Fix your bad English

1,581,465 views ใƒป 2013-11-08

ENGLISH with James


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:02
Hi. James, from EngVid. Today's video is on, well, "The Book of Bad English". There are
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ EngVid ใฎใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒ ใ‚บใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ช ใฏใ€ŒThe Book of Bad Englishใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:11
mistakes that native speakers make that ESL people pick up -- and "ESL" is "English as
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ESLใฎไบบใ€…ใŒๆ‹พใ†ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ - ใใ—ใฆใ€ŒESLใ€ใฏใ€Œ
00:16
a Second Language". People learning English, they pick up because native speakers don't
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็ฌฌไบŒ่จ€่ชžใจใ—ใฆใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ€ใงใ™. ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใง ใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใฏใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใฏ
00:21
even know they're making this mistake. So I want to teach you six common ones that come
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒใ“ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ•ใˆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’็ฟ’ๅพ—ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ“ใงใ€ไผš่ฉฑใงๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซ ๅ‡บใฆใใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซ็™บ็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ 6 ใคใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
00:26
regularly or happen regularly in conversation. And I want you to learn them and make your
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ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใงใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅฎŒ็’งใซใ—ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™
00:32
English perfect. Let's go to the board. Now, let's start with No. 1, one of my favorite
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ใ€‚ ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใงใฏ ใ€็งใŒไธ€็•ชๅฅฝใ
00:38
ones: "amount" and "number". "Amount" is, sort of, like, "how much". A "number" is,
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ใชใ€Œ้‡ใ€ใจใ€Œๆ•ฐใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€ŒAmountใ€ ใฏใ€ใ€Œใ„ใใ‚‰ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆ•ฐใ€ใฏใ€
00:44
you know, "thing". When we look at "amount", you can think of you can't count it, all right?
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ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€Œใ‚‚ใฎใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ้‡‘้กใ€ใ‚’ ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
00:51
A lot of times, when we say "amount" -- like, "I have a large amount of water in my house"
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ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œ้‡ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€Œ ๅฎถใซใฏๅคง้‡ใฎๆฐด
00:56
-- you can't count water. But you can count a number, so: "The number of people who come
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใชใฉใ€ๆฐดใฎๆ•ฐใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆ•ฐใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œใใฎ้ƒฝๅธ‚ใซๆฅใ‚‹ไบบใฎๆ•ฐใฏๆ•ฐ
01:02
to the city is in the thousands", so you can count them. Here's an example. Tell me if
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ๅƒไบบใงใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
01:09
this is right or wrong. "The amount of students who are late is growing every day" or "the
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ้…ๅˆปใ™ใ‚‹็”Ÿๅพ’ใฎๆ•ฐใฏๆฏŽๆ—ฅๅข—ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ
01:15
number of students who are late is growing every day." You should say "number" because
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้…ๅˆปใ™ใ‚‹็”Ÿๅพ’ใฎๆ•ฐใฏ ๆฏŽๆ—ฅๅข—ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚ ๅญฆ็”Ÿใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œๆ•ฐใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ในใ
01:20
you can count students. You can't count amount. That rhymes. Maybe that'll help, right? You
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ้‡‘้กใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ้Ÿปใ‚’่ธใ‚€ใ€‚ ๅคšๅˆ†ใใ‚ŒใฏๅŠฉใ‘ใซใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
01:28
can't count amount. You can't count amount. So when we want to talk about a number of
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้‡‘้กใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ้‡‘้กใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
01:32
something or a body of something, "amount" is for things you cannot count, and "number"
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎๆ•ฐใ‚„ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎๆœฌไฝ“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใจใใ€ใ€Œ้‡ใ€ ใฏๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใ€ใ€Œๆ•ฐใ€ใฏๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
01:37
is for things you can count. English people make this mistake a lot.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚น ไบบใฏใ‚ˆใใ“ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:41
