Reducing & Rephrasing Noun Clauses ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿซ Advanced Grammar with JenniferESL

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2019-08-15 ใƒป English with Jennifer


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Reducing & Rephrasing Noun Clauses ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿซ Advanced Grammar with JenniferESL

25,447 views ใƒป 2019-08-15

English with Jennifer


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hi. I'm Jennifer from English with Jennifer.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใจ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
00:03
If you'd like to speak more confidently and effectively in English,
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่‹ฑ่ชžใง่‡ชไฟกใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใซ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
00:08
then subscribe and follow me here on YouTube. I share a new video every Thursday.
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ใ€ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซ็™ป้Œฒใ—ใฆ YouTube ใ‚’ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒญใƒผใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๆฏŽ้€ฑๆœจๆ›œๆ—ฅใซๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:16
If you'd like to get more out of your time on YouTube, then become a member of my channel.
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YouTube ใงใฎๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฃใจๆฅฝใ—ใฟใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€็งใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใฎใƒกใƒณใƒใƒผใซใชใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:22
You'll get two practice tasks on the community tab every week and a monthly live stream,
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ใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใƒ†ใ‚ฃ ใ‚ฟใƒ–ใงๆฏŽ้€ฑ 2 ใคใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚ฟใ‚นใ‚ฏใจใ€
00:28
which is an interactive lesson for 30 minutes, sometimes more!
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30 ๅˆ†้–“ใ€ๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏใใ‚ŒไปฅไธŠใฎใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒฉใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใชใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๆฏŽๆœˆใฎใƒฉใ‚คใƒ– ใ‚นใƒˆใƒชใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ๅ–ๅพ—ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:34
If you're looking for basic English, click here.
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ๅŸบ็คŽ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ใŠๆŽขใ—ใฎๆ–นใฏใ“ใกใ‚‰ใ€‚
00:39
Okay. Let's start our advanced grammar lesson.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ไธŠ็ดšๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:49
Do you know what a bucket list is? It's a list of things you want to do before you die.
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ใƒใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฃใฆ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ‚‹๏ผŸ ๆญปใฌใพใงใซใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใ“ใจใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚
00:56
I think that many of us have one. Some lists are longer than others.
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ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ–นใ‚‚ๅคšใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธ€้ƒจใฎใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฏไป–ใฎใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚้•ทใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:02
I don't know whether I'll get to do everything on my list,
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ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฎใ™ในใฆใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏ
01:05
but I sure hope that I'll get the chance to do as many as possible.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™.
01:10
In this lesson, I'll tell you a few things on my bucket list.
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€ใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใ“ใจใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚’ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:14
Then you can share some of your wishes, and I'll offer some advice on how you can make your wishes come true.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ้ก˜ใ„ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ้ก˜ใ„ใ‚’ๅถใˆใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’ๅทฎใ—ไธŠใ’ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:21
Sound good?
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ใ„ใ„ใญ๏ผŸ
01:24
Take a closer look at my text. I'd like you to find examples of noun clauses. I'll point you in the right direction.
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็งใฎใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใ„ๆ–นๅ‘ใซๅ‘ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:33
First, find noun clauses starting with the word "that.'"
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ใพใšใ€ใ€Œthat'ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Š
01:40
See them? There are two. I think that many of us have one.
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ใพใ™ใ‹? ไบŒใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ–นใ‚‚ๅคšใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:49
I sure hope that I'll get the chance to do as many as possible.
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ใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๆฉŸไผšใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:55
This other clause, by the way, is an adjective clause. It starts with the word "that."
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ใกใชใฟใซใ€ใ“ใฎๅˆฅใฎ็ฏ€ใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:01
But the clause answers the question "which?" or "what kind?"
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใฎ็ฏ€ใฏใ€Œใฉใ‚ŒใŒ?ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช๏ผŸใ€
02:07
What kind of things? Things that you want to do before you die.
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ใฉใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใ‹๏ผŸ ๆญปใฌใพใงใซใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใ“ใจใ€‚
02:14
Noun clauses answer the question "what?"
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ๅ่ฉžๅฅใฏใ€ใ€Œไฝ•๏ผŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
02:19
What do you think? I think that many of us have one.
