Slang in English: 'What the hell' and other HELL expressions

952,759 views ใƒป 2012-01-11

English with Emma


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hi. My name is Emma, and today we have an excellent lesson for you on the difference
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ ็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใ‚จใƒžใงใ™ใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ
00:08
between "past" versus "passed." So "p-a-s-t" versus "p-a-s-s-e-d." Now, you might be wondering,
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ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใจใ€Œ้ŽใŽๅŽปใฃใŸใ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œp-a-s- tใ€ใจใ€Œp-a-s-s-e-dใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไธๆ€่ญฐใซๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
00:19
these words, they sound the same. You're right. They are what are known as homonyms, meaning
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅŒ้Ÿณ็•ฐ็พฉ่ชžใจใ—ใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใง
00:25
they sound the same, but they have two completely different meanings. Now, this lesson is actually
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ใ€ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใŒใ€2 ใคใฎใพใฃใŸใ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ
00:31
quite important. Native speakers often make mistakes with the difference between "past"
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้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผ ใฏใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใจใ€Œๅˆๆ ผใ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ้–“้•ใˆใพใ™ใŒใ€
00:36
and "passed," and so do ESL speakers. So if you're doing a test like the TOEFL, IELTS,
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ESL ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใ‚‚ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€TOEFL ใ‚„ IELTS ใชใฉใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’่กŒใ†ๅ ดๅˆ
00:46
it's very handy to know the difference in spelling and meaning because there is a good
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ใ€ใ‚นใƒšใƒซใจๆ„ๅ‘ณใฎ้•ใ„ใ‚’็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใใจ้žๅธธใซไพฟๅˆฉ
00:50
chance that you will lose marks if you make a mistake on these. Okay. So to begin with,
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’้–“้•ใˆใ‚‹ใจๆธ›็‚นใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€ใพใšใฏ
00:57
I will explain "past." Now, when I talk about "past," I want you to think "time." Think
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ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆ ใ€ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใจใ€Œๆ™‚้–“ใ€ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:03
"time." That's a key word. Think "time." When I talk about "p-a-s-s-e-d," I want you to
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ใ€Œๆ™‚้–“ใ€ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ญใƒผใƒฏใƒผใƒ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆ™‚้–“ใ€ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œp-a-s-s-e-dใ€ใจใ„ใ†
01:10
think "movement." So think "time" for "past" and think "movement" for "past." Okay. So
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ใจใ€Œๅ‹•ใใ€ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆ™‚้–“ใ€ใฏใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ ใ€ใ€Œๅ‹•ใใ€ใฏใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
01:21
I'll start by explaining the word "past." P-a-s-t. Now, on this board, I have -- it
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฎ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใซ
01:29
shows that it's a noun, an adjective, as well as a preposition. What "past" is not is a
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ใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๅ่ฉžใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž ใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใงใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใฏ
01:36
verb. So verb, no. Pretty much, as a noun, "past" means "before the present moment."
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€‚ ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใฎ ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใฏใ€Œ็พๅœจใฎ็žฌ้–“ใฎๅ‰ใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:47
So for example, it's a period before now. So think about this. What was popular in the
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ไปŠใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ‰ใฎๆœŸ้–“ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๆ˜”ๆต่กŒใฃใŸใฎใฏ
01:57
past? In the past, tamagotchis were popular. In the past, big hair was popular. In the
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๏ผŸ ๆ˜”ใฏใŸใพใ”ใฃใกใŒๆต่กŒใฃใŸใ€‚ ๆ˜”ใฏใƒ“ใƒƒใ‚ฐใƒ˜ใ‚ขใƒผใŒๆต่กŒใฃใŸใ€‚
02:04
past, pocket watches were popular. They're not popular anymore. So when we think about
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ๆ˜”ใฏๆ‡ไธญๆ™‚่จˆใŒๆต่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ ใ‚‚ใ†ไบบๆฐ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰
02:16
the past, we're thinking "before now." If you think about it, when we're talking about
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ใ€้ŽๅŽปใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใจใใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€ŒไปŠใพใงใ€ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใ‚Œใฐใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงๆ™‚ๅˆถใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ
02:22
tense in English, we have the past tense, the present tense, and the future tense. The
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ใ€้ŽๅŽปๆ™‚ๅˆถ ใ€็พๅœจๆ™‚ๅˆถใ€ๆœชๆฅๆ™‚ๅˆถใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:27
past tense refers to before the present, before now. Okay. Next, we have "past" as an adjective.