Next: "among" and "between". When I used to teach "among" and "between", I would say,
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ๆฌก๏ผšใ€Œ้–“ใ€ใจใ€Œ้–“ใ€ใ€‚ ็งใŒใ€Œ้–“ใ€ใจใ€Œ้–“ใ€ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใŸใจใใ€ใ€Œใ€Œ้–“
01:47
"'Among' is 'with'. So there're five chairs, and you're 'with' another. And 'between' is
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ใ€ใฏใ€Œไธ€็ท’ใซใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€5 ใคใฎๆค…ๅญใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
01:52
you're in the middle." That's it. Because I was so smart. And then I found out it's
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ้€”ไธญใงใ€‚" ใใ‚ŒใงใŠใ—ใพใ„ใ€‚ ็งใฏใจใฆใ‚‚้ ญใŒ่‰ฏใ‹ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใŸใฃใŸใ“ใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใ ใจๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใŸ
01:58
just this: two. More than two. That's it. Nothing special. When you talk about "between",
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๏ผš2ใคใ€‚ 2 ใคไปฅไธŠใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใงใŠใ—ใพใ„ใ€‚ ็‰นใซใชใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œ้–“ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใ
02:08
except -- and this is a major exception -- when you're talking about differences. Differences
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ใฏไพ‹ๅค– ใงใ™ใŒใ€้•ใ„ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏไพ‹ๅค–ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:13
you have to use "between". But generally speaking, "among" is more than two. "I was sitting among
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ใ€Œ้–“ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹้•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€ ใ€Œไธญใ€ใฏ 2 ใคไปฅไธŠใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏ
02:20
my friends at the bar." You can know there're probably four or five, not two. But "let's
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ใƒใƒผใงๅ‹้”ใจไธ€็ท’ใซๅบงใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ 2 ใคใงใฏใชใใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใ 4 ใคใพใŸใฏ 5 ใคใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œ
02:25
keep this between you and me"? A lot of times, Canadians say, "Let's keep this among us."
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใจ็งใฎ้–“ใงไฟ็ฎกใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€๏ผŸ ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ไบบใฏใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใฎ้–“ใงไฟ็ฎกใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:29
And it's like, "Among who?" "The rest of those guys, you know. The Americans. They don't
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œ่ชฐใฎไธญใง๏ผŸใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎ ้€ฃไธญใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€‚ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซไบบใ ใ€‚ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ
02:33
need to know this." Okay. So "between us" -- usually two, right? It could be two groups.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใชใ„ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฎ้–“ใ€ - ้€šๅธธใฏ 2 ไบบใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ? 2ใคใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใซใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:38
"There was a fight between this country and that country." Right? Because it's two groups.
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ใ€Œใ“ใฎๅ›ฝใจ ใ‚ใฎๅ›ฝใงๅ–งๅ˜ฉใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ ๅณ๏ผŸ 2็ต„ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€‚
02:42
But "among" is for more than two, cool? All right. So "among" -- more than two; "between"
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œ้–“ใ€ใฏ 2 ใคไปฅไธŠใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ้–“ใงใ€ -- 2 ใคไปฅไธŠใ€‚ ใ€Œ้–“ใ€ใฏ
02:48
-- two. What about "bring" and "take"? This is something
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2ใคใ€‚ ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ€Œๅ–ใ‚‹ใ€ใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
02:51
that a lot of students make a mistake on. So you say, "Bring this to me" or "take this
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ๅคšใใฎๅ—้จ“็”ŸใŒ้–“้•ใˆใ‚‹ๅ•้กŒใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็งใซๆŒใฃใฆใใฆใ€ใจใ‹ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฝผใซๆŒใฃใฆ่กŒใฃใฆใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™
02:56
to him." It's very easy. "Bring" is "to the speaker", okay? And "take" is "away from the
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ "bring" ใฏ "to the speaker" ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใใ—ใฆใ€Œใƒ†ใ‚คใ‚ฏใ€ใฏใ€Œ่ฉฑ่€…ใ‹ใ‚‰้›ขใ‚Œใฆ
03:12
speaker". Now, if you're born in England, that's easy because they always talk about
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ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚น็”Ÿใพใ‚Œ ใชใ‚‰็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚
03:18
"I want takeaway." Takeaway. Because they take the food away from the restaurant, right?
