How to Use the Passive Voice in English - English Grammar Lesson

223,629 views ใƒป 2019-07-12

Oxford Online English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hi, Iโ€™m Olivier.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใ‚ชใƒชใƒ“ใ‚จใงใ™ใ€‚
00:03
Welcome to Oxford Online English!
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ใ‚ชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฐใƒชใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใ๏ผ
00:04
In this lesson, you can learn about the passive voice in English.
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆ็ฟ’ใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:09
You can see what it is, how to form it, and how to use it.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:14
Before we start, donโ€™t forget to check out our website: Oxford Online English dot com.
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ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€็งใŸใกใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ : Oxford Online English dot com.
00:21
You can find many other free English lessons. You can
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ไป–ใซใ‚‚ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎ็„กๆ–™่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:24
also take online classes with one of our qualified teachers.
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ใพใŸใ€่ณ‡ๆ ผใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ•™ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ‚’ๅ—่ฌ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:28
But now, letโ€™s start with the basics.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ไปŠใ€ๅŸบๆœฌใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:32
What is the passive voice?
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใจใฏ๏ผŸ
00:34
Look at these sentences: โ€˜This dish is made with eggs and cheese.โ€™
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„: ใ€Œใ“ใฎๆ–™็†ใฏ ๅตใจใƒใƒผใ‚บใงไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
00:40
โ€˜The car was badly damaged in the accident.โ€™
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ใ€Œไบ‹ๆ•…ใง่ปŠใŒใฒใฉใๆๅ‚ทใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใ€Œ
00:45
โ€˜Their house looks like it hasnโ€™t been cleaned for months.โ€™
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎๅฎถใฏ ไฝ•ใƒถๆœˆใ‚‚ๆŽƒ้™คใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
00:50
All of these examples use the passive voice.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใฏใ™ในใฆๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ .
00:53
Can you see how and why?
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ๆ–นๆณ•ใจ็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:56
Letโ€™s look.
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่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†ใ€‚
01:01
In a regular, active sentence, you start with a subject, then you add a verb, which often
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้€šๅธธใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚ปใƒณใƒ†ใƒณใ‚นใงใฏ ใ€ไธป่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใฏ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใ
01:07
has an object.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:08
For example: โ€˜A dog bit me when I was five.โ€™
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ไพ‹๏ผšใ€Œ็งใŒ 5 ๆญณใฎใจใใ€็Šฌใซๅ™›ใพใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡
01:13
Can you find the subject, verb and object in this sentence?
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ใฎไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ‹?
01:20
To make the sentence passive, the subject and object change places: โ€˜I was bitten
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ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ไธป่ชž ใจ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใพใ™
01:26
by a dog when I was five.โ€™
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ใ€‚ใ€Œ็งใฏ 5 ๆญณใฎใจใใซ็Šฌใซๅ™›ใพใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
01:30
When you make a sentence passive, you only change the subject, verb and object.
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ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซใ™ใ‚‹ ใจใ€ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชžใฎใฟใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:37
Everything else stays the same.
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ไป–ใฎใ™ในใฆใฏๅŒใ˜ใพใพใงใ™ใ€‚
01:40
In this example, โ€˜when I was fiveโ€™ isnโ€™t part of the subject-verb-object structure,
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œwhen I was fiveใ€ใฏ ไธป่ชž-ๅ‹•่ฉž-็›ฎ็š„่ชžใฎๆง‹้€ ใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใฏใชใ„
01:46
so itโ€™s the same whether the sentence is active or passive.
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ใŸใ‚ใ€ๆ–‡ใŒ ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใจๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:51
Next, letโ€™s see how to form the passive voice.
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ๆฌกใซๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎไฝœใ‚Šๆ–นใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ
01:54
Look at three sentences from the start of the lesson again.
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ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 3 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
01:59
They look different, but they all contain the passive.
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่ฆ‹ใŸ็›ฎใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ™ในใฆใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใŒๅซใพใ‚Œ ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:03
What do the sentences have in common?