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้ŽๅŽปๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ€็พๅœจใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ‰ใ€ไปŠใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ‰ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ๆฌกใซใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:37
The good thing is it means essentially the same thing as "past" as a noun. Again, it
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่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใฏ ใ€ๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใฎใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใจๆœฌ่ณช็š„ใซๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œ
02:42
means "before." Currently, as an example, right now in Germany, the leader of Germany
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ใฏใ€Œๅ‰ใซใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ็พๅœจใ€ไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„ใงใฏ็พๅœจใ€ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„ใฎใƒชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผ
02:49
is a woman. Okay, so the leader of Germany is a woman. Past leaders have all been men.
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ใฏๅฅณๆ€งใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„ใฎใƒชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผ ใฏๅฅณๆ€งใงใ™ใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปใฎใƒชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผใฏๅ…จๅ“ก็”ทๆ€งใ€‚
02:59
So right now, leader is a woman. Past leaders have all been men.
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ€ใƒชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผใฏๅฅณๆ€งใงใ™ใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปใฎใƒชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผใฏๅ…จๅ“ก็”ทๆ€งใ€‚
03:07
Now what is an adjective, in case you're wondering? What an adjective does is it describes a noun.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็–‘ๅ•ใซๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใซๅ‚™ใˆใฆใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ๅ่ฉžใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:14
In the sentence I just said, "leader" is the noun, and we're describing the noun "leader"
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ไปŠ่จ€ใฃใŸๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใƒชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผใ€ใฏ ๅ่ฉžใงใ€ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ€Œใƒชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ่ฉžใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆ
03:21
using "past." What type of leader? Leaders from before. Past leaders. Okay. Lastly, this
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ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฏ๏ผŸ ๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎใƒชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปใฎใƒชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€
03:31
is when it gets a little bit confusing. "Past" as a preposition. "Past" as a preposition,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ๆททไนฑใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใฎใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€
03:38
"past" as a preposition, I told you to think time. I still want you to think time, but
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ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ„ใพใ— ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚„ใฏใ‚Šๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒ
03:44
whereas for the noun and the adjective I was talking about before, when I use "past" as
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ใ€ๅ…ˆใปใฉ่ฉฑใ—ใŸๅ่ฉžใ‚„ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใŒๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฎ ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใจใใฏ
03:50
a preposition, I'm talking about after. So what is an example of this? Well, right now,
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ใ€ๅพŒใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใง ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฎไพ‹ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ•ใฆใ€ไปŠใฏ
03:57
it's 5.20. This is the time. 5.20. Now if I want to use "past," I can say when somebody
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5.20 ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠใŒใใฎๆ™‚ใ ใ€‚ 5.20. ใ‚‚ใ— ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใŸใ„ใชใ‚‰ใ€่ชฐใ‹
04:09
asks me, "What time is it?" I can say, "It's 5.20." I can say, "It's 20 minutes after 5."
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ใŒ็งใซใ€ŒไปŠไฝ•ๆ™‚๏ผŸใ€ใจๅฐ‹ใญใŸใจใใซ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ 5.20ใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ5ๆ™‚20ๅˆ†ใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
04:16
Or I can also say, "It's 20 minutes past 5." So we're still talking about time here, but
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œ5 ๆ™‚ 20 ๅˆ†ใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ๆ™‚้–“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:29
in the case of a preposition, when you're talking about the actual time on your watch,
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ใŒใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฎๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ๆ™‚่จˆใฎๅฎŸ้š›ใฎๆ™‚้–“ใซใคใ„ใฆ
04:34
you're talking about after, the time after something.
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่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎๅพŒใฎๆ™‚้–“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
04:40
Another preposition using "past," this one does not have to do with time. So the one-time
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ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅˆฅใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏๆ™‚้–“ใจใฏ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไธ€ๅบฆใใ‚Šใฎ
04:47
"past" does not have to do with time. I will give you an example. "The house past the church."
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ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใฏๆ™‚้–“ใจใฏ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆ•™ไผšใฎๅ‰ใฎๅฎถใ€
04:54
"The house past the church." "The house past the church." This also means after. What house
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ใ€Œๆ•™ไผšใฎๅ‰ใฎๅฎถใ€ ใ€Œๆ•™ไผšใฎๅ‰ใฎๅฎถ ใ€ ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅพŒใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใฉใฎ
05:14
am I talking about? The house after the church. So when we use "past" as a preposition, we're
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ๅฎถใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๆ•™ไผšใฎๅพŒใฎๅฎถใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใ‚’ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œ
05:21
talking about after, whereas when we use "past" as a noun and an adjective, we're talking
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ๅพŒใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฏพใ—ใ€ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใ‚’ๅ่ฉžใŠใ‚ˆใณๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œๅ‰ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ ่ฉฑใ—
05:28
about before.