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ใ€ŒใŠๆŒใกๅธฐใ‚ŠใŒใ—ใŸใ„ใ€ใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ ใฏใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใ‹ใ‚‰้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใ‚’ๅฅชใ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ่‹ฑๅ›ฝใงใฏใชใ่‹ฑๅ›ฝ
03:24
So one of my favorite sayings that we say in England -- not England -- that we say here
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ใง็งใŒใ‚ˆใๅฃใซใ™ใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰ใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€ ใ“ใ“
03:29
is, like -- watch every space movie: "Take me to your leader." You'll never see a space
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ใง่จ€ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ™ในใฆใฎๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ็งใŒ
03:35
movie, unless it's made by me -- and it would say, "Bring me to your leader." We don't do
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ไฝœใฃใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€ๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ ๆฑบใ—ใฆใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใพใ›
03:40
that. You say, "Take them to the leader" because you're taking them away from this spot where
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ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใ‚’ใƒชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผใซ้€ฃใ‚Œใฆ่กŒใฃใฆใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎ ใฏ
03:44
the speaker is to a new location or spot. So "take" and "bring" are easy because it's
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ใ€่ฉฑ่€…ใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๅ ดๆ‰€ใ‚„ๅ ดๆ‰€ใซๅฝผใ‚‰ใ‚’้€ฃใ‚ŒๅŽปใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๅ–ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใใ‚‹ใ€ใฏใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆๆฅใ‚‹ใ€ใชใฎใง็ฐกๅ˜
03:49
"bring -- come towards". Here's a mistake -- not Canadians -- English speakers make
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏใ€ใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ไบบใงใฏใชใใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ไบบใŒ็Šฏใ™้–“้•ใ„
03:55
that you should be aware of. They'll say something like, "Don't forget to bring your bag with
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ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆณจๆ„ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒใƒƒใ‚ฐใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใšใซใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ€Œใƒใƒƒใ‚ฐใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚ŒใšใซๆŒใฃใฆใใฆใ€ใชใฉใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
03:59
you" instead of, "Don't forget to take your bag." Do you know what the difference is?
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ใ€‚ ้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:03
Well, you're leaving, right? So you need to take it away. Remember I said "away from"?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅŽปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฅชใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ้›ขใ‚Œใฆใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใฎใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:08
Take the bag away from you. When you say, "Bring the bag with you", the speaker's speaking,
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ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฐใ‚’ใ‚ใชใŸใ‹ใ‚‰้›ขใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ซใƒใƒณใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใใฆใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจ ใ€่ฉฑ่€…ใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
04:13
you're still moving away from the speaker, right? So you've got to use this. But Canadians
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ใฎใซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใพใ ่ฉฑ่€…ใ‹ใ‚‰้›ขใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ไบบ
04:17
and Americans and Brits say it a lot. They'll say, "Bring it with you." No. "Take" it with
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ใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซไบบใ€ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นไบบใฏใ‚ˆใ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ€ŒๆŒใฃ
04:22
you. You know the difference now because you're smart. And you're studying from The Book of
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ใฆใ€ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้ ญใŒใ„ใ„ใฎใงใ€ไปŠใงใฏ้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ The Book of Bad English ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:26
Bad English. Good for you. There's a worm in that book. Watch it.
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใญใ€‚ ใใฎๆœฌใซใฏใƒฏใƒผใƒ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ฆ‹ใฆใ€‚
04:31
Okay. "Fewer" or "less". I'm going to make a statement, and think which one is correct.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚ ็งใฏ ๅฃฐๆ˜Žใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
04:38
"'Fewer' than a million people have watched the videos on EngVid. 'Less' than a million
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ใ€ŒEngVid ใงใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ–่ดใ—ใŸไบบใฏ 100 ไธ‡ไบบ ๆœชๆบ€ใงใ™ใ€‚EngVid ใงใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ–่ดใ—ใŸไบบใฏ 100 ไธ‡
04:42
people have watched the videos on EngVid." Which one would be correct? Yeah. If you said
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ไบบๆœชๆบ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ†ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆœชๆบ€ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸๅ ดๅˆใฏ
04:49
"less than", no. "Less" is similar to "amount". You say "fewer" for things you can count.