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ๆ–‡ใฎๅ…ฑ้€š็‚นใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:08
All three sentences contain the verb โ€˜beโ€™ and a past participleโ€”also called the 3rd
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3 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ™ในใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œbeใ€ใจ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉž (็ฌฌ 3 ๅฝขใจใ‚‚ๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™) ใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:14
form.
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ใ€‚
02:15
This is what you need to form passive sentences.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅฟ…่ฆใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
02:19
Letโ€™s do some practice!
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็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผ
02:21
Can you add the missing verbs to these three sentences?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ 3 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใซๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใงใใพใ™ ใ‹?
02:26
If youโ€™re not sure, remember the rule from before: you need โ€˜beโ€™ plus a past participle.
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ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ไปฅๅ‰ใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œbeใ€ใจ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
02:32
Here, you need to put the verbs into the past participle form.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
02:38
Pause the video and think about your answers.
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ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใ—ใฆใ€็ญ”ใˆใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
02:41
Ready?
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ๆบ–ๅ‚™๏ผŸ
02:43
Here are the full sentences.
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ใ“ใ“ใซๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:48
Hereโ€™s a question: these sentences contain the verb โ€˜beโ€™, but itโ€™s different in
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ใ“ใ“ใง่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใซ ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œbeใ€ใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€
02:54
each sentence.
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ๆ–‡ใ”ใจใซ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:55
Do you know why?
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ใชใœใชใฎใ‹ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:58
Letโ€™s look together!
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ไธ€็ท’ใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผ
03:03
What do you do if you want to make a passive sentence past, or future, or present perfect?
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ๅ—ๅ‹• ๆ–‡ใ‚’้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ€ๆœชๆฅๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ€ใพใŸใฏ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใฉใ†ใ—ใพใ™
03:09
What changes?
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ใ‹? ไฝ•ใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹๏ผŸ
03:11
Look at our last three examples again.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ 3 ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:15
Remember that the passive is made of two parts: โ€˜beโ€™ plus a past participle.
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฏใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ใจ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎ 2 ใคใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใงๆง‹ๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:20
What changes, and what stays the same?
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ไฝ•ใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ไฝ•ใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใ‹?
03:23
The answer: you can change the verb โ€˜beโ€™ to use different tenses and times.
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็ญ”ใˆ: ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œbeใ€ใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใฆใ€ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ™‚ๅˆถใจๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:30
The past participle *never changes.* Whether youโ€™re talking about the past, the present,
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้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฏ *never changes.* ้ŽๅŽปใ€็พๅœจใ€ๆœชๆฅใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใงใ‚‚
03:35
or the future, the past participle stays the same.
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ใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฏ ๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:40
Letโ€™s see how this works:
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†:
03:42
Past: โ€˜The letters were sent to all our customers last week.โ€™
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้ŽๅŽป: ใ€Œๆ‰‹็ด™ใฏๅ…ˆ้€ฑใ™ในใฆใฎ้กงๅฎขใซ้€ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ .ใ€
03:48
Present: โ€˜The letters are sent to all our customers every week.โ€™
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็พๅœจ: ใ€Œๆ‰‹็ด™ใฏใ™ในใฆใฎ้กงๅฎขใซๆฏŽ้€ฑ้€ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ .ใ€
03:53
Present perfect: โ€˜The letters have been sent to all our customers this week.โ€™
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝข: ใ€Œๆ‰‹็ด™ใฏไปŠ้€ฑ ใ™ในใฆใฎ้กงๅฎขใซ้€ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ.
03:59
Future with โ€˜willโ€™: โ€˜The letters will be sent to all our customers next week.โ€™
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ใ€Œwillใ€ใ‚’ไผดใ†ๆœชๆฅ: ใ€Œๆ‰‹็ด™ใฏ ๆฅ้€ฑใ™ในใฆใฎ้กงๅฎขใซ้€ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
04:07
Of course, there are other possible forms, but the idea is the same.