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ใฆใ„ใ‚‹.
05:31
So now let's talk about "past." Again, pronounce the exact same, but spelled differently. Now
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒ ใ€ใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็™บ้Ÿณใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚นใƒšใƒซใŒ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆ
05:39
what do you notice when you look at this word? P-A-S-S-E-D. That right there gives us a clue.
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ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆไฝ•ใซๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๅˆๆ ผใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ“ใŒๆ‰‹ใŒใ‹ใ‚Šใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:46
E-D, we're looking actually at a verb. We're looking at the past participle of the verb
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E-Dใ€็งใŸใกใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ‹•่ฉž to pass ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™
05:56
to pass. As I said before, I want you to think "movement." Verbs are actions. They're movement.
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ใ€‚ ๅ…ˆใปใฉใ‚‚่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใ€Œๅ‹•ใใ€ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ ใ€‚ ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅ‹•ใใงใ™ใ€‚
06:08
So "past" is a verb. It has multiple meanings. We'll go through some of them, but I really
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ„ใใคใ‹ๅ–ใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใ‚‚
06:14
want you to think "movement."
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ใ€Œๅ‹•ใใ€ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:17
So the first meaning of the verb "pass" means to go by. I'll give you an example. Did you
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œpassใ€ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏใ€Œ้€šใ‚Š้ŽใŽใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ† ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:31
see what I just did? I passed the board. The board is on my side. I moved past the board.
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็งใŒไปŠใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ็†ไบ‹ไผšใ‚’้€š้Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใฏ็งใฎๅดใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’้€šใ‚Š้ŽใŽใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:38
I passed the board. Today, on my way to work, I passed the mall. So the mall was on my side.
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็†ไบ‹ไผšใ‚’้€š้Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใ€้€šๅ‹ค้€”ไธญใซ ๅ•†ๅบ—่ก—ใฎๅ‰ใ‚’้€šใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒขใƒผใƒซใฏ็งใฎๅ‘ณๆ–นใ ใฃใŸใ€‚
06:48
I didn't go into the mall. When I was walking, I passed the mall.
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ใ‚ทใƒงใƒƒใƒ”ใƒณใ‚ฐใƒขใƒผใƒซใซใฏ่กŒใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใƒขใƒผใƒซใฎๅ‰ใ‚’้€šใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ้‹่ปข
06:53
We often use this too when we're talking about driving. I'm a very, very slow driver. Cars
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ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใ‚‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ็งใฏ้žๅธธใซ้…ใ„ใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
07:00
in the other lane, they often pass me, meaning they're driving faster than me. So when I'm
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ๅๅฏพ่ปŠ็ทšใฎ่ปŠใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ็ง ใ‚’่ฟฝใ„่ถŠใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็งใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚้€Ÿใ่ตฐใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใŒใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็งใ‚’
07:07
here, they move past me. They pass me.
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่ฟฝใ„่ถŠใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็งใ‚’่ฟฝใ„่ถŠใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:12
A second meaning of the verb "passed" is to go away. Earlier today, I had a really bad
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œpassedใ€ใฎ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏใ€ ๅŽปใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎๅˆใ‚ใ€็งใฏใฒใฉใ„
07:20
headache. My headache passed. My headache went by. It's gone. Maybe you're feeling dizzy,
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้ ญ็—›ใซๆ‚ฉใพใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ็งใฎ้ ญ็—›ใฏ้ŽใŽๅŽปใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ้ ญ็—›ใŒๆฒปใ‚Šใพใ— ใŸใ€‚ ใชใใชใฃใŸใ€‚ ใŸใถใ‚“ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚ใพใ„ใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ใใฎๅพŒใ€ใ‚ใพใ„ใ‚’
07:30
and then you stop feeling dizzy. Your dizziness has passed. We use it in the sense a lot with
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ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ™. ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚ใพใ„ ใฏ้ŽใŽๅŽปใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ€็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ„
07:36
illness, with sickness, and it just means, again, to go away.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:44
Now finally, my favourite, "to succeed in school". We use "passed" talking about success
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€็งใฎใŠๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใฏใ€Œๅญฆๆ กใงๆˆๅŠŸใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅญฆๆ กใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใฏใ€ๆˆๅŠŸใ‚„ๆˆๅŠŸใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใ€Œpassedใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„
07:51
and succeeding when we're talking about school. I think a lot of you probably are students,
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎๅคšใใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใๅญฆ็”Ÿใง
07:58
and maybe you have to take a test, an English test, at some point. I hope you pass your
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ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ™‚็‚นใงใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ
08:06
test, meaning I hope you succeed at your test. Passing your test, I passed the test.