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ใ€ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ใฏใ€Œ้‡ใ€ใซไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใ€Œๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:55
"Fewer than five people did the job or worked on the job", not "less than". "Fewer" is for
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ใ€Œใใฎไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ€ใพใŸใฏใใฎไป•ไบ‹ใซๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใ‚“ใ ใฎใฏ 5 ไบบ ๆœชๆบ€ใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๆœชๆบ€ใ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ใฏใ€
05:02
numbers you can count. "Less" is like "amount". It's uncountable, right? "There is less water
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ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆ•ฐใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ใฏใ€Œ้‡ใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ•ฐใˆๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใ“ใ“ใฏใ‚ใกใ‚‰
05:08
here than there." Try and say, "There is fewer water here than there." They're, like, "What?"
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๆฐดใŒๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œใ“ใ“ใฏใ‚ใกใ‚‰ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๆฐดใŒๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใ€Œไฝ•๏ผŸใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:13
That's right, son. That's why you don't say it. Proper grammar. "There is less this than
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ๆฏๅญใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใ€‚ ้ฉๅˆ‡ใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
05:18
that." We commonly -- this is such a common mistake it's not even funny, right? But, once
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ๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ ็งใŸใกใฏไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซ - ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹ ้–“้•ใ„ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้ข็™ฝใใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‚ˆใญ? ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€
05:24
again, you're reading from The Book of Bad English. So you know lesson No. 4. Don't do
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ The Book of Bad English ใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ4ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
05:28
it. All right? Mr. E is smiling because he's, like, "Damn! I didn't know that?" It's like,
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.ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ Eใ•ใ‚“ใŒ็ฌ‘ใฃ ใฆใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€Œใใใฃ๏ผ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸใ€ใฟใŸใ„ใชๆ„Ÿใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:32
"Nor did I until about five hours ago." But now you and I both know. All right? Because
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ใ€Œ็งใ‚‚5ๆ™‚้–“ๅ‰ใพใงใฏใใ†ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใฟใŸใ„ใชใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚ ไปŠใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚‚็งใ‚‚็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:37
I used to make this mistake until now. So you won't -- I'll be making this mistake fewer
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็งใฏไปŠใพใงใ“ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ†ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“-็งใฏใ“ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’ไปฅๅ‰ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅฐ‘ใชใใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใพใ™ใพใ™ๅฐ‘ใชใใ—
05:42
times than before but less and less. See? That's different. I'm saying it differently
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ใพใ™. ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏ้•ใ†ใ€‚ ใใ“ใง่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใŒ
05:47
there. Less and less. So I'm reducing, and that's what we're talking about.
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้•ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใ™ใพใ™ๅฐ‘ใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ ใใ—ใฆใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŸใกใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
05:50
What about "further" and "farther"? I feel really bad because anyone who I taught over
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ใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใจใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ้ŽๅŽป8 ๅนด้–“ใซ็งใŒๆ•™ใˆใŸไบบใŸใก
05:55
the past eight years, these are the mistakes I made, and I'm teaching them now, and they're,
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ใฏใ€็งใŒ็Šฏใ—ใŸ้–“้•ใ„ ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็งใฏไปŠๅฝผใ‚‰ใซๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™.
06:00
like, "But James, you told me this!" And I went, "I didn't know it at the time. I went
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œใใฎๆ™‚ใฏ็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:05
by standard grammar or standard speak." And standard speak, which, you know, we all do,
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ๆจ™ๆบ–็š„ใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ใพใŸใฏๆจ™ๆบ–็š„ใช่ฉฑใ—ๆ–นใง่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ ๆจ™ๆบ–็š„ใช่ฉฑใฏใ€็งใŸใกๅ…จๅ“กใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒใ€
06:12
doesn't mean it's correct. So I'm giving you something that's, you know, the correct grammar.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๆญฃใ—ใ„ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
06:16
Now, colloquial is what we call -- "colloquial" is the common people speak. We didn't care.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅฃ่ชžใจใฏ็งใŸใกใŒๅ‘ผใถใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œๅฃ่ชžใ€ ใจใฏใ€ไธ€่ˆฌใฎไบบใ€…ใŒ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฐ—ใซใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:21
People say it; no one's going to correct you because most of them don't know. All right?
