English Rewind - 6 Minute English: Disappearing words

63,203 views ใƒป 2024-01-09

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hello! This is a programme from the BBC Learning English archive.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏ๏ผ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ BBC Learning English ใ‚ขใƒผใ‚ซใ‚คใƒ–ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใฏใ€
00:05
It was first broadcast in March 2009 on the BBC Learning English website.
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2009 ๅนด 3 ๆœˆใซ BBC Learning English ใฎ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงๅˆใ‚ใฆๆ”พ้€ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:11
We hope you enjoy it.
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ใœใฒใŠๆฅฝใ—ใฟใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:13
This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English dot com.
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BBC Learning English ใƒ‰ใƒƒใƒˆใ‚ณใƒ ใฎ 6 Minute English ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:17
Hello, I'm Kate Colin and this is 6 Minute English
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็งใฏ Kate Colin ใงใ™ใ€‚6 Minute English ใงใ™ใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๅ‚ๅŠ ใ—ใฆใใ‚ŒใŸ
00:20
and thanks to Jackie Dalton for joining me today.
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Jackie Dalton ใซๆ„Ÿ่ฌใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:23
Good morrow, Jackie!
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ใŠใฏใ‚ˆใ†ใ€ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผ๏ผ
00:24
Er, pardon?
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ใˆใƒผใ€ๅคฑ็คผใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:25
Good morrow! I beseech thee, whence comest thou?
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ใŠใฏใ‚ˆใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™๏ผ ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใงใ™ใ€ใฉใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:28
Um.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€‚
00:30
Don't worry, I didn't expect you to understand that.
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ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ ใใ‚Œใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใจใฏๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:32
I'm speaking in 'Old English'.
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็งใฏใ€Œๅค่‹ฑ่ชžใ€ใง่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:34
What I said was the equivalent of saying, 'Good morning. Where do you come from?'
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็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใฏใ€ใ€ŒใŠใฏใ‚ˆใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ‡บ่บซใฏใฉใ“ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ'
00:39
using words which were in use a few hundred years ago
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ๆ•ฐ็™พๅนดๅ‰ใซไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใ€
00:42
and that we don't use any longer.
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็พๅœจใฏไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:43
Hello, Kate.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใ‚ฑใ‚คใƒˆใ€‚
00:45
Yes, English is a language which is evolving all the time.
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ใฏใ„ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฏ ๅธธใซ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹่จ€่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
00:48
So this means that there are new words continuously appearing
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๅ˜่ชžใŒ ็ถ™็ถš็š„ใซๅ‡บ็พใ—ใ€
00:51
and older words are disappearing.
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ๅคใ„ๅ˜่ชžใŒๆถˆใˆใฆใ„ใใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:53
I didn't understand the Old English you started the programme with,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใจใใฎๅค่‹ฑ่ชžใฏใ€็งใŸใกใŒ
00:57
because you were using words which we no longer use in everyday speech.
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ๆ—ฅๅธธไผš่ฉฑใงใฏใ‚‚ใ†ไฝฟใ‚ใชใ„่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใŸใŸใ‚ใ€็งใซใฏ็†่งฃใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:01
Exactly. So, as you might have guessed,
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ใใฎ้€šใ‚Šใ€‚ ใ”ๆƒณๅƒใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใ€
01:03
the topic we'll be discussing is language and how it evolves and develops.
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็งใŸใกใŒ่ญฐ่ซ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใฏ่จ€่ชž ใจใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ—็™บๅฑ•ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚
01:08
So, Jackie, as usual,
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใ€ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
01:09
โ€” I have a question for you. โ€” OK.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใซ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ - ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:11
Some of the oldest English-sounding words date back how many years?
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่‹ฑ่ชžใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅคใ„ๅ˜่ชžใฎไธญใซใฏใ€ ไฝ•ๅนดๅ‰ใซ้กใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
01:16
Is it a) 1,000 years? b) 20,000 years? Or c) 500 years?
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ใใ‚Œใฏ a) 1,000 ๅนดใงใ™ใ‹? b) 20,000ๅนด? ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ c) 500 ๅนด?
01:22
Well, I suspect it was quite a long time ago,
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ใพใ‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Šๆ˜”ใฎใ“ใจใ ใจๆ€ใ†
01:25
so I'm going to say 20,000 years.
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ใฎใงใ€2ไธ‡ๅนดๅ‰ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:29
OK, well, we'll check your answer at the end of the programme.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:32
But, first, we're going to hear part of an interview with a scientist
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใซใ€็งใŸใกใฎ
01:35
who's been using a special computer
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01:37
to study our use of words and their evolution through time.
