Improve your English: ALL or WHOLE?

837,542 views ใƒป 2013-05-26

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:02
Hi again. Adam here. www.engvid.com. I have another lesson for you today. This is actually
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ใพใŸไผšใฃใŸใญใ€‚ ใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใŒใ“ใ“ใซใ€‚ www.engvid.comใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ ๅˆฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซ
00:08
a request by Feresque -- Feresser? I hope I'm saying it right. Sorry about that. It
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ใฏ Feresque -- Feresser ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎใƒชใ‚ฏใ‚จใ‚นใƒˆใงใ™ใ‹? ็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:14
was in the comments section of www.engvid.com. Please leave questions and comments and requests
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www.engvid.com ใฎใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆๆฌ„ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ”่ณชๅ•ใ€ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใ€ใ”
00:20
and we'll do our best to get them for you. So the request was: the difference between
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่ฆๆœ›ใ‚’ใŠๅฏ„ใ›ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใงใใ‚‹้™ใ‚Šๅฏพๅฟœใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€ใ€Œๅ…จ้ƒจใ€ใจใ€Œใพใ‚‹ใ”ใจใ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใ‚’ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
00:25
"all" and "whole". Now, the reason I also chose this lesson is because this is a very
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ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€็ง ใŒใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚‚้ธใ‚“ใ ็†็”ฑใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
00:30
common mistake that students make. They mix these two up all the time. They have very
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ๅญฆ็”ŸใŒ็Šฏใ™้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช้–“้•ใ„ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™. ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ ๅธธใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰2ใคใ‚’ๆททๅŒใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ
00:36
specific roles in situations. We're going to look at them today.
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็Šถๆณใง้žๅธธใซ็‰นๅฎšใฎๅฝนๅ‰ฒใ‚’ๆžœใŸใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:41
The first and most important thing to remember about "all" versus "whole" is where to put
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ใ€Œallใ€ใจใ€Œwholeใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆๆœ€ๅˆใซ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใในใๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจ ใฏ
00:45
the definite article "the". So it's always "all the" whatever you're talking about, "the
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ใ€ๅฎšๅ† ่ฉžใ€Œtheใ€ใ‚’ใฉใ“ใซ็ฝฎใใ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏๅธธใซใ€Œใ™ในใฆใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€Œ
00:53
whole" whatever you're talking about, so always "the" after "all", "the" before "whole". Now,
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ๅ…จไฝ“ใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅธธใซ ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใ€ใฎๅพŒใซใฏใ€Œใใฎใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅ…จไฝ“ใ€ใฎๅ‰ใซใ€Œใใฎใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€
01:01
they sound a little bit similar, "all", "whole", but not. Right? So be careful about pronunciation.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€Œใ™ในใฆใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅ…จไฝ“ใ€ใจๅฐ‘ใ—ไผผใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็™บ้Ÿณใซใฏๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
01:08
Sometimes people might think you're mixing them up just because of pronunciation: "all",
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ใ€Œallใ€ใ€ใ€Œwholeใ€ใชใฉใฎ็™บ้ŸณใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€ๆททๅŒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
01:12
"whole". Make sure you get that "H" sound and that "O" sound together.
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ใ€‚ ใ€ŒHใ€ใฎ้Ÿณ ใจใ€ŒOใ€ใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
01:18
Now, what's the difference between "all" and "whole"? "All", you're talking about "everything".
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใ€ใจใ€Œๅ…จไฝ“ใ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใฏไฝ• ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใ€ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€Œใ™ในใฆใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
01:25
Whatever it is you're talking about, you're talking about all of it, basically: everything,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒไฝ•ใง ใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใฏใ™ในใฆใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™๏ผšใ™ในใฆใ€
01:30
one, etc. When you're talking about "whole", you're talking about a "complete" something:
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1ใคใชใฉ.ใ€Œๅ…จไฝ“ใ€ ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใ€ŒๅฎŒๅ…จใชใ€ไฝ•ใ‹
01:36
a complete package, a complete group, a complete container of something, right? Whatever it
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ใ€ใคใพใ‚ŠๅฎŒๅ…จใชใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ธ. ใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใชใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎๅฎŒๅ…จใช ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ†ใƒŠใƒผใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
01:43
is you're talking about, it has to be complete, right? It has pieces inside, and then the
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Š ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏๅ†…้ƒจใซๆ–ญ็‰‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
01:48
whole is the complete collection of whatever it is you're talking about, whereas "all"
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ๅ…จไฝ“ ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฎๅฎŒๅ…จใชใ‚ณใƒฌใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใ€
01:52
is just everything that's involved with that noun, etc. So I'm going to give you a very
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ใฏใใฎๅ่ฉžใซ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ™ในใฆใฎใ‚‚ใฎ ใงใ™.