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ไบบใ€…ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฏ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€่ชฐใ‚‚ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
06:27
But then, you're here to learn, so I'm here to teach.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ๅญฆใถใŸใ‚ใซใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€็งใฏๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:31
How about, "further" and "farther"? Well, this one's easy to think of, all right? Because
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ใ€Œใ‚‚ใฃใจใ€ใ€Œใ‚‚ใฃใจใ€ใฏใ„ใ‹ใŒใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใพใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ่€ƒใˆใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
06:36
they sound almost the same, and that's part of the problem, right? It's a major part of
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ ใŒใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๅ•้กŒใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ? ใใ‚Œใฏๅ•้กŒใฎไธป่ฆใช้ƒจๅˆ†ใงใ™
06:40
the problem. So what we want to look at is the word "distance". When somebody says, "We
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ใ€‚ ใใ“ใงๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใŸใ„ใฎใŒ ใ€Œ่ท้›ขใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ€Œ
06:45
need to investigate this further" or "we need to investigate farther" it's because they
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ่ชฟๆŸปใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซ่ชฟๆŸปใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ
06:50
really don't know. They sound the same. They almost look the same, except one sounds like
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™. ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใƒปใ‚ฆใ‚ฉใƒผใ‚บใซๅ‡บใฆใ ใใ†ใช้Ÿณใ‚’้™คใ„ใฆใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™
06:55
something from Star Wars. "Luke. I am your father." "Father", get it? Because there's
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ใ€‚ "ใƒซใƒผใ‚ฏ็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ ็ˆถใงใ™ใ€‚" ใ€ŒใŠ็ˆถใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ€ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
07:00
a distance between us. The mother and -- you don't? Forget it. Anyway. Distance. This is
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็งใŸใกใฎ้–“ใซ่ท้›ขใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฏ่ฆชใจโ€•โ€•ใใ†ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„๏ผŸ ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใจใ‚‚ใ‹ใใ€‚ ่ท้›ขใ€‚
07:05
an E by the way because I know there're some of you guys who are, like, just -- it's a
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ใกใชใฟใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ E ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใชใŸใŸใกใฎไฝ•ไบบใ‹ใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:09
small E, but it's an E. I just fixed it, okay? So "farther" -- you know when you say "far
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ๅฐใ•ใ„ E ใงใ™ใŒใ€E ใงใ™ใ€‚็งใฏใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ้ ใ„ใ€ - ใ€Œ
07:14
away", "The house is far away" or "my house is five miles farther" -- sorry. "My house
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้ ใใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฎถใฏ้ ใ„ใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ็งใฎๅฎถ ใฏ5ใƒžใ‚คใƒซ้›ขใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹? ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฎๅฎถ
07:19
is five kilometers further -- farther than yours." See? I almost said "further" because
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ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅฎถใ‚ˆใ‚Š 5 ใ‚ญใƒญ้›ขใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹๏ผŸ ็งใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€
07:23
we, in English, do that a lot. But you say, "I live farther than you do." That means far
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ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ ใใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ้ ใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™
07:29
-- more far away, right? "Further" means "more" or "longer". So "We need to discuss this further",
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- ใ‚‚ใฃใจ้ ใใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ€ŒFurtherใ€ใฏใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใ•ใ‚‰ใซ่ญฐ่ซ–ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€
07:37
which means we need a longer time to speak or more time to speak. So this is more about
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€่ฉฑใ™ๆ™‚้–“ใŒ้•ทใใชใ‚‹ ใ‹ใ€่ฉฑใ™ๆ™‚้–“ใŒๅข—ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
07:42
"more" or "longer", but not distance longer, all right? So if you want to study further,
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ใ€Œใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒใ€่ท้›ขใŒ้•ทใใชใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
07:49
you might have to travel farther to another library to do so. You like that? I don't.