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ไป–ใฎๅฏ่ƒฝใชๅฝขๅผใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใŒใ€่€ƒใˆๆ–นใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:12
There are also passive infinitives with โ€˜toโ€™: โ€˜The letters need to be sent to all our
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'to' ใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™: ใ€Œ The letter need to send to all our
04:18
customers.โ€™
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customers.ใ€.
04:19
And, there are passive โ€“ing forms: โ€˜Many customers like being sent regular newsletters.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ โ€“ing ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™: ใ€Œๅคšใใฎ ้กงๅฎขใฏใ€ๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใชใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใƒฌใ‚ฟใƒผใŒ้€ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฅฝใฟใพใ™.ใ€.
04:28
You can see the same pattern every time: โ€˜beโ€™ plus a past participle, and the verb โ€˜beโ€™
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ๆฏŽๅ›žๅŒใ˜ใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™. : 'be' ใซ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž 'be'
04:34
can change to show different times or forms.
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ใ‚’ๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ•ใ›ใฆ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚„ๅฝขใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:38
The past participle never changes, in any form of the passive!
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้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฏๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎใฉใฎๅฝขใงใ‚‚ๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ !
04:43
Letโ€™s do a quick test.
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็ฐกๅ˜ใชใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:45
Look at a sentence: โ€˜This problem (be) solved by our IT team.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใฏๅฝ“็คพใฎ IT ใƒใƒผใƒ ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ่งฃๆฑบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
04:52
Your job is to write five different versions of this sentence.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไป•ไบ‹ใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎ 5 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:56
One: write the sentence in the present simple.
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1ใค็›ฎ๏ผšๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’็พๅœจๅฝขใงๆ›ธใใ€‚
05:01
Two: make it present continuous Three: make it past simple.
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2: ็พๅœจ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ 3: ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
05:08
Four: make it present perfect.
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4: ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
05:11
Five: make it future with โ€˜going toโ€™.
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5: ใ€Œgoing toใ€ใงๆœชๆฅใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:16
Pause the video, and write your sentences.
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ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใ—ใฆใ€ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:19
Youโ€™ll see the answers in a few seconds.
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ๆ•ฐ็ง’ใง็ญ”ใˆใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
05:23
Ready?
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ๆบ–ๅ‚™๏ผŸ
05:24
Here are the answers.
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ใ“ใ“ใซ็ญ”ใˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:27
How did you do?
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ใฉใ†ใ ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:28
Could you write the five sentences correctly?
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5ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใๆ›ธใ‘ใพใ™ใ‹?
05:31
If you could, then well done!
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ใงใใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใŸ๏ผ
05:33
If not, then you can review this section and try to work out why you made mistakes.
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ใใ†ใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’็ขบ่ช ใ—ใฆใ€ใชใœ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:40
OK, now you know the most important points about how the passive is formed, but why do
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OKใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใง ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฝขๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใช็‚นใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใชใœ
05:46
you use the passive?
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ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹? ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹
05:50
There are three common reasons to use the passive voice.
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช็†็”ฑใฏ 3 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
05:54
One: you want to change the emphasis of your sentence.
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1: ๆ–‡ใฎๅผท่ชฟใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใŸใ„ ใ€‚
05:58
Two: the subject of your sentence is unknown or unimportant.
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2: ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใŒไธๆ˜Ž ใพใŸใฏ้‡่ฆใงใชใ„ใ€‚
06:04
Three: you want to sound more impersonal or indirect.
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3: ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้žไบบ้–“็š„ใพใŸใฏ้–“ๆŽฅ็š„ใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใŸใ„ ใ€‚
06:11
Letโ€™s look at these one by one.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไธ€ใคไธ€ใค่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:13
First, use the passive to change the emphasis of your sentence.