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ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใซๅˆๆ ผใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใซๅˆๆ ผใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ . ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใซๅˆๆ ผใ—ใ€็งใฏใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใซๅˆๆ ผใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:17
Now what I'm going to do is I'm going to show you some examples that we can do together
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰็งใŒใ‚„ใ‚ใ†ใจใ— ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ
08:22
to show the difference between "passed" and "passed". Here are some examples to show you
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ใ€ใ€Œๅˆๆ ผใ€ใจใ€Œๅˆๆ ผใ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไธ€็ท’ใซใงใใ‚‹ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใงใ™ .
08:30
the difference between "passed" and "passed". We're going to do these together. I want you
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ใ€Œๅˆๆ ผใ€ใจใ€Œๅˆๆ ผใ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใ‚’็คบใ™ไพ‹ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไธ€็ท’ใซใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:36
to read each one. We'll read it together, and then I want you to try to answer it. Not
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ใ„ใกใ„ใก่ชญใ‚“ใงใปใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ไธ€็ท’ใซ่ชญใฟใพใ™ใฎใงใ€ ็ญ”ใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:42
only do I want you to try to answer it, but I really want you to think, "Are we talking
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็ญ”ใˆใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ ใ‘ใงใชใ ใ€ใ€Œ
08:48
about an adjective, a noun, a verb, or a preposition?" Because remember, "passed" is movement. It's
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใชใฎใ‹ใ€ๅ่ฉžใชใฎใ‹ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใชใฎใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใชใฎใ‹ใ€ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใ€Œๅˆๆ ผใ€ใฏๅ‹•ใใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ
08:58
a verb, while "passed" is not a verb. It's either a noun, an adjective, or a preposition.
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ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œpassedใ€ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅ่ฉžใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:05
Let's get started. Number one, "I _______ the supermarket on my way to school." "I _______
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ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ 1ใค็›ฎใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏ ๅญฆๆ กใซ่กŒใ้€”ไธญใงใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใƒžใƒผใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œ็งใฏ
09:19
the supermarket on my way to school." What do you think it is? If you said, "I passed
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ๅญฆๆ กใซ่กŒใ้€”ไธญใงใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใƒžใƒผใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ
09:28
the supermarket on my way to school," you are correct. "I" is the subject, "passed"
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ใ€Œๅญฆๆ กใซ่กŒใ้€”ไธญใงใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใฎๅ‰ใ‚’้€šใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸ ใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„. ใ€ŒIใ€ใŒไธป่ชžใ€ใ€Œpassedใ€
09:36
is the verb, and the rest is the object. All right, you ready for number two?
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ใŒๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ๆฎ‹ใ‚ŠใŒ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€็ฌฌ2ๅผพใฎๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใงใใŸ๏ผŸ
09:45
Number two, "In the _______ dinosaurs walked the earth." "In the _______ dinosaurs walked
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2ใค็›ฎใฏใ€ใ€Œ_______ๆ็ซœใŒ ๅœฐ็ƒใ‚’ๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ________ใงใฏๆ็ซœใŒ
09:56
the earth." What do you think it is? "Passed" or "passed"? If you said, "passed," you are
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ๅœฐ็ƒใ‚’ๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œๅˆๆ ผใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅˆๆ ผใ€๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ€Œๅˆๆ ผใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ
10:05
correct. This is not a verb. In this case, it's a noun. "In the _______ dinosaurs walked
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ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ ๅ ดๅˆใฏๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ________ใงใฏๆ็ซœใŒ
10:22
the earth." Before today, before now, a long time ago, dinosaurs walked the earth.
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ๅœฐ็ƒใ‚’ๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ไปŠๆ—ฅใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ‰ใ€ไปŠใ‚ˆใ‚Š ใšใฃใจๅ‰ใ€ๆ็ซœใฏๅœฐ็ƒใ‚’ๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:31
Number three, now this example I really like because I used to be an archaeologist. What
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3 ็•ช็›ฎใซใ€ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใŒใจใฆใ‚‚ๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใฃ ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€็งใฏ่€ƒๅคๅญฆ่€…ใ ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:36
is an archaeologist, some of you might be asking? It's somebody who studies old things,
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่€ƒๅคๅญฆ่€…ใจใฏไฝ• ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๅคใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ€
10:43
old objects, pottery, pyramids. Indiana Jones is a very famous fictional archaeologist.