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ใ€ๅˆฅใฎๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใซ่กŒใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œ ใพใ›ใ‚“. ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚ŒใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ็งใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:54
My head is spinning. But we're learning bad English. It should be, like -- it's going
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็งใฎ้ ญใŒใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚ฏใƒฉใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใŸใกใฏไธ‹ๆ‰‹ใช่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ
07:59
to come up here -- the "effect" this is having on me, not the "affect". I mean it is "affecting"
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ใ€ใ€Œๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็งใซไธŽใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ŒๅŠนๆžœใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ในใใงใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใซใ€Œๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ€
08:04
me and changing the way I look at things, but the "effects" it has actually had are
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ใ€็‰ฉไบ‹ใฎ่ฆ‹ๆ–นใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใŒใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ŒๅŠนๆžœใ€ใฏใ€6ใค
08:10
changing or influencing my thoughts since I've learned the six, and I did all that production
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ใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใงไปฅๆฅใ€็งใฎ่€ƒใˆใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใŸใ‚Š
08:15
to introduce to you No. 6. I have notes on the board for a reason, because
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ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ No. 6. ็งใŒ ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใซใƒกใƒขใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใซใฏ็†็”ฑ
08:23
I would be a liar to say I've never made these mistakes. Most Canadians and -- I say "Canadians",
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ไบบใจ -- ็งใฏใ€Œใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ไบบใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€
08:29
sorry -- English. Because I was born in England, been to America -- just English-speaking people
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ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ -- ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นใง็”Ÿใพใ‚Œใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ไบบใ ใ‘ใŒ
08:34
make this mistake incredibly. The only time we ever get it right is "special effects,
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ไฟกใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใปใฉ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใพใ™. ใ€Œ็‰นๆฎŠๅŠนๆžœใ€
08:39
effects, effects, effects!" Because we know the result of the special effect in a movie
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ๅŠนๆžœใ€ๅŠนๆžœใ€ๅŠนๆžœ๏ผใ€ ๆ˜ ็”ปใฎ็‰นๆฎŠๅŠนๆžœใฎ็ตๆžœ
08:45
is [boom] Superman flies. Other than that, when we talk about it, a lot of the time we
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ใŒ [ใƒ–ใƒผใƒ ] ใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใƒžใƒณใŒ้ฃ›ใถใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ็งใŸใกใŒใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใ€ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€
08:50
get confused because "affect", "effect" -- so similar in sound. Nobody notices. So today,
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ใ€Œๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ€ใ€ใ€ŒๅŠนๆžœใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š ้ŸณใŒ้žๅธธใซไผผใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๆททไนฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ชฐใ‚‚ๆฐ—ไป˜ใ‹ใชใ„ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ไปŠๆ—ฅใ€
09:00
you won't make that mistake. Usually, when we talk about "effects", we talk about results.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ้€šๅธธใ€ ใ€ŒๅŠนๆžœใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใฏใ€็ตๆžœใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:03
"What was the net effect? What happened? What was the change?" Keyword here because the
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ใ€Œๆญฃๅ‘ณใฎๅŠนๆžœใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹?ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช ๅค‰ๅŒ–ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€ ใ“ใ“ใงใฎใ‚ญใƒผใƒฏใƒผใƒ‰ใฏใ€
09:09
verb means "to cause a change". The noun is "What was the final change. What was the net
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ€Œๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅ่ฉžใฏ ใ€Œๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใชๅค‰ๅŒ–ใฏไฝ•ใ ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ€‚ๆญฃๅ‘ณใฎ
09:14
effect or what was the final effect?" The next one is easy to remember because think
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ๅŠนๆžœใฏไฝ•ใ ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ€ๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใชๅŠนๆžœใฏไฝ•ใ ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกใฏ
09:19
about influence and emotion. This could be for things, you might say; this would be for
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ๅฝฑ้ŸฟๅŠ›ใจๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใจ่ฆšใˆใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ็‰ฉไบ‹ใฎใŸใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏไบบใฎใŸใ‚ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
09:26
people. It's not exact. It's not a science. It's 80 percent. But I'm trying to make it
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ใ€‚ ๆญฃ็ขบใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ็ง‘ๅญฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ 80ใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใฏ
09:30
easy for you to remember these. "Affect" is almost about being human. When I say to you,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅŠชใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ€ใฏ ใปใจใ‚“ใฉไบบ้–“ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซ่จ€ใ†ใจใใ€
09:37
you know, the affect -- "How did it affect you?" -- we're talking about emotion, the
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใฏใ€Œใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ‚ใชใŸใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใพใ—ใŸ ใ‹?ใ€ -- ็งใŸใกใฏๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑ
09:41
emotional feeling that you have, right? And then we talk about "influence". We "influence"
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ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…็š„ใชๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ? ๆฌกใซใ€Œๅฝฑ้ŸฟๅŠ›ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ€Œๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใพใ™
09:46
by changing" -- but this is different -- changing the way you think, how were you influenced.