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ใฉใ†ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ–นใ‚‚ๅคšใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:25
What do you hope?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ๆœ›ใฟใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:27
I sure hope that I'll get the chance to do as many as possible.
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ใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๆฉŸไผšใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:33
And each clause has a subject and a verb, right?
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ๅ„็ฏ€ใซใฏไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
02:40
Now look for two noun clauses that function as embedded questions.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ๅŸ‹ใ‚่พผใพใ‚ŒใŸ่ณชๅ•ใจใ—ใฆๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ 2 ใคใฎๅ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:56
See them? Here they are.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ๏ผŸ ใฉใ†ใžใ€‚
03:01
Each clause has a subject and a verb.
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ๅ„็ฏ€ใซใฏไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:06
In the first clause, the question word is the subject.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็ฏ€ใงใฏใ€็–‘ๅ•่ชžใŒไธป่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
03:10
All three of these noun clauses
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 3 ใคใฎๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใฏใ™ในใฆ
03:13
function as objects.
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ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใจใ—ใฆๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:16
Know what?
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ไฝ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:18
What don't you know?
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ไฝ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎ๏ผŸ
03:20
Advice on what?
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ไฝ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚น๏ผŸ
03:26
Do you remember how those embedded questions were formed?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅŸ‹ใ‚่พผใพใ‚ŒใŸ่ณชๅ•ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฝขๆˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‹่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
03:31
"Whether" is like "if." These words start noun clauses that function as embedded questions.
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ใ€Œใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ€ใฏใ€Œใ‚‚ใ—ใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏใ€ๅŸ‹ใ‚่พผใพใ‚ŒใŸ่ณชๅ•ใจใ—ใฆๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:40
Yes-no questions.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใ„ใ„ใˆใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ€‚
03:44
Will I get to do everything on my list?
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ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฎใ™ในใฆใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹?
03:47
I don't know whether I'll get to do everything on my list. Or
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ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฎใ™ในใฆใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏ
03:52
I don't know if I'll get to do everything on my list.
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ใ€ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฎใ™ในใฆใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:00
Remember embedded questions use statement word order:
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ๅŸ‹ใ‚่พผใพใ‚ŒใŸ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใฎ่ชž้ †ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„:
04:05
subject + verb.
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ไธป่ชž + ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€‚
04:06
Compare.
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ๆฏ”่ผƒใ€‚
04:08
How can you make your wishes come true?
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ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ้ก˜ใ„ใ‚’ใ‹ใชใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:13
I'll offer some advice on how you can make your wishes come true.
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้ก˜ใ„ใ‚’ๅถใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’ใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:21
In this lesson, I'd like to tell you how and when we can shorten noun clauses.
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ใ„ใคใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็Ÿญ็ธฎใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:26
Some call this reduction. To be honest, when I talk about reducing clauses, I usually think about reducing
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ‰Šๆธ›ใจๅ‘ผใถไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆญฃ็›ดใชใจใ“ใ‚ใ€
04:35
adjective clauses and adverb clauses.
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็ฏ€ใ‚’ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ใจใ„ใ†ใจใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚„ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅคšใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:38
Those clauses can shorten and become phrases with participles. If you'd like to review how that's done,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅฅใฏ็Ÿญ็ธฎใ—ใฆใ€ๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆ
04:46
look in the video description
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ใฏใ€ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎ่ชฌๆ˜Ž
04:48
for links to those playlists.
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ใงใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚คใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใธใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
04:52
Right now with noun clauses
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็พๅœจใ€ๅ่ฉžๅฅ
04:55
we'll explore alternative wording that can help you be more concise. If you want to call that reduction, that's fine.
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š็ฐกๆฝ”ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคไปฃๆ›ฟ่กจ็พใ‚’ๆคœ่จŽใ—ใพใ™. ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ‰Šๆธ›ใจๅ‘ผใณใŸใ„ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใงใ„ใ„ใ€‚
05:02
I think of it more as
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็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
05:04
paraphrasing.
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ใ€‚
05:08
Watch how my text can change and become more concise.
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็งใฎใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ—ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š็ฐกๆฝ”ใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:25
To make these changes, you need to understand how noun clauses function in a sentence.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅค‰ๆ›ดใ‚’่กŒใ†ใซใฏใ€ๅ่ฉžๅฅใŒๆ–‡ใฎไธญใงใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:33
"That"-clauses start with "that." Then they have a subject and a verb.