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ๅคใ„็‰ฉใ€้™ถๅ™จใ€ใƒ”ใƒฉใƒŸใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚’็ ”็ฉถใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚คใƒณใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒปใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใƒณใ‚บ ใฏ้žๅธธใซๆœ‰ๅใชๆžถ็ฉบใฎ่€ƒๅคๅญฆ่€…ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:50
Maybe you've learned a new word today. Number three, "Archaeologists study _______ cultures."
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ 3็•ช็›ฎใ€ใ€Œ่€ƒๅคๅญฆ่€…ใฏ_______ๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใ‚’็ ”็ฉถใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚
11:01
"Archaeologists study _______ cultures." Do you think it's "passed" or "passed"?
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ใ€Œ่€ƒๅคๅญฆ่€…ใฏ_______ๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใ‚’็ ”็ฉถใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œๅˆๆ ผใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅˆๆ ผใ€ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
11:10
Now look at this. Do you see a verb already here? Yes, we have the verb, "study". Therefore,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใซใ™ใงใซๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใฏใ„ใ€ใ€Œๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
11:17
we know it won't be this one. "Archaeologists study _______ cultures."
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ่€ƒๅคๅญฆ่€…ใฏ_______ๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใ‚’็ ”็ฉถใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
11:30
Now my next question to you is, do you think this is a noun or an adjective? If you said
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ๆฌกใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ่ฉžใจๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎใฉใกใ‚‰ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹? ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅ่ฉžใจ่จ€ใฃใŸ
11:37
noun, you're actually incorrect. It's an adjective because our noun is "culture". What type of
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ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฎๅ่ฉžใฏใ€Œๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใ€ใชใฎใงๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช
11:44
culture is it? It's a past culture, meaning a culture from before, from a long time ago.
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ๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใงใ€ ๆ˜”ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎใ€ๆ˜”ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:54
Last one, "I _______ my test by studying _______ tests." In this one, we have two blanks. "I
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ1ใคใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏ_______ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’_______ใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใซใฏใ€2 ใคใฎใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฏใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏ
12:06
_______ my test by studying _______ tests." What do you think it is? The first blank, do
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_______ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’_______ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็ฉบ็™ฝใ€
12:17
you see a verb in this first section? We have a subject, an object. We don't have a verb.
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ใ“ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹? ็งใŸใก ใฏไธป่ชžใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:26
Therefore, we know it's going to be "passed". Which meaning of "passed" is it? It's to succeed
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œๅˆๆ ผใ€ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅˆๆ ผใ€ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏ๏ผŸ
12:35
at a test. The opposite of "failed". "I passed my test" -- that's very good -- "by studying
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ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใซๅˆๆ ผใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅคฑๆ•—ใ€ใฎๅๅฏพใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใซๅˆๆ ผใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€ -- ใใ‚Œใฏใจใฆใ‚‚่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ -- ใ€Œ_______ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง
12:45
_______ tests." What do you think this is? If you said "passed", you're correct. "I passed
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ใ€. ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ€Œๅˆๆ ผใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏ
12:58
my test by studying _______ tests." Here we have the noun "test". What type of test is
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_______ใฎ่ฉฆ้จ“ใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆ่ฉฆ้จ“ใซๅˆๆ ผใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ“ใซ ใ€Œใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็จฎ้กžใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆ
13:05
it? It's a test from before, an earlier test. This is actually a really good thing to do
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ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ€ไปฅๅ‰ใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
13:12
if you're doing the TOEFL, the IELTS, any type of English test. It's always very good
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ใ€TOEFLใ€IELTSใ€ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ ็จฎ้กžใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ่กŒใ†ใฎใซ้žๅธธใซ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™.
13:17
to actually go back and look at past tests. I hope this has been an informative lesson
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซๆˆปใฃใฆ้ŽๅŽปใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏๅธธใซ้žๅธธใซ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซใจใฃใฆๆœ‰็›Šใชๆ•™่จ“
13:26
for you. I'm very glad you came to visit our website today. Please visit us at www.engvid.com.
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ใซใชใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆœฌๆ—ฅใฏๅฝ“ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ€่ช ใซใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:36
Again, that's www.engvid.com. Until next time.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏ www.engvid.com ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกๅ›žใพใงใ€‚
14:06
[END]
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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