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ใ€ - ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้•ใ„ใพใ™ - ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใŸใ‹.
09:50
"How is this affecting the people in your family?" Not "effecting". That would be different.
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅฎถๆ—ใฎไบบใ€…ใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ—ใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
09:54
"How is it changing? How is it influenced? How were you influenced by it?" So if you
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:59
can remember this one -- this is more of a human emotion thing, and this is more of an
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไบบ้–“ใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
10:03
action thing -- you'll be okay. And you won't make the mistake I'm probably going go to
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่กŒๅ‹•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใ‚Œใฐๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ€‚้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ™ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
10:08
make in about five seconds when I explain it again to you, okay? That's the effect it's
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใจ5็ง’ใใ‚‰ใ„ ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
10:12
having on me. Did I say "affect" or "effect"? I'm not sure.
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10:16
Okay, so let's go back over this quickly because I don't know how much time I've got left,
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ๆฎ‹ใ‚Šๆ™‚้–“ใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ•ใฃใ•ใจๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†
10:20
but I don't want to affect the lesson, right? So when we look at "amount" or "number", you
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ใ€ใงใ‚‚ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใŸใใชใ„ใ‚“ใ ใ‚ˆ
10:26
can't count amounts. Sugar, salt, water. Numbers, you can. People, all right? Next "among" and
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ใญ๏ผŸ t ้‡ใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใพใ™ใ€‚็ ‚็ณ–ใ€ๅกฉใ€ๆฐดใ€‚ๆ•ฐๅญ—ใ€ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ไบบใ€ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹? ๆฌกใฏใ€Œ้–“ใ€ใจ
10:33
"between". If you have two, you'd say "between". If you have more than two, say "among". "Bring"
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ใ€Œ้–“ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚2 ใคใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œ้–“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ† ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚2 ใคไปฅไธŠใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ "among". "bring"
10:40
and take": If it's moving away, if it's coming to the speaker, say "bring". If it's moving
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and take": ้ ใ–ใ‹ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใซ่ฟ‘ใฅใ„ใฆใใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€"bring" ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:44
away from the speaker, say "take". Okay? "Fewer" or "less": If you have something you can count,
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ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใ‹ใ‚‰้ ใ–ใ‹ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œๅ–ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€: ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
10:51
say "fewer" -- "fewer than five". "Less than" is for uncountables, and it follows the similar
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ใ€Œใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ5 ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ "less than" ใฏไธๅฏ็ฎ—ใฎใ“ใจใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใฎไผผใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใช
10:56
words here, these words. "Further" and "farther" -- don't forget, "Luke I am your father,"
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่จ€่‘‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฎๅพŒใซ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใจใ€Œใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ ใใธใ€ - ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใ€Œใƒซใƒผใ‚ฏใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŠ็ˆถใ•ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€
11:01
-- talk about distance and relationships, all right? But this is just for distance -- kilometers,
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- ่ท้›ขใจไบบ้–“้–ขไฟ‚ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ˜ใซ่ท้›ข (ใ‚ญใƒญใƒกใƒผใƒˆใƒซใ€
11:05
inches, centimeters -- while the other one means "more" or "longer". And finally, let's
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ใ‚คใƒณใƒใ€ใ‚ปใƒณใƒใƒกใƒผใƒˆใƒซ) ใ‚’่กจใ™ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๆ–น ใฏใ€Œใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚„็ตๆžœใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—
11:10
look at the "affect" or the "effect" if we're talking about emotion or result. Good?
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ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€ŒๅŠนๆžœใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† . ่‰ฏใ„๏ผŸ
11:16
Got to go, so let's go to www.engvid.com, where "eng" stands for "English" and "vid"
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ใ•ใ‚ใ€www.engvid.com ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ใ€Œengใ€ใฏใ€ŒEnglishใ€ใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ใ€Œvidใ€
11:22
stands for "video", where "me and the worm" will be studying from The Book of Bad English.
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ใฏใ€Œvideoใ€ใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ใ€Œme and the wormใ€ ใŒ The Book of Bad English ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:27
Have a good one. I hope that gets to more than just a few people.
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่‰ฏใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๅฐ‘ใ—ใงใ‚‚ๅคšใใฎๆ–นใซๅฑŠใใพใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€‚

Original video on YouTube.com
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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