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ใพใšใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๆ–‡ใฎๅผท่ชฟใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:19
Look at two sentences: โ€˜Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒฌใ‚ชใƒŠใƒซใƒ‰ใƒปใƒ€ใƒปใƒดใ‚ฃใƒณใƒ ใŒใƒขใƒŠใƒปใƒชใ‚ถใ‚’ๆใ„ใŸใ€
06:26
โ€˜The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.โ€™
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ใ€ŒใƒขใƒŠใƒปใƒชใ‚ถใฏใƒฌใ‚ชใƒŠใƒซใƒ‰ใƒปใƒ€ใƒปใƒดใ‚ฃใƒณใƒใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๆใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ† 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
06:31
The first sentence is active, and the second is passive.
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ใ€‚ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏ่ƒฝๅ‹•็š„ใงใ€2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ ใฏๅ—ๅ‹•็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:36
Whatโ€™s the difference?
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้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:39
If youโ€™re not sure, think about this: which is the most important idea in each sentence?
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ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๅ„ๆ–‡ใงๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฏใฉใ‚Œใงใ™ใ‹?
06:48
In the first sentence, youโ€™re more interested in Leonardo da Vinci.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ใƒฌใ‚ชใƒŠใƒซใƒ‰ ใƒ€ ใƒดใ‚ฃใƒณใƒใซใ‚‚ใฃใจ่ˆˆๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
06:53
In the second sentence, youโ€™re more interested in the Mona Lisa.
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2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใง ใฏใ€ใƒขใƒŠใƒชใ‚ถใซใ‚‚ใฃใจ่ˆˆๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:57
In English, putting an idea at the beginning of a sentence shows that itโ€™s more important.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ๆ–‡้ ญใซใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Š้‡่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:03
You can use the passive to change the emphasis of a sentence, and show what you think is
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๆ–‡ใฎๅผท่ชฟใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—
07:09
the most important idea.
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ใ€ๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:11
Secondly, use the passive when the subject is unknown or unimportant.
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็ฌฌไบŒใซใ€ไธป่ชž ใŒไธๆ˜ŽใพใŸใฏ้‡่ฆใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:18
What does that mean?
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ใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
07:19
Letโ€™s look: โ€˜My bike was stolen.โ€™
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่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†: ใ€Œ็งใฎ่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใŒ็›—ใพ
07:23
โ€˜The kitchen has been cleaned today.โ€™
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ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใ€ŒไปŠๆ—ฅใ€ๅฐๆ‰€ใฏๆŽƒ้™คใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
07:27
โ€˜She was arrested for shoplifting.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏไธ‡ๅผ•ใใง้€ฎๆ•ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
07:30
Why do you think you use the passive in these three cases?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ 3 ใคใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใงใ€ใชใœๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ‹?
07:35
In these examples, you either donโ€™t know or donโ€™t care who did the action.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ ใงใฏใ€่ชฐใŒใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ€ๆฐ—ใซใ—ใชใ„ใ‹ใฎใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:42
My bike was stolenโ€”by whom?
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่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใ‚’็›—ใพใ‚ŒใŸใฎใฏ่ชฐใงใ™ใ‹?
07:44
I donโ€™t know, and it doesnโ€™t matter.
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็งใซใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใฏๅ•้กŒใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:47
What matters is the fact that it was stolen.
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้‡่ฆใชใฎใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ็›—ใพใ‚ŒใŸใจใ„ใ†ไบ‹ๅฎŸใงใ™ใ€‚
07:49
I donโ€™t have my bicycle any more.
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็งใฏใ‚‚ใ†่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:54
The kitchen has been cleaned todayโ€”by whom?
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใ€ใ‚ญใƒƒใƒใƒณใฏ่ชฐใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๆŽƒ้™คใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ‹?
07:57
Here, it doesnโ€™t matter.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅ•้กŒใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:00
You only care about the fact that the kitchen is now clean.
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ใ‚ญใƒƒใƒใƒณใŒใใ‚Œใ„ใซใชใฃใŸใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใŒๆฐ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
08:04
She was arrestedโ€”by whom?
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ้€ฎๆ•ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸโ€”่ชฐใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ๏ผŸ
08:07
By the police, of course!