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่จ€่‘‰ใฎไฝฟ็”จ ใจใใฎๆ™‚้–“ใฎ็ตŒ้Žใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹้€ฒๅŒ–ใ‚’็ ”็ฉถใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ็‰นๅˆฅใชใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใธใฎใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒ“ใƒฅใƒผใฎไธ€้ƒจใ‚’่žใใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:41
Can you tell us what 'evolution' means?
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ใ€Œ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ€ใจใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใชใฎใ‹ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:43
Yes, 'evolution'. It's similar to the word 'evolving', which I explained earlier.
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ใใ†ใ€ใ€Œ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅ…ˆใปใฉ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ€Œ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใจไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:47
'Evolution' is the gradual process of change and development,
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ใ€Œ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ€ใจใฏใ€้•ทใ„ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใฆๅพใ€…ใซ ๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ—็™บๅฑ•ใ™ใ‚‹ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
01:51
over a long period of time,
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01:53
and in this context it refers to language
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡่„ˆใงใฏใ€่จ€่ชž
01:56
and how it develops and changes over the years.
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ใจใใ‚ŒใŒ้•ทๅนดใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็™บๅฑ•ใ—ๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
01:59
OK. Well, let's listen and see if you can hear
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€่žใ„ใฆใ€
02:01
which words he thinks are some of the oldest in the English language.
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ใฉใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒ ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎไธญใงๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅคใ„ๅ˜่ชžใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๅฝผใŒ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่žใๅ–ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:05
Well, we've be able to discover that the numbers two and three and five
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ๆ•ฐๅญ—ใฎ 2 ใจ 3 ใจ 5ใ€
02:10
and the pronoun 'I' and 'who', those are the oldest words in the English language.
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ใใ—ใฆไปฃๅ่ฉžใฎใ€ŒIใ€ใจใ€Œwhoใ€ใฏใ€ ่‹ฑ่ชžใงๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅคใ„ๅ˜่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:15
So, Jackie, did you get that?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใ€ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
02:16
Yes, he said that the oldest words were 'two', 'three' and 'five'
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ๆœ€ๅคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏ ใ€Œtwoใ€ใ€ใ€Œthreeใ€ใ€ใ€Œfiveใ€
02:21
and the pronoun 'I' and the word 'who'.
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ใจไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€ŒIใ€ใจใ€Œwhoใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:24
That's correct!
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ใใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™๏ผ
02:25
It's hard to believe that some of the words we use every day
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็งใŸใกใŒๆฏŽๆ—ฅไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰ใฎไธญใซใฏใ€
02:28
are, in fact, extremely old.
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ๅฎŸใฏ้žๅธธใซๅคใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏไฟกใ˜ใŒใŸใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:31
Back to our scientist.
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็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใฎ่ฉฑใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏใ€้•ทๅนดไฝฟใ‚ใ‚ŒใฆใใŸ
02:32
As well as thinking about words that have been in use for many years,
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่จ€่‘‰ใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใชใ ใ€
02:36
he also predicts which words may eventually become extinct.
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ๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใซใฏๆถˆๆป…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไบˆๆธฌใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:40
Jackie, what does 'predict' mean?
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ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใ€ใ€Œไบˆๆธฌใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใฃใฆใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:43
To 'predict' is to say what you think will happen in the future,
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ใ€Œไบˆๆธฌใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใฏใ€
02:46
especially as a result of having prior knowledge or experience.
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็‰นใซ ไบ‹ๅ‰ใฎ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใ‚„็ตŒ้จ“ใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:50
For example, it's cloudy outside today, so I predict that it's going to rain later.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎๅค–ใฏๆ›‡ใ‚Šใชใฎใงใ€ ๅพŒใง้›จใŒ้™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใจไบˆๆธฌใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:55
And 'extinct', what does 'extinct' mean?
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œ็ตถๆป…ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็ตถๆป…ใ€ใจใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:58
To become 'extinct' means to be no longer in existence
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ใ€Œ็ตถๆป…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใฏใ€ ใ‚‚ใฏใ‚„ๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใชใใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:02
or you can use the phrasal verb 'to die out'.
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œๆญปใฌใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
03:05
The word is often used when talking about a tribe of people or a type of animal
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ใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€ๆ็ซœใŒใ€Œ็ตถๆป…ใ€ใ—ใŸใชใฉใ€ใ€Œ็ตถๆป…ใ€ใ—ใŸ้ƒจๆ—ใ‚„ๅ‹•็‰ฉใฎ็จฎ้กžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใ‚ˆใไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
03:10
which has 'died out', for example, the dinosaurs have become 'extinct'.