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ใ€ŒThatใ€็ฏ€ใฏใ€Œthatใ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกใซใ€ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:40
I think that many of us have one.
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ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ–นใ‚‚ๅคšใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:45
Very often we use "that"-clauses as direct objects, objects of verbs.
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ใ€Œthatใ€ๅฅใ‚’็›ดๆŽฅ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:51
But "that"- clauses can also function as subjects and
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€"that" ๅฅใฏไธป่ชžใ‚„่ฃœ่ชžใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—
05:55
complements.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:59
That he managed to do everything on his bucket list is admirable.
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ๅฝผใŒใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใ“ใจใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฎใ™ในใฆใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚Š้‚ใ’ใŸใ“ใจใฏ็งฐ่ณ›ใซๅ€คใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
06:04
Note that use of a "that"- clause as a subject is less common in conversation.
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ใ€Œthatใ€็ฏ€ใ‚’ไธป่ชžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ไผš่ฉฑใงใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:10
However, I would say "the fact that."
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใฏใ€Œไบ‹ๅฎŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:13
The fact that he managed to do everything on his bucket list is admirable.
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ๅฝผใŒใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใ“ใจใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฎใ™ในใฆใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚Š้‚ใ’ใŸใจใ„ใ†ไบ‹ๅฎŸใฏ็งฐ่ณ›ใซๅ€คใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
06:20
My hope is that all manage to do everything too.
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็งใฎๅธŒๆœ›ใฏใ€ใ™ในใฆใŒใ†ใพใใ„ใใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
06:29
It's exciting that I can finally cross something off my bucket list.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใ“ใจใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚„ใไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆถˆใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใฆใƒฏใ‚ฏใƒฏใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:38
It's my hope that we can do something on my list together.
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็งใฎใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใซใ‚ใ‚‹ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ไธ€็ท’ใซใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™.
06:47
Sometimes we can shorten the noun clause by dropping the word "that."
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ๅ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’็Ÿญ็ธฎใงใใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:51
But this is only possible when the noun clause is an object or a
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใŒ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใพใŸใฏ่ฃœ่ชžใฎๅ ดๅˆใซใฎใฟๅฏ่ƒฝ
06:55
complement. In other words, when it's in the middle or the end of a sentence. We never omit the word "that"
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆ–‡ใฎ้€”ไธญใ‚„ๆ–‡ๆœซใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใงใ™ใ€‚
07:02
when the noun clause is the subject of the sentence.
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ๅ่ฉžๅฅใŒๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œthatใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’็œ็•ฅใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:08
Dropping the word "that" is most common when the noun clause is the object of the verb, a direct object.
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ๅ่ฉžๅฅใŒๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ€ใคใพใ‚Š็›ดๆŽฅ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œthatใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:17
"That"-clauses as direct objects are used with certain groups of verbs, for example,
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ใ€ŒThatใ€็ฏ€ใฏ็›ดๆŽฅ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใจใ—ใฆ็‰นๅฎšใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใจใจใ‚‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ใŸใจใˆใฐ
07:23
verbs of perception -- verbs about thinking and feeling.
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ใ€็Ÿฅ่ฆšๅ‹•่ฉž (ๆ€่€ƒใ‚„ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉž) ใชใฉใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:29
These verbs include: know, think, guess, believe, feel, hope,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใซใฏใ€็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ€ๆŽจๆธฌใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹ใ€ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ€ๅธŒๆœ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€
07:36
see, and hear.
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่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€่žใใชใฉใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:39
Verbs for speaking or reporting information.
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่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๅ ฑๅ‘Šใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ€‚
07:45
Common examples include: say, agree, suggest, complain.
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ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€่จ€ใ†ใ€ๅŒๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ๆๆกˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ไธๅนณใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใชใฉใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:54
Being concise is good.
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็ฐกๆฝ”ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
07:56
Right? Does that mean we should always omit the word "that" when the noun clause is in the middle or the end of the sentence?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใŒๆ–‡ใฎ้€”ไธญใพใŸใฏๆ–‡ๆœซใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ๅธธใซใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’็œ็•ฅใ™ในใใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ‹?