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“่ญฆๅฏŸใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผ
08:09
You donโ€™t care exactly who arrested her.
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่ชฐใŒๅฝผๅฅณใ‚’้€ฎๆ•ใ—ใŸใ‹ใฏๆฐ—ใซใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆ–‡่„ˆใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใช
08:13
You know that the police arrested her, because itโ€™s obvious from the context.
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ใฎใงใ€่ญฆๅฏŸใŒๅฝผๅฅณใ‚’้€ฎๆ•ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:18
No one else can arrest people.
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ไป–ใฎ่ชฐใ‚‚ไบบใ€…ใ‚’้€ฎๆ•ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:22
In these sentences, you only care about the action itself.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ่‡ชไฝ“ใซใฎใฟ้–ขๅฟƒใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:26
You donโ€™t know or care who did it.
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่ชฐใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ€ๆฐ—ใซใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹
08:30
Thereโ€™s one more common reason to use the passive: to sound impersonal.
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
08:36
Hereโ€™s a question: whatโ€™s the difference between these two examples?
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ใ“ใ“ใง่ณชๅ• ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใฎไพ‹ใฎ้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
08:41
โ€˜You need to do this by the end of the week.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้€ฑๆœซใพใงใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
08:45
โ€˜This needs to be done by the end of the week.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้€ฑๆœซใพใงใซใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ใ€
08:49
If someone says this to you, the basic meaning is the same.
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใฃใŸใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณ ใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:52
So whatโ€™s the difference?
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้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:55
The second sentence, with the passive, is more indirect and impersonal.
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้–“ๆŽฅ็š„ใง้žๅ€‹ไบบ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:00
This is because it avoids the words โ€˜You need toโ€ฆโ€™ which appear in the first sentence.
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ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œ๏ฝžใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:06
Using the passive in this way can help you to sound more formal and polite.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใงไธๅฏงใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:11
Saying: โ€˜You need to do this by the end of the weekโ€™ is very direct.
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่จ€ใ„ๆ–น: ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’้€ฑๆœซใพใงใซ่กŒใ†ๅฟ…่ฆ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใฏ้žๅธธใซ็›ดๆŽฅ็š„ใงใ™.
09:16
It sounds like an order, which could be rude in some situations.
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ๆณจๆ–‡ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใŒใ€็Šถๆณใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏๅคฑ็คผใซใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
09:22
Now you know how to form the passive, and the most common ways to use it, but thereโ€™s
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใฎไฝœๆˆ ๆ–นๆณ•ใจๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชไฝฟ็”จๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€
09:27
one more important point.
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ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใค้‡่ฆใช็‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:32
Many problems English learners have with the passive happen because they overuse it.
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่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’่€…ใŒๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใงๆŠฑใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅคšใใฎๅ•้กŒใฏใ€ ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:37
Hereโ€™s the important point: donโ€™t use the passive if you donโ€™t have a good reason
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้‡่ฆใชใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใฏๆฌกใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆญฃๅฝ“ใช็†็”ฑใŒใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
09:42
to use it.
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ใ€‚
09:44
If you use the passive, especially when youโ€™re writing, think about why youโ€™re using it.
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็‰นใซๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ใชใœใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:49
Do you need to use it to change the emphasis of your sentence?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡ใฎๅผท่ชฟใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
09:53
Do you need to sound more formal and impersonal?
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ใ‚‚ใฃใจใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใง้žไบบ้–“็š„ใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
09:57
Do you want to focus on the action, instead of whoever did the action?
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่ชฐใŒ่กŒๅ‹•ใ—ใŸใ‹ใงใฏใชใใ€ใใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใซ้›†ไธญใ—ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
10:02
If not, donโ€™t use the passive.
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ใใ†ใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:06
Using the passive makes your sentences longer and more complicated.
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆ–‡็ซ ใŒ ้•ทใ่ค‡้›‘ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:10
This isnโ€™t good unless itโ€™s necessary.