01:59
quick example: You're sitting -- your friend went on a trip out of town. He had to take
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๏ผšใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅบงใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ - ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ‹ไบบ ใฏ็”บใฎๅค–ใซๆ—…่กŒใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏใ€ใƒขใƒณใƒˆใƒชใ‚ชใƒผใƒซใซใ‚ใ‚‹
02:05
the bus for two hours to his friend's house in Montreal, let's say. He comes back. You
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ๅ‹ไบบใฎๅฎถใพใงใƒใ‚นใง 2 ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚‚ ่กŒใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏๆˆปใฃใฆใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸ
02:13
ask him "How was the trip?", and he goes, "Oh, my God, there was a baby on the bus,
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ใŒๅฝผใซใ€Œๆ—…่กŒใฏใฉใ†ใ ใฃใŸ๏ผŸใ€ใจๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‹ใจใ€ๅฝผใฏ ใ€Œใชใ‚“ใฆใ“ใฃใŸใ€ใƒใ‚นใซ่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใŒใ„ใฆ
02:19
and the baby cried all the time." But if he said, "The baby cried the whole time", do
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ใ€่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ๆณฃใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚ ใ€ใ€Œ่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใŒใšใฃใจๆณฃใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจ
02:26
you think that it's a different meaning? Usually people will understand the same thing, but
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่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒ้•ใ†ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹๏ผŸ ้€šๅธธใ€ ไบบใ€…ใฏๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€
02:33
technically, "all the time" doesn't mean two hours crying. It means "cried, stopped, cried,
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ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใ‚‚ใ€ใจใฏ2ๆ™‚้–“ๆณฃใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ . ใ€Œๆณฃใ„ใŸใ€ๆญขใพใฃใŸใ€ๆณฃใ„ใŸใ€
02:39
stopped, cried, stopped." It seemed like he was crying throughout the trip, okay? But
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ๆญขใพใฃใŸใ€ๆณฃใ„ใŸใ€ๆญขใพใฃใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ—…ใฎ้–“ใšใฃใจๆณฃใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚
02:47
if somebody said, "The baby cried the whole time", I understand "two hours, baby crying,
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ€Œ่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใฏใšใฃใจๆณฃใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ ใ€Œ2 ๆ™‚้–“ใ€่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใŒๆณฃใ„ใฆใ„ใฆใ€
02:53
wah, wah, wah, two hours." It could drive a person crazy. "All the time" -- he cried
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ใƒฏใ‚ฆใ€ใƒฏใ‚ฆใ€ใƒฏใ‚ฆใ€2 ๆ™‚้–“ใ€ใจ็†่งฃใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏไบบใ‚’็‹‚ใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ„ใคใ‚‚ใ€ - ๅฝผ
02:59
enough times that it seemed like a long time. "The whole time" means for two hours straight,
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ใฏ้•ทใ„ๆ™‚้–“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ€ใˆใ‚‹ใปใฉไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚ๆณฃใ„ใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œๅ…จๆ™‚้–“ใ€ใจใฏใ€ใƒŽใƒณใ‚นใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ใง 2 ๆ™‚้–“ใšใฃใจใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™
03:05
non-stop. Okay. So that's a big difference between "all" and "whole", okay? "The whole
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใŒ ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใ€ใจใ€Œๅ…จไฝ“ใ€ใฎๅคงใใช้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ€Œ
03:12
time", I'm talking about the specific duration, the complete journey, two hours. "All the
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ใšใฃใจใ€ใจใฏใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๆœŸ้–“ ใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ—…ใ€2 ๆ™‚้–“ใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
03:17
time" - always: always crying, stopping. Always crying, stopping, crying, stopping, crying,
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ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใ€ - ใ„ใคใ‚‚๏ผšใ„ใคใ‚‚ๆณฃใ„ใฆใ€ๆญขใพใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ„ใคใ‚‚ ๆณฃใใ€ๆญขใพใ‚‹ใ€ๆณฃใใ€ๆญขใพใ‚‹ใ€ๆณฃใใ€
03:23
stopping. Not very much fun. But, "I studied all day" -- I have a test tomorrow; I studied
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ๆญขใพใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ‚ใพใ‚Šๆฅฝใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œ ็งใฏไธ€ๆ—ฅไธญๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ -- ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏ
03:30
all day. "I studied the whole day." In this case, I would understand the exact same thing
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ไธ€ๆ—ฅไธญๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏไธ€ๆ—ฅไธญๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใฎ ๅ ดๅˆใ€็งใ‚‚ใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃ
03:36
as well. You can switch these two. But "all day" means, "I studied. I took a break. I
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ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ2ใคใ‚’ๅˆ‡ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œ ็ต‚ๆ—ฅใ€ใจใฏใ€ใ€Œๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ไผ‘ๆ†ฉใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:42
studied. I didn't do anything else -- only studied today." But "I studied the whole day"
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ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ไป–ใซใฏไฝ•ใ‚‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅใ ใ‘ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏไธ€ๆ—ฅไธญๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€
03:48
means "I sat at my desk, and I studied; I didn't stop." So that's one of the big differences
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ใฏใ€Œ็งใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆœบใซๅบงใฃใฆๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚็ง ใฏๆญขใพใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ
03:53
between "all" and "whole". "Whole" we're talking about time, non-stop, continuous. "All" means
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ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใ€ใจใ€Œๅ…จไฝ“ใ€ใฎๅคงใใช้•ใ„ใฎ 1 ใคใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅ…จไฝ“ใ€ใจใฏ ใ€ใƒŽใƒณใ‚นใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ใง็ถ™็ถš็š„ใชๆ™‚้–“ใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใ€ใจใฏ
04:01
in that day, many times, and that's basically -- you did -- that's the one activity that
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ใ€ใใฎๆ—ฅใซไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใฏ ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่กŒใฃใŸๆดปๅ‹•ใฏ 1 ใค
04:05
you did, okay? So this is one aspect of "all" and "whole". "The" and duration, like, "always"
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ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใ™ในใฆใ€ ใจใ€Œๅ…จไฝ“ใ€ใฎ 1 ใคใฎๅด้ขใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฎใ€Œๅธธใซใ€ใจใ€ŒๅฎŒๅ…จใชใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ€Œใใฎใ€ใจๆŒ็ถšๆ™‚้–“
04:14
and the "complete" time of whatever it is you're talking about. We're going to look
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ใ€‚ ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆ
04:18
at a couple of other differences that are very important that you need to keep in mind.
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชไป–ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:22
Okay, so now we're going to look at a few other differences that are sometimes very
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ใงใฏใ€้žๅธธใซๅฐใ•ใ„ใชใŒใ‚‰ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใช้•ใ„ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
04:26
small but important. So let's look at the two examples here first: "All my friends came."
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ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ ใพใšใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ 2 ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใฎๅ‹้”ใŒๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚
04:32
"My whole group of friends came." What do you notice first about the differences between
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ใ€Œ็งใฎๅ‹้”ใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ๅ…จๅ“กใŒๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰2ใค ใฎ้•ใ„ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใซไฝ•ใซๆฐ—ใฅใ
04:38
these two? One, the possessive adjective -- my, his, your, etc. -- with "all" comes after
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ใพใ™ใ‹? 1 ใคใฏใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž -- myใ€ hisใ€your ใชใฉ -- ใงใ€ใ€Œallใ€ใŒ
04:47
"all" -- comes before "whole": "My whole group of friends came." So I can say "all my friends",
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ใ€Œallใ€ใฎๅพŒใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚-ใ€Œwholeใ€ใฎๅ‰ใซ ๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œ็งใฎๅ‹ไบบใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ๅ…จไฝ“ใŒๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใฎ็งใฎๅ‹ไบบใ€ใ€
04:56
all individual friends, right? But remember what I said about "whole". "Whole" means something
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ใ™ในใฆใฎๅ€‹ใ€…ใฎๅ‹ไบบใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ? ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใ€ใ€Œๅ…จไฝ“ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅ…จไฝ“ใ€ใจ
05:02
complete, a complete package of something. So I have "group of friends" came. The meaning
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ใฏใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใชใ‚‚ใฎใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎๅฎŒๅ…จใชใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€ŒใŠๅ‹้”ใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ€ใซๆฅใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๆ„ๅ‘ณ
05:10
is more or less the same, okay? But here I talk about the group; here I talk about the
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ใฏใปใผๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ใง ใฏใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใง็งใฏๅ€‹ไบบใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—
05:16
individuals. Very important to remember. But most important -- possessive, after "all",
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใฎใฏๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๆ ผใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใ€ใฎๅพŒใ€
05:22
before "whole", okay? That's one. Let's look at another thing. Sometimes you
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ใ€Œๅ…จไฝ“ใ€ใฎๅ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ1ใคใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅˆฅใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏ
05:28
can interchange the two words. The sentence looks exactly the same, but the meaning is
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ใ€2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œๆ›ฟใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ ใฏใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏ
05:34
very different, okay? "All cities were destroyed." So let's say for example there was an earthquake
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ใพใฃใŸใ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใญใ€‚ ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใฎ้ƒฝๅธ‚ใŒ็ ดๅฃŠใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใŸใจใˆใฐ
05:41
or a volcano eruption in Hawaii, okay? In Hawaii there's -- there are many cities. Volcano
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ใ€ใƒใƒฏใ‚คใงๅœฐ้œ‡ใ‚„็ซๅฑฑใฎๅ™ด็ซใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใƒใƒฏใ‚คใซใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎ้ƒฝๅธ‚ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ซๅฑฑ
05:49
erupted; lava flowed; earth shook; etc. "All cities were destroyed." But if I say, "Whole
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ใŒๅ™ด็ซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๆบถๅฒฉใŒๆตใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅœฐ็ƒใŒๆบใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ใชใฉ ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใฎ ้ƒฝๅธ‚ใŒ็ ดๅฃŠใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œ
05:57
cities were destroyed", the meaning is very different. Here, "All cities were destroyed"
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้ƒฝๅธ‚ใŒไธธใ”ใจ็ ดๅฃŠใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏๅคงใใ ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ€Œใ™ในใฆใฎ้ƒฝๅธ‚ใŒ็ ดๅฃŠใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจ
06:04
means no more cities. Every city -- destroyed. But if I say "whole cities", it means some
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ใฏใ€้ƒฝๅธ‚ใŒใชใใชใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ™ในใฆใฎ้ƒฝๅธ‚ใŒ็ ดๅฃŠใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚ใ€Œๅ…จ้ƒฝๅธ‚ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€ไธ€้ƒจใฎ
06:10
cities were completely destroyed, okay? I put marker on myself, sorry. "Whole cities
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้ƒฝๅธ‚ใŒๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็ ดๅฃŠใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’่‡ชๅˆ†ใซไป˜ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œ้ƒฝๅธ‚ๅ…จไฝ“ใŒ
06:17
destroyed" means "one city, completely destroyed, but there are other cities that are okay."
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็ ดๅฃŠใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจใฏใ€ใ€Œ1ใคใฎ้ƒฝๅธ‚ใŒๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็ ดๅฃŠใ•ใ‚Œ ใŸใŒใ€ไป–ใฎ้ƒฝๅธ‚ใฏๅคงไธˆๅคซใ ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
06:24
This one -- no more cities; all flat, all covered in lava. Okay, so that's one other
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ -- ใ‚‚ใ†้ƒฝๅธ‚ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ™ในใฆๅนณใ‚‰ใงใ€ใ™ในใฆ ๆบถๅฒฉใซ่ฆ†ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅˆฅใฎ
06:30
thing. With "all", when you're talking about non-countable
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ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ "all" ใ‚’
06:34
nouns -- money, water, air, sugar, milk, non-countable nouns -- you're usually going to use "all".
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ไฝฟใฃใฆใ€ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉž (moneyใ€waterใ€airใ€sugarใ€milkใ€ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉž) ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ— ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€้€šๅธธ "all" ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:41
You're not going to say "whole the money" because it doesn't make any sense because
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ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใฎใงๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œๅ…จ้กใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
06:45
it's not a complete thing. It's a singular, non-countable. "All the money was stolen.
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ใ€‚ ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝข ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒใŠ้‡‘ใฏๅ…จ้ƒจ็›—ใพใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
06:53
All the water was drunk", or spilled or whatever the thing is. And you're not going -- and
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ๆฐดใฏๅ…จ้ƒจ้ฃฒใ‚“ใ ใ€ใจใ‹ใ€ใ“ใผใ—ใŸใจใ‹ใ€ใชใ‚“ ใงใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“-ใใ—ใฆใ€
06:59
you're usually going to use "whole" with a singular, countable noun. You prefer to use
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ๅ˜ๆ•ฐใฎๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใงใ€Œwholeใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ ใ€‚
07:05
"whole" than "all" but it depends on the situation. Now, some people are going to ask me in the
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ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใ€Œๅ…จไฝ“ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฅฝใฟใพใ™ใŒใ€็Šถๆณใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆ ใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใง ็งใซ่ณชๅ•ใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€
07:11
comments section -- but now they won't because I'll give you the answer right now -- why
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ไปŠใฏ็ญ”ใˆใชใ„ใฎใง
07:15
don't I say "all of my friends"? Why don't I say it? Because I don't need to, okay? This
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ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฎๅ‹้”ๅ…จๅ“กใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹? ใชใœ ็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๅฟ…่ฆใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ„ใ„๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œ
07:23
is an extra word. You don't need to use it. The only time you need to use "all of" is
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ใฏไฝ™ๅˆ†ใช่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ "all of" ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎ
07:30
with an object pronoun -- all of them, all of it, all of us, all of whom -- with a clause,
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ใฏใ€ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆไปฃๅ่ฉž (all of themใ€all of itใ€all of usใ€all of who) ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹
07:40
etc. Otherwise, you just don't need "of". It's a useless word. It doesn't help. It doesn't
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ๅ ดๅˆใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œไปฅๅค–ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€" ใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใฎ"ใ€‚ ็„ก้ง„ใช่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใกใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ
07:47
do anything. If I say "the whole of", it's also the exact same. I don't need to use it.
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ไฝ•ใ‚‚ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œใฎๅ…จไฝ“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆ ใ‚‚ใ€ใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:53
It means "the complete package". So that's another difference.
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ใ€ŒๅฎŒๅ…จใชใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ธใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใŒ ใพใŸๅˆฅใฎ้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:57
The last one, and this is very, very important especially for those of you who are going
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็‰นใซใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ไบบใซใจใฃใฆ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใง
08:00
to be taking tests and grammar is important: "All students need to come to class early
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ใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅๆ—ฉใใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใซๆฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
08:07
tomorrow." "The whole class needs to come early tomorrow." Can you see the difference?
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นๅ…จๅ“กใŒๆ—ฉใๆฅใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ ใ€‚ใ€ ้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:15
Main thing to remember: with "all" and plural, you have the matching verb, students "need".
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใในใไธปใชใ“ใจ: "all" ใจ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒไธ€่‡ดใ—ใ€ๅญฆ็”Ÿใฏ "need" ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:22
Remember with "whole" you have a complete package, one package. The whole class "needs
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ใ€Œๅ…จไฝ“ใ€ใจใฏใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใชใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ธใ€1 ใคใฎใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นๅ…จไฝ“ใŒใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆ
08:29
to", singular with the "S", plural without the "S", okay?
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€ŒSใ€ใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใ€ใ€ŒSใ€ใ‚’ๅซใพใชใ„่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝข ใ€ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:35
So now you see all the differences between "all" and "whole", and I know that students
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ใ“ใ‚Œใง ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใ€ใจใ€Œๅ…จไฝ“ใ€ใฎใ™ในใฆใฎ้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญฆ็”Ÿ
08:42
are going to tell me, "I studied the whole time" or "I study all -- whole the time",
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ใŒใ€Œ็งใฏใšใฃใจๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆ ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ็งใฏใšใฃใจใšใฃใจๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ็ง
08:46
that's what I hear often, "I study whole the time, but I don't improve." Now you will improve.
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ใซ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’็งใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใšใฃใจๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆ ใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใซไธŠ้”ใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใจใ‚ˆใ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆ”นๅ–„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:51
I hope, anyway. Go to www.engvid.com. Take the quiz. Practice a little bit more. If you
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ใจใซใ‹ใ้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใซ็ญ”ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:58
have any questions or comments, write them in the comments. Also check out my video on
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่ณชๅ•ใ‚„ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใซๆ›ธใ่พผใ‚“ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€www.youtube.com ใง็งใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
09:02
www.youtube.com. Subscribe to my channel. It would be very nice of you, and I will see
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ใ€‚ ็งใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚’่ณผ่ชญใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใจใฆใ‚‚่ฆชๅˆ‡ใงใ™
09:06
you again very soon. Thanks.
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ใ€‚ใพใŸใ™ใใซใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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