08:04
No. Here are some guidelines.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€‚ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใ‚ฌใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:08
Omitting the word "that" is very common in conversation and in everyday writing,
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ใ€Œthatใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’็œ็•ฅใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ไผš่ฉฑใ‚„ๆ—ฅๅธธใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใง้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„
08:14
especially when the subjects are the same in both clauses. For example: I hope I'll see you again.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚็‰นใซใ€ไธกๆ–นใฎ็ฏ€ใงไธป่ชžใŒๅŒใ˜ๅ ดๅˆใซ้ก•่‘—ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไพ‹๏ผšใพใŸไผšใˆใพใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€‚
08:24
It's a little less common to omit the word "that" when there's a noun or a pronoun
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ไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใจ that ๅฅใฎ้–“ใซๅ่ฉžใพใŸใฏไปฃๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œthatใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’็œ็•ฅใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
08:31
between the main verb and the that clause.
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ใ€‚
08:37
I promised my teacher that I would turn in my assignment the next day.
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็งใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใซๆฌกใฎๆ—ฅใซ่ชฒ้กŒใ‚’ๆๅ‡บใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ด„ๆŸใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:43
She warned me that my final grade might suffer.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ€็งใฎๆœ€็ต‚ๅญฆๅนดใŒๆ‚ชๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจ็งใซ่ญฆๅ‘Šใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:48
It's possible to omit the word "that" in both cases here.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’็œ็•ฅใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:52
But particularly in the second, I wouldn't because the subjects and the two clauses are different.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็‰นใซ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ไธป่ชžใจ 2 ใคใฎ็ฏ€ใŒ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใใ†ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:02
For similar reasons, if there's some kind of long interrupting phrase between the main verb and the that clause,
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ๅŒๆง˜ใฎ็†็”ฑใงใ€ไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใจใใฎๅฅใฎ้–“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹็จฎใฎ้•ทใ„ไธญๆ–ญๅฅใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
09:10
the speaker may choose to keep the word "that."
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ๅ ดๅˆใ€่ฉฑใ—ๆ‰‹ใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฟๆŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:16
I think, for the sake of everyone concerned, that we should meet a second time and discuss this matter further.
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้–ขไฟ‚่€…ใฎ็š†ๆง˜ใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎไปถใซใคใ„ใฆใ•ใ‚‰ใซ่ญฐ่ซ–ใ‚’ๆทฑใ‚ใ‚‹ในใใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:25
You might also note that the tone of this example is a little more formal; that could also be a factor.
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ใพใŸใ€ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใฎใƒˆใƒผใƒณใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅฝขๅผ็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‚ไธ€ๅ› ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:35
When the main verb is in the passive, we usually keep the word "that."
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ไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใ€็งใŸใกใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฟๆŒใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:43
We were told that no more seats were available.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒไปฅไธŠ็ฉบๅธญใŒใชใ„ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:49
For clarity,
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ๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€"and" ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช
09:50
you probably will not omit the word "that" when you have to that clauses joined by coordinating
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่ชฟๆ•ดๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็ตๅˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใใฎๅฅใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใ "that" ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’็œ็•ฅใ—ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
09:57
conjunction like "and."
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ใ€‚
10:02
I know that you're wondering about the future and that you're worried about financials security.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅฐ†ๆฅใซใคใ„ใฆ็–‘ๅ•ใซๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€ใใ—ใฆ้‡‘่žใฎๅฎ‰ๅ…จๆ€งใซใคใ„ใฆๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็งใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™.
10:12
But you can definitely omit the word "that" when one that clause is part of another.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใใฎๅฅใŒๅˆฅใฎๅฅใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’็ขบๅฎŸใซ็œ็•ฅใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
10:20
I know we agreed it would be better to wait, but I don't want to miss this opportunity.
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ๅพ…ใฃใŸใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„่ฆ‹ใงไธ€่‡ดใ—ใŸใ“ใจใฏๆ‰ฟ็Ÿฅใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎๆฉŸไผšใ‚’้€ƒใ—ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
10:27
Would you omit "that" in these sentences? Take a look.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใงใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’็œ็•ฅใ—ใพใ™ใ‹? ่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:54
In 1, you could keep it or omit it. I'd omit it.