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ใ€‚
03:14
So our scientist predicts which words are likely to become extinct.
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ใใ“ใง็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใฏใ€ ใฉใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒๆถˆๆป…ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใ„ใ‹ใ‚’ไบˆๆธฌใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:19
He does this by finding out how quickly different words evolve or develop
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ๅฝผใฏใ€็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใŒใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎ้€Ÿใ•ใง ้€ฒๅŒ–ใพใŸใฏ็™บๅฑ•ใ—ใ€ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใค
03:24
and are replaced by other words with the same meaning.
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ๅˆฅใฎๅ˜่ชžใซ็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฟในใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
03:27
Now, let's listen to the next extract.
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ใงใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎๆŠœ็ฒ‹ใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:29
Which words does he predict might become extinct?
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ๅฝผใฏใฉใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใŒ ็ตถๆป…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจไบˆๆธฌใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
03:33
We can make some guesses as to what words might next go extinct.
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ๆฌกใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช่จ€่‘‰ใŒๆถˆๆป…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹็จ‹ๅบฆๆŽจๆธฌใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:37
So for example the word 'dirty' seems to have the highest rate of change
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œdirtyใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฎ ๅค‰ๅŒ–็Ž‡ใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚้ซ˜ใ„ใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹
03:41
and so we might predict that sometime in the next 750 years,
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ใŸใ‚ใ€ ไปŠๅพŒ 750 ๅนดไปฅๅ†…ใซ
03:44
that word will be lost.
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ใใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒๅคฑใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจไบˆๆธฌใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:46
He said the word 'dirty' may become lost or become extinct in the future.
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ใ€Œๆฑšใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏ ๅฐ†ๆฅ็š„ใซใฏๅคฑใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ๆถˆๆป…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจๅŒๆฐใฏ่ชžใฃใŸใ€‚
03:50
This is because it's being replaced quite quickly
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
03:53
โ€” by other words that mean the same thing. โ€” That's right,
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ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฎๅˆฅใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใซ้žๅธธใซๆ€ฅ้€Ÿใซ็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ โ€” ใใฎ้€šใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
03:56
and we'll be hearing some more about his theory of why words come and go,
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ใชใœ่จ€่‘‰ใŒ็”Ÿใพใ‚Œใฆใฏๆถˆใˆใฆใ„ใใฎใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ๅฝผใฎ็†่ซ–ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่žใใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
04:00
but first a look at some of the vocabulary we'll come across.
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ใŒใ€ใพใšๆœ€ๅˆใซใ€็งใŸใกใŒๅ‡บไผšใ†่ชžๅฝ™ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
04:03
He uses the word 'frequency'. What does 'frequency' mean?
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ๅฝผใฏใ€Œๅ‘จๆณขๆ•ฐใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅ‘จๆณขๆ•ฐใ€ใจใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:06
This is how often something happens,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹้ ปๅบฆใ‚’่กจใ™
04:09
so the frequency with which a word is used means how often the word is used.
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ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅ˜่ชžใฎ ไฝฟ็”จ้ ปๅบฆใฏใ€ใใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘้ ป็นใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:14
And 'common everyday speech'?
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œๆ—ฅๅธธไผš่ฉฑใ€๏ผŸ
04:17
This is the language that we use most frequently.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ็งใŸใกใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚้ ป็นใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹่จ€่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
04:20
And what about the word 'predictor'?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œไบˆๆธฌ่€…ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:22
A 'predictor' is something which can help us predict
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ใ€Œไบˆๆธฌ่€…ใ€ใจใฏใ€
04:25
or say what will happen in the future.
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ๅฐ†ๆฅไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ไบˆๆธฌใ—ใŸใ‚Š่จ€ใ†ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
04:28
And finally, 'retained'?
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ŒไฟๆŒใ€ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:30
'Retained' means 'to keep',
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ใ€Œretainedใ€ใฏใ€ŒไฟๆŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใช
04:32
so if a word is retained, it means we'll continue to use it.
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ใฎใงใ€ๅ˜่ชžใŒไฟๆŒใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟใ„็ถšใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:36
Thanks, well, let's listen to the final extract.
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ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆŠœ็ฒ‹ใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:39
What we've discovered is that the frequency
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็งใŸใกใŒ็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—ใŸใฎใฏใ€
04:41
with which words are used in our common everyday speech,
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ๆ—ฅๅธธใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชไผš่ฉฑใงๅ˜่ชžใŒไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹้ ปๅบฆใŒใ€ใใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒ่จ˜ๆ†ถใซๆฎ‹ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฎ
04:44
is a strong predictor of whether or not they'll be retained.
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ๅผทๅŠ›ใชไบˆๆธฌๅ› ๅญใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ ใ€‚
04:47
So he says the words we use most often
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็งใŸใกใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚้ ป็นใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚้ซ˜ใ„ใจๅฝผใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™
04:49
are the most likely to still be in use in the future.
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ใ€‚
04:52
The most common words tend to be the oldest ones!
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ๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅ˜่ชžใฏๆœ€ใ‚‚ ๅคใ„ๅ˜่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‚พๅ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:55
That's correct and you might like to know that the other words
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ใใ‚Œใฏใใฎ้€šใ‚Šใงใ€ๅฝผใŒ
04:58
he predicts may become extinct are 'squeeze and 'guts'.
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็ตถๆป…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจไบˆๆธฌใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไป–ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏ ใ€Œsqueezeใ€ใจใ€Œgutsใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใใŸใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:02
Let's go over some words which we came across in the programme today.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ็•ช็ต„ๅ†…ใงๅ‡บใฆใใŸ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹ๆŒฏใ‚Š่ฟ”ใฃใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:05
We had 'evolution', which means 'the gradual process of change and development
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ใ€Œ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ€ใจใฏใ€ใ€Œ้•ทใ„ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใฆ ๅพใ€…ใซๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ—็™บๅฑ•ใ™ใ‚‹้Ž็จ‹
05:10
over a long period of time'.
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ใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:12
Then we had 'extinct',
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œ
05:14
which means 'to be no longer in existence or to have died out',
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ใ‚‚ใ†ๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏ ๆถˆๆป…ใ—ใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฎใ€Œ็ตถๆป…ใ€ใ€ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ€Œ
05:18
'predict', to say what you think will happen,
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ไบˆๆธฌใ€ใ€
05:21
'frequency', how often something happens,
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹้ ปๅบฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œ้ ปๅบฆใ€ใ€
05:25
'common everyday speech', the language that we use most frequently,
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ใ€Œไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๆ—ฅๅธธไผš่ฉฑใ€ใ€ ็งใŸใกใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚้ ป็นใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹่จ€่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚‹
05:30
'predictor', something which can help us predict
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ใ€Œไบˆๆธฌ่€…ใ€ใฏใ€
05:33
or say what will happen in the future,
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ๅฐ†ๆฅไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ไบˆๆธฌใ—ใŸใ‚Š็™บ่จ€ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
05:36
and finally, 'retained', which is 'to keep or be continued'.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œ็ถญๆŒใ€ใ€ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ็ถญๆŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ€็ถ™็ถšใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
05:41
Thanks, Jackie, and just before we finish for this week,
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ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใ€‚ ไปŠ้€ฑใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€
05:44
let's see if you got the answer to my question correct.
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็งใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:47
I asked about some of the oldest English-sounding words
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็งใฏใ€ ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅคใ„่‹ฑ่ชžใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅ˜่ชžใซใคใ„ใฆใ€
05:50
and how old you thought some of them were.
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ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใŒไฝ•ๅนดๅ‰ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ ใจๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚’ๅฐ‹ใญใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:52
I think I said 20,000 years old.
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20,000ๆญณใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:54
โ€” And you were correct! โ€” Hooray!
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โ€”ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆญฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™๏ผ โ€” ไธ‡ๆญณ๏ผ
05:56
The oldest English-sounding words were used by humans over 20,000 years ago.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅคใ„ๅ˜่ชžใฏใ€ 20,000 ๅนดไปฅไธŠๅ‰ใซไบบ้กžใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:01
Incredible to think that our Stone Age ancestors
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็งใŸใกใฎ็Ÿณๅ™จๆ™‚ไปฃใฎ็ฅ–ๅ…ˆใŒไฝ•ๅนดใ‚‚ๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰
06:04
were using similar-sounding words all those years ago.
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ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใช้Ÿฟใใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใŸใจใฏไฟกใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
06:07
That's all we have time for today. Until next time,
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎๆ™‚้–“ใฏใ“ใ“ใพใงใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกๅ›žใพใงใ€
06:09
โ€” goodbye. โ€” Goodbye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€‚ - ใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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