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ๅฟ…่ฆใงใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่‰ฏใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
10:13
First, itโ€™s inefficient, because youโ€™ll need more words to express the same ideas.
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ใพใšใ€ ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซใ‚‚ใฃใจๅคšใใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€้žๅŠน็Ž‡็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:20
Second, it makes your writing harder to read.
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็ฌฌไบŒใซใ€ๆ–‡็ซ ใŒ่ชญใฟใซใใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:24
Letโ€™s do some quick practice.
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ๆ—ฉ้€Ÿ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
10:26
Youโ€™re going to see five sentences.
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5ใคใฎๆ–‡ใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
10:28
For each one, you should decide if itโ€™s necessary to use the passive or not.
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ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ ใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’ๅˆคๆ–ญใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:35
Here are the five sentences: โ€˜We were asked by our friends to bring a dessert for the
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ ๅ‹้”ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซใƒ‡ใ‚ถใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้ ผใพใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
10:40
party.โ€™
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ใ€‚ใ€
10:43
โ€˜The proposed policy is strongly supported by conservative voters.โ€™
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ใ€Œๆๆกˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆ”ฟ็ญ–ใฏ ไฟๅฎˆ็š„ใชๆœ‰ๆจฉ่€…ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅผทใๆ”ฏๆŒใ•ใ‚Œ
10:50
โ€˜It was decided not to follow the recommendations outlined in the report.โ€™
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ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใ€Œๅ ฑๅ‘Šๆ›ธใซๆฆ‚่ชฌใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆŽจๅฅจไบ‹้ …ใซๅพ“ใ‚ใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒๆฑบๅฎšใ• ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
10:57
โ€˜A variety of measures could be taken to diminish the detrimental effects of global
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ๅœฐ็ƒๆธฉๆš–ๅŒ–ใฎๆ‚ชๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’่ปฝๆธ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๅฏพ็ญ–ใ‚’่ฌ›ใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
11:02
warming.โ€™
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.'
11:05
โ€˜The website will be finished and ready to launch by the end of the month.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใฏๆœˆๆœซใพใงใซๅฎŒๆˆใ—ใ€ๅ…ฌ้–‹ใ™ใ‚‹ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒๆ•ดใ„
11:11
What do you think?
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ใพใ™.ใ€ ใฉใ†ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
11:13
Are these good examples of using the passive, or not?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹่‰ฏใ„ไพ‹ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹?
11:17
Remember that to use the passive, you need a good reason.
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ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ๆญฃๅฝ“ใช็†็”ฑใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
11:22
If thereโ€™s no reason, donโ€™t use it.
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็†็”ฑใŒใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰
11:25
Pause the video if you want more time to look at these.
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ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฃใจ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๆ™‚้–“ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญข ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:29
Otherwise, letโ€™s look at the sentences.
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ใใ‚Œไปฅๅค–ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
11:33
In the first sentence, thereโ€™s no good reason to use the passive.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆญฃๅฝ“ใช็†็”ฑใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
11:38
Using the passive here only makes the sentence longer and more inefficient.
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ใ“ใ“ใงๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆ–‡ใŒ ้•ทใใชใ‚Šใ€ๅŠน็Ž‡ใŒไฝŽไธ‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:45
The sentence should be active and direct: โ€˜Our friends asked us to bring a dessert
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏ่ƒฝๅ‹•็š„ใ‹ใค็›ดๆŽฅ็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฎๅ‹ไบบใฏใ€ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใฎใŸใ‚ใซใƒ‡ใ‚ถใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็งใŸใกใซ้ ผใ‚“ใ 
11:50
for the party.โ€™
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11:52
In the second sentence, you probably shouldnโ€™t use the passive.
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.
11:57
You could argue that you use the passive here to emphasise the idea of โ€˜proposed policyโ€™,
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ใ“ใ“ใงๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ ใ€Œๆๆกˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใƒใƒชใ‚ทใƒผใ€ใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจไธปๅผตใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œๆๆกˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ
12:03
but the words โ€˜proposed policyโ€™ are vague, and if you havenโ€™t defined the idea, then
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ใƒใƒชใ‚ทใƒผใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏ ใ‚ใ„ใพใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅฎš็พฉใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€
12:09
why emphasise it?
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ใชใœใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹?
12:10
Again, this sentence should almost certainly be active: โ€˜Conservative voters strongly
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ปใƒณใƒ†ใƒณใ‚นใฏใปใผ็ขบๅฎŸ ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใซใชใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œไฟๅฎˆๆดพใฎๆœ‰ๆจฉ่€…
12:17
support the proposed policy.โ€™
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ใฏๆๆกˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใƒใƒชใ‚ทใƒผใ‚’ๅผทใๆ”ฏๆŒใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
12:21
In the third sentence, thereโ€™s one possible reason to use the passive: to make the sentence
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12:26
more impersonal.
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12:29
Perhaps you donโ€™t want to say exactly *who* decided to do this.
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€*่ชฐ* ใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใซใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซ่จ€ใ„ใŸใใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
12:34
In this case, using the passive is appropriate.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒ้ฉๅˆ‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:38
The fourth sentence is a good example of passive misuse.
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4 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•็š„ใช่ชค็”จใฎ่‰ฏใ„ไพ‹ใงใ™ ใ€‚
12:43
The problem is that itโ€™s easy to use the passive voice to make unclear, empty sentences.
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ๅ•้กŒใฏใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ ใ—ใฆไธๆ˜Ž็ขบใง็ฉบใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
12:50
In this sentence, what exactly is the writer saying?
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใงใ€ๆ›ธใๆ‰‹ใฏๆญฃ็ขบใซไฝ•ใ‚’ ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
12:52
โ€˜A variety of measuresโ€™ is so vague that it could mean anything.
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ใ€Œใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๅฏพ็ญ–ใ€ใฏๆผ ็„ถใจใ— ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:58
Making this sentence active wonโ€™t solve the problem; instead, you would need to be
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆœ‰ๅŠนใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚ๅ•้กŒใฏ่งฃๆฑบใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€
13:04
more specific and explain your ideas more precisely.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใซใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆญฃ็ขบใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
13:09
By the way, this is common in IELTS essays.
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ใกใชใฟใซใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏIELTSใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใงใฏใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
13:12
Again, itโ€™s not a language problem; itโ€™s an ideas problem.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่จ€่ชžใฎๅ•้กŒใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œ ใฏใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฎๅ•้กŒใงใ™ใ€‚
13:17
Itโ€™s possible to construct long, complicated sentences using the passive which donโ€™t
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ไฝ•ใ‚‚่จ€ใ‚ ใชใ„ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ้•ทใใฆ่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™
13:23
say anything, but this is bad writing and it certainly wonโ€™t help you in an exam like
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ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ‚ชใ„ๆ›ธใๆ–นใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€IELTS ใฎ ใ‚ˆใ†ใช่ฉฆ้จ“ใงใฏๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใกใพใ›ใ‚“
13:29
IELTS.
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ใ€‚
13:31
The fifth sentence is a good example of using the passive.
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5็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใฏๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎ่‰ฏใ„ไพ‹ ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:35
In this case, itโ€™s not important *who* will finish the website; itโ€™s important that
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€*่ชฐ*ใŒ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏ้‡่ฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
13:41
this work will be finished by the end of the month.
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ใ“ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใŒๆœˆๆœซใพใงใซ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ™ ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ
13:45
Donโ€™t forget to check out the full version of this lesson on our website, and try the
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ใฎๅฎŒๅ…จ็‰ˆใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใพใŸใ€ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใซๆŒ‘ๆˆฆใ—ใฆใ€
13:50
quiz to see how much youโ€™ve understood!
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„!
13:52
Thanks for watching!
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่ฆ‹ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†๏ผ
13:53
See you next time!
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ใพใŸใญ๏ผ
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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