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1 ใงใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฟๆŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ€็œ็•ฅใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็œ็•ฅใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:58
The subjects are different, but we often drop the word "that" with common verbs like: say, think, believe.
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ไธป้กŒใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œ่จ€ใ†ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹ใ€ใชใฉใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅ‹•่ฉžใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ใ—ใฐใ—ใฐ็œ็•ฅใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:08
Also, the two clauses aren't very long, so that's another factor.
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ใพใŸใ€2 ใคใฎๅฅใฏใใ‚Œใปใฉ้•ทใใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ๅˆฅใฎ่ฆๅ› ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:14
In 2, I would not omit the word "that." The main verb is in the passive.
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2ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’็œ็•ฅใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ไธปใชๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:22
In 3, I would not omit "that." I'd keep it because there's separation between the main clause and the noun clause.
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3ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’็œ็•ฅใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ไธป็ฏ€ใจๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใฎ้–“ใซๅˆ†้›ขใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใใฎใพใพใซใ—ใฆใŠใใพใ™ใ€‚
11:32
In 4, I also would not drop the word "that." We have long
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4ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚‚ๆจใฆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ้•ทใ„
11:37
clauses and the two noun clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction.
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็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€2 ใคใฎๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใŒ่ชฟๆ•ดๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใง็ตๅˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:42
It's easier for the reader to understand the sentence structure if we keep "that."
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆใŠใ„ใŸใปใ†ใŒใ€่ชญใฟๆ‰‹ใฏๆ–‡ใฎๆง‹้€ ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:50
How else can we be more concise?
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ไป–ใซใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚‚ใฃใจ็ฐกๆฝ”ใซใงใใพใ™ใ‹?
11:52
Well, sometimes it's possible to change the verb of the "that"-clause to a gerund or infinitive.
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ใ€Œthatใ€็ฏ€ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใพใŸใฏไธๅฎš่ฉžใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใงใใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:01
As you know, some verbs take gerunds, and others take infinitives.
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ใ”ๅญ˜ใ˜ใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใ€ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:05
If you're familiar with these patterns, it will be easier for you to make good word choices.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใซๆ…ฃใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ€้ฉๅˆ‡ใชๅ˜่ชžใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒ็ฐกๅ˜ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:13
Here's the grammar for some verbs you should know already.
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็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใในใใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฏๆฌกใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
12:17
Review the patterns.
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ใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:19
verb + gerund
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ๅ‹•่ฉž + ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉž
12:21
verb + preposition + gerund
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ๅ‹•่ฉž + ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉž + ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉž
12:24
verb + infinitive
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ๅ‹•่ฉž + ไธๅฎš่ฉž
12:27
These verbs can also be followed by a "that"-clause.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซ "that" ็ฏ€ใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
12:32
He admitted that he didn't know.
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ๅฝผใฏ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่ชใ‚ใŸ.
12:37
We complained that we had no money.
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็งใŸใกใฏใŠ้‡‘ใŒใชใ„ใจไธๅนณใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
12:43
They claimed that they had traveled the world.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไธ–็•Œไธญใ‚’ๆ—…ใ—ใŸใจไธปๅผตใ—ใŸใ€‚
12:50
Don't assume that use of an infinitive or a gerund is always more conversational than a noun clause with "that."
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ไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚„ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใฎไฝฟ็”จใฏใ€ๅธธใซใ€Œthatใ€ใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ไผš่ฉฑ็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆƒณๅฎšใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
12:57
For example, the perfect infinitive in the last example
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไพ‹ใฎๅฎŒๅ…จไธๅฎš่ฉžใฏใ€
13:02
sounds rather formal to my ears.
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็งใฎ่€ณใซใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Šใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
13:09
Let's change the wording in a few sentences together.
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ไธ€็ท’ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–‡ใง่จ€ใ„ๅ›žใ—ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
13:16
I suggest that you make a list of everything you want to do.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ™ในใฆใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:23
I suggest making a list.
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ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:28
Don't pretend that you understand all my wishes.
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็งใฎ้ก˜ใ„ใ‚’ใ™ในใฆ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใตใ‚Šใ‚’ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:36
Don't pretend to understand.
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็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใตใ‚Šใ‚’ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:43
Someone told me that I should identify the most realistic plans first.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใซๆœ€ใ‚‚็พๅฎŸ็š„ใช่จˆ็”ปใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ็งใซ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
13:51
Someone told me to identify.
