13:11
If you want to use the passive, make sure you know why you're using it, and make sure
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ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ใชใœใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใ€
13:15
it's really necessary.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅฟ…่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:16
Secondly, start your sentence with the subject whenever possible.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ๅฏ่ƒฝใช้™ใ‚Šไธป่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
13:22
Thirdly, don't use relative clauses, with who, which, that, where, etc., unless it's
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็ฌฌไธ‰ใซใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅฟ…่ฆใช ๅ ดๅˆใ‚’้™คใใ€whoใ€whoใ€thatใ€where ใชใฉใฎ้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
13:30
really necessary.
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ใ€‚
13:32
When you use a conjunction, like "and" or "but," or "or," and so on, think, "Do these
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ใ€Œandใ€ใ€ใ€Œbutใ€ใ€ใ€Œorใ€ใชใฉใฎๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ ใฏใ€ใ€Œใ“ใฎ
13:39
two ideas really need to go together?"
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2 ใคใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซไธ€็ท’ใซใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ ใ‚ใ†ใ‹ใ€ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:42
If they don't, consider breaking your sentence into two shorter pieces.
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ใใ†ใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆ–‡ใ‚’ 2 ใคใฎ็Ÿญใ„้ƒจๅˆ†ใซๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆคœ่จŽใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
13:48
To be clear, long sentences are not automatically bad.
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ใฏใฃใใ‚Š่จ€ใฃใฆใ€้•ทใ„ๆ–‡็ซ ใŒ่‡ชๅ‹•็š„ใซๆ‚ชใ„ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
13:52
Good writers can produce long sentences which are clear, and focused, and elegant.
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ๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸๆ›ธใๆ‰‹ ใฏใ€ๆ˜Ž็ขบใงใ€็š„ใ‚’็ตžใฃใŸใ€ใ‚จใƒฌใ‚ฌใƒณใƒˆใช้•ทใ„ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:58
If you're writing about a particularly complex topic, you might need to use longer, more
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็‰นใซ่ค‡้›‘ใชใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซใคใ„ใฆๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ค‡้›‘ใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใ่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
14:04
complex sentences to express more complex ideas.
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ใ€‚
14:08
The point is you should only use a longer, more complex sentence if it's really necessary.
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่ฆ็‚นใฏใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅฟ…่ฆใชๅ ดๅˆใซใฎใฟใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
14:14
If you can express the same point in a shorter, simpler sentence, you should.
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ๅŒใ˜็‚นใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Š็Ÿญใ ็ฐกๅ˜ใชๆ–‡ใง่กจ็พใงใใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใใ†ใ™ในใใงใ™ใ€‚
14:20
Let's review what we've talked about today.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
14:23
First, you need to understand who you're writing for and what they want from your writing.
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ใพใšใ€่ชฐใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆ›ธใ„ ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใซไฝ•ใ‚’ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:30
Secondly, before you start writing, you need to have a plan.
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็ฌฌไบŒใซใ€ๆ›ธใๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ ใ€่จˆ็”ปใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:34
You need to know what you're going to include, what you're going to leave out, and how you're
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ไฝ•ใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ€ ไฝ•ใ‚’้™คๅค–ใ—ใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†
14:38
going to organize your ideas.
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ใซๆ•ด็†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:40
Thirdly, your ideas should always be organized into clear paragraphs with one main idea per
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็ฌฌ 3 ใซใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฏๅธธใซ ๆ˜Ž็ขบใชๆฎต่ฝใซใพใจใ‚ใ€ๆฎต่ฝใ”ใจใซ 1 ใคใฎไธป่ฆใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’้…็ฝฎใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
14:46
paragraph.
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ใ€‚
14:48
Fourth, cut unnecessary words and sentences.
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็ฌฌๅ››ใซใ€ไธ่ฆใชๅ˜่ชžใ‚„ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:52
And fifth, use shorter, simpler sentences where you can.
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ใใ—ใฆ 5 ใค็›ฎใฏใ€ใงใใ‚‹้™ใ‚Š็Ÿญใใฆ็ฐกๅ˜ใชๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
14:57
Follow these points, and I guarantee your writing will get better.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใซๅพ“ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ใใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฏใใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ไฟ่จผใ—ใพใ™.
15:00
I'm not just saying that.
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็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
15:02
I use these points when I write something or edit something, and I see the difference.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚Š็ทจ้›†ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ ใจใ€้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
15:07
Even now, I'm still learning this.
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ไปŠใงใ‚‚ใ€็งใฏใพใ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:09
You're never finished.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆฑบใ—ใฆ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
15:11
Follow these points, and you will see a difference.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใซๅพ“ใ†ใจใ€้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
15:14
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
15:16
That's the end of the lesson.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
15:17
Thank you very much for watching.
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ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:18
If you want to see more of our free lessons, check out our website, oxfordonlineenglish.com.
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็งใŸใกใฎ็„กๆ–™ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฃใจ่ฆ‹ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ็งใŸใกใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ oxfordonlineenglish.com ใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
15:23
That's all.
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ใใ‚Œใงๅ…จ้ƒจใงใ™ใ€‚
15:24
Thanks again!
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ๅ†ๅบฆใ€ๆ„Ÿ่ฌใ—ใพใ™๏ผ
15:25
I'll see you next time.
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ใพใŸไผšใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
15:26
Bye-bye!
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰๏ผ
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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