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒ็งใซ็‰นๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€‚
14:00
She confessed that she had an actual bucket list written on paper.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็ด™ใซๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸๅฎŸ้š›ใฎใƒใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๅ‘Š็™ฝใ—ใพใ—ใŸ.
14:07
She confessed we need a little help here. We'll use a preposition.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ“ใ“ใงๅฐ‘ใ—ๅŠฉใ‘ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใ ใจๆ‰“ใกๆ˜Žใ‘ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:13
She confessed to having an actual bucket list written on paper.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็ด™ใซๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸๅฎŸ้š›ใฎใƒใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅ‘Š็™ฝใ—ใพใ—ใŸ.
14:21
Okay. We've studied that clauses. Now let's talk about embedded questions, another type of noun clause.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏใใฎๆก้ …ใ‚’็ ”็ฉถใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๆฌกใซใ€ๅˆฅใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎๅ่ฉžๅฅใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅŸ‹ใ‚่พผใฟ่ณชๅ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
14:31
Embedded questions can also have different functions.
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ๅŸ‹ใ‚่พผใพใ‚ŒใŸ่ณชๅ•ใซใฏใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆŒใŸใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
14:34
They can function as subjects, objects, and complements. Take a look.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใ‚ตใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ€ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณ่ฃœ่ถณใจใ—ใฆๆฉŸ่ƒฝใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
14:41
How you live your life is up to you.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไบบ็”Ÿใ‚’ใฉใ†็”Ÿใใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏใ‚ใชใŸๆฌก็ฌฌใงใ™ใ€‚
14:47
A trip to Peru is what I want.
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ใƒšใƒซใƒผใธใฎๆ—…่กŒใŒ็งใฎๆœ›ใฟใงใ™ใ€‚
14:52
I don't know whether I'll get to do everything on my list.
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ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฎใ™ในใฆใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
14:58
I'll offer some advice on how you can make your wishes come true.
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้ก˜ใ„ใ‚’ๅถใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’ใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™ใ€‚
15:06
I'm not sure if I can make this happen.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฎŸ็พใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
15:14
Embedded questions begin with question words: how, when, where, who, what, whether, if.
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ๅŸ‹ใ‚่พผใพใ‚ŒใŸ่ณชๅ•ใฏ็–‘ๅ•่ฉžใงๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™: ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ„ใคใ€ใฉใ“ใงใ€่ชฐใŒใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ€ใ‚‚ใ—ใ€‚
15:24
You know that sometimes we can omit "that" from "that"-clauses.
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ใ€Œthatใ€็ฏ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œthatใ€ใ‚’็œ็•ฅใงใใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
15:29
But we can never omit question words from embedded questions.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅŸ‹ใ‚่พผใพใ‚ŒใŸ่ณชๅ•ใ‹ใ‚‰่ณชๅ•่ชžใ‚’็œ็•ฅใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
15:36
Instead, we can shorten an embedded question with the help of an infinitive.
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๅŸ‹ใ‚่พผใพใ‚ŒใŸ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’็Ÿญใใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
15:42
But this is only possible when there's a meaning of "should" or "could" --
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ในใใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€ŒใงใใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ€ใคใพใ‚Š็พฉๅ‹™ใพใŸใฏๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใซใฎใฟ
15:47
obligation or possibility.
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ๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™ใ€‚
15:52
Look at this example: I'll offer some advice on how you can make your wishes come true.
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ้ก˜ใ„ใ‚’ๅถใˆใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:00
I'll offer some advice on how to make your wishes come true.
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้ก˜ใ„ใ‚’ๅถใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’ใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™ใ€‚
16:08
Which embedded questions can be shortened to an infinitive? Take a look and think about it.
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ไธๅฎš่ฉžใซ็Ÿญ็ธฎใงใใ‚‹็ต„ใฟ่พผใฟใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใฉใ‚Œใงใ™ใ‹? ใ‚ˆใ่ฆ‹ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
16:35
We can shorten sentences three, four, and five.
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ๆ–‡ 3ใ€4ใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณ 5 ใ‚’็Ÿญ็ธฎใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
16:40
How to find.
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่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ๆ–นใ€‚
16:43
Where to go.
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ใฉใ“ใธ่กŒใใ€‚
16:46
When to book.
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ใ„ใคไบˆ็ด„ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€‚
16:50
How did you do on that task? Do you know that I really do want to go whale watching? That's on my bucket list.
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ใใฎไป•ไบ‹ใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ็งใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใƒ›ใ‚จใƒผใƒซใ‚ฆใ‚ฉใƒƒใƒใƒณใ‚ฐใซ่กŒใใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎใƒใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
16:59
It's also my dream to visit Australia and enjoy a wonderful meal prepared by a famous chef.
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ใพใŸใ€ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒชใ‚ขใซ่กŒใฃใฆๆœ‰ๅใ‚ทใ‚งใƒ•ใฎ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„้ฃŸไบ‹ใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚€ใฎใ‚‚็งใฎๅคขใงใ™ใ€‚
17:08
What's on your bucket list? Tell me in the comments and try to make use of a noun clause.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใซใฏไฝ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹? ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใงๆ•™ใˆใฆใ€ๅ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’ๆดป็”จใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
17:17
My advice is to make a bucket list and then decide what's realistic and what isn't.
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็งใฎใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใฏใ€ใƒใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไฝ•ใŒ็พๅฎŸ็š„ใงไฝ•ใŒใใ†ใงใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™.
17:24
I also think it's a good idea to identify dreams you share with loved ones so that you can realize them together.
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ใพใŸใ€ๆ„›ใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใจๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅคขใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ—ใฆใ€ไธ€็ท’ใซๅฎŸ็พใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚่‰ฏใ„่€ƒใˆใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™.
17:33
My final piece of advice is don't wait forever.
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็งใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใฏใ€ใ„ใคใพใงใ‚‚ๅพ…ใŸใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
17:37
You'll regret not doing something if the opportunity was in front of you and you simply lacked the courage to try.
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็›ฎใฎๅ‰ใซใƒใƒฃใƒณใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆŒ‘ๆˆฆใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‹‡ๆฐ—ใŒใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‚ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๅพŒๆ‚”ใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
17:46
Let's end here.
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ใ“ใ“ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
17:47
If you'd like more grammar practice, become a member of my channel. Click on that JOIN button,
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฃใจใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€็งใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใฎใƒกใƒณใƒใƒผใซใชใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใฎ JOIN ใƒœใ‚ฟใƒณใ‚’ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
17:53
and you'll get practice tasks on the community tab and a monthly live stream.
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ใ€ใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใƒ†ใ‚ฃ ใ‚ฟใƒ–ใจๆฏŽๆœˆใฎใƒฉใ‚คใƒ– ใ‚นใƒˆใƒชใƒผใƒ ใง็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚ฟใ‚นใ‚ฏใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
18:00
That's all for now. As always, thanks for watching and happy studies!
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ใใ‚ŒใฏไปŠใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใ™ในใฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใฆๅนธใ›ใช็ ”็ฉถใ‚’ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†๏ผ
18:07
I'd like to say a very special thank you to the current members of my channel.
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็งใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใฎ็พๅœจใฎใƒกใƒณใƒใƒผใซ็‰นๅˆฅใชๆ„Ÿ่ฌใ‚’ไผใˆใŸใ„.
18:11
Hopefully, more of you will join us for the next live stream.
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ใ†ใพใใ„ใ‘ใฐใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒฉใ‚คใƒ– ใ‚นใƒˆใƒชใƒผใƒ ใซใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅคšใใฎๅ‚ๅŠ ่€…ใŒๅ‚ๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:17
Follow me and gain more practice on Facebook and Twitter. I also have new videos on Instagram.
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็งใ‚’ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒญใƒผใ—ใฆใ€Facebook ใจ Twitter ใงใ‚‚ใฃใจ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚คใƒณใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใซใ‚‚ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:24
If you haven't already,
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ใพใ ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซ็™ป้Œฒใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€YouTube ใซๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใƒญใƒผใƒ‰ใ™ใ‚‹
18:26
subscribe to my channel so you get
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ใŸใณใซ้€š็ŸฅใŒๅฑŠใใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใซ็™ป้Œฒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
18:29
notification of every new video I upload to YouTube